cAMP-PKA通路参与Ⅱ组代谢性谷氨酸受体对新生鼠离体延髓脑片呼吸节律性放电的调节

本研究旨在探讨cAMP-PKA通路在Ⅱ组代谢性谷氨酸受体对离体延髓脑片呼吸节律性放电的影响中的作用。制作新生大鼠离体延髓脑片标本,主要包含延髓面神经后核内侧区(medial region of the nucleus retrofacialis,mNRF),并完整保留舌下神经根,以改良Kreb’s液(modified Kreb’s solution,MKS)恒温灌流脑片,用吸附电极记录舌下神经根呼吸节律性放电活动(respiratory rhythmical discharge activity,RRDA)。待放电活动稳定后,第1组灌流Ⅱ组代谢性谷氨酸受体特异性拮抗剂(2S)-α-ethylglutamic acid(EGLU)10min,第2组先给予cAMP-PKA通路激动剂Forskolin灌流10min,而后MKS洗脱至正常,灌流cAMP-PKA通路抑制剂Rp-cyclic3’,5’-hydrogen phosphorothioate adenosine triethylammonium salt(Rp-cAMPS)10min,第3组首先给予Rp-cAMPS10min,洗脱后联合Rp-cAMPS+EGL...     

5-HT1A受体对新生大鼠离体延髓脑片呼吸节律性放电的调制

本研究探讨5-HT1A受体在延髓基本节律性呼吸放电发生和调节中的作用。以改良Kreb＇s液恒温灌流新生Sprague-Dawley大鼠离体延髓脑片标本,稳定记录与之相连的舌下神经根的呼吸节律性放电活动（respiratory rhythmical discharge activity,RRDA）后,第一组在灌流液中分别单独给予5-HT1A受体的特异性激动剂8-羟四氢萘[（＋／-）-8-hydroxy-2-（di-N-propylamino）tetralin hydrobromide,8-OHDPAT]和特异性拮抗剂多次甲基多苯基多异氰酸酯[4-iodo-N-[2-[4-methoxyphenyl]-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-N-2-pyridynyl-benzamide hydrochloride,PMPPI];第二组分别先后给予8-0HDPAT和8-0HDPAT＋PMPPI,观察舌下神经根RRDA的变化,探讨5-HT1A受体对其调节作用。结果显示,给予8-OHDPAT后,呼吸周期（respiratory cycle,RC）和呼气时程（expiratory time,TE）显著延长,放电的积分幅度（integral amplitude,IA）持续降低,吸气时程（inspiratory time,TI）无明显变化;给予PMPPI后RC、TI和TE明显缩短,舌下神经根IA无明显变化,且8-OHDPAT的作用可部分被PMPPI逆转。结果提示,5-HT1A受体参与了哺乳动物基本呼吸节律的产生和调节。     

腺苷A1受体在离体延髓脑片上对节律性呼吸的调制

实验旨在探讨腺苷A1受体在对基本呼吸节律调制中的可能作用。制作新生大鼠离体延髓脑片标本,主要包含面神经后核内侧区(themedial region of the nucleus retrofacialis,mNRF),并保留完整的舌下神经根。以改良Kreb‘s液灌流脑片,记录mNRF吸气神经元的电活动,并同步记录舌下神经根呼吸节律性放电(respiratory rhythmical discharge activity,RRDA)。在灌流液中先分别单独给予腺苷A1受体的特异性拮抗剂8-环戊-1,3-二丙基黄嘌呤(8-cyclopenty 1-1,3-dipropylxanthine,DPCPX)和特异性激动剂R-苯异丙基-腺苷(R-phenylisopropyl-adenosine,R-PIA);再分别先后给予R-PIA和R-PIA DPCPX,观察RRDA和吸气神经元电活动的变化。结果显示,给予腺苷A1受体拮抗剂DPCPX后,呼气时程和呼吸周期明显缩短,吸气神经元中期放电的频率和峰频率显著增大;给予腺苷Al受体激动剂R-PIA后,吸气时程、积分幅度和吸气神经元中期放电的频率和峰频率均显著降低,呼吸周期明显延长,且R-PIA的呼吸抑制作用可部分地被DPCPX逆转。实验结果提示,腺苷A1受体可能通过介导吸气神经元的抑制性突触输入参与节律性呼吸的调制。     

5-HT2A受体在尼可刹米增强新生大鼠延髓脑片呼吸放电中的作用

本文旨在探讨中枢呼吸兴奋剂尼可刹米对新生大鼠基本节律性呼吸的产生和调节的影响及5-HT2A受体在其中的作用.制作新生大鼠离体延髓脑片标本,含面神经后核内侧区(the medial region of the nucleus retrofacialis,mNRF)并保留舌下神经根,灌流改良Kreb'S液(modified Kreb'S solution,MKS),记录舌下神经根呼吸相关节律性放电活动(respiratory-re-lated rhythmic discharge activity,RRDA),观察不同浓度尼可刹米、5-HT2A受体特异激动剂2,5-二甲氧基-4-碘苯基丙烷[1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane,DOI]、5-HT2A受体特异拮抗剂酮舍林(ketanserine)以及联合使用尼可刹米和酮舍林对舌下神经根RRDA的影响.结果显示,尼可刹米在0.5～7μg/mL时对延髓脑片RRDA有兴奋作用,在5 μg/mL时对吸气时程(inspiratory time,TI)、放电积分幅度(integral amplitude,IA)、呼吸周期(respiratory cycle,Re)等呼吸指标综合效果最显著.DOI明显延长TI、增强IA、缩短RC,对RRDA有兴奋作用.酮舍林明显缩短TI、减弱IA、延长RC,对RRDA有抑制作用.联合使用DOI和酮舍林对RRDA无明显作用.酮舍林可完全阻断尼可刹米对RC的作用,部分阻断尼可刹米对IA的作用,对尼可刹米引起的TI变化无明显影响.结果提示,尼可刹米增强新生大鼠离体延髓脑片舌下神经根RRDA,5-HT2A受体可能足尼可刹米作用途径之一.     

组胺H1和H2受体在新生大鼠离体延髓脑片呼吸节律性放电调节中的作用

本研究探讨组胺H1和H2受体在新生大鼠基本节律性呼吸的发生和调节中的作用.以改良的Kreb's液恒温灌流新生Sprague-Dawley大鼠离体延髓脑片标本,稳定记录与之相连舌下神经根的呼吸节律性放电活动(respiratory-related rhythmical discharge activity, RRDA).实验分为5组:第1、2、3组分别单独给予组胺(histamine, HA)、 H1受体特异阻断剂pyrilamine和H2受体特异阻断剂cimetidine;第4组分别先后给予HA和HA pyrilamine;第5组分别先后给予HA和HA cimetidine,观察舌下神经根RRDA的变化.结果显示,单独给予HA后呼吸周期(respiratory cycle, RC)及呼气时程(expiratory time, TE)明显缩短,而吸气时程(inspiratory time, TI)及放电积分幅度(integral amplitude, IA)无明显变化;给予pyrilamine后RC、 TE明显延长,TI、 IA也无明显变化,且HA的作用可以被pyrilamine逆转;给予cimetidine后RC、 TE、 TI、 IA均无明显变化,且HA的作用不能被cimetidine逆转.结果提示,H1受体参与哺乳动物基本呼吸节律的产生和调节,H2受体对哺乳动物基本节律性呼吸的调控无明显影响.     

一氧化氮对呼吸节律性放电的调节作用

实验旨在探讨一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)在基本呼吸节律产生和调节中可能的作用。制作新生大鼠离体延髓脑片标本,主要包含面神经后核内侧区,前包钦格复合体、腹侧呼吸组以及背侧呼吸组的一部分。同时保留舌下神经根,用改良Kreb′s液灌流脑片并记录与之相连的舌下神经根呼吸节律性放电(respiratory rhythmical discharge activity,RRDA),在灌流液中分别给予不同浓度的NO供体硝普钠(sodium nitroprusside,SNP),NO合成前体L—精氨酸(L—Arginine,L-Arg)以及神经元型一氧化氮合酶(neuronal nitric oxide synthase,nNOS)特异性抑制剂7-nitro indazole (7-NI),观察其对RRDA的影响。结果显示,nNOS的特异性抑制剂7-NI对吸气时程和放电强度有明显抑制,而NO合成前体L—Arg,以及NO供体SNP对呼吸放电活动没有明显的影响。这提示,在哺乳动物基本呼吸节律的产生和调节中,NO可能对吸气中止和呼吸幅度具有调节作用。     

NMDA与非NMDA受体激动剂对新生大鼠延髓脑片呼吸节律性放电的作用

目的：探讨N－甲基－D－天门冬氨酸（NMDA）和非NMDA类受体在基本呼吸节律发生和调节中的可能作用。方法：以改良的Kerb's液灌流新生SD大鼠离体延髓脑片,记录片与之相连的舌下神经的呼吸节律性放电活动（respiratory rhythmical discharge activity,RRDA),在灌流中给予兴奋性氨式酸类递质及相应的拮抗剂,观察其对RRDA的影响。结果：使用非NMDA受体激动剂海人酸（KA）后,可见呼吸周期及呼吸时间有所延长,NMDA受体激动剂NMDA对呼吸活动则没有明显影响;相应的拮抗剂6－氰基－7－硝基喹恶啉土卫四（DNAX）和2－氨基酸戊酸（AP5）均可使放电频率和积分幅值明显降低,吸气时间显著缩短,但DNQX同时可致呼吸周期和呼气时间明显缩短。结论：在哺乳动物基本呼吸节律的产生和调节中,NMDA类受体主要对呼吸活动的强度产生调节作用;而非NMDA类受体不仅可以影响呼吸的强度,同时对呼吸的频率也发挥调节作用。     

切割延髓、酸碱度及温度对新生大鼠离体延髓—脊髓标本呼吸节律性放电的影响

目的和方法：在新生大鼠离体延髓－－脊髓标本上,用吸附电极记录膈神经根－颈4、颈5腹根（C4v,C5v)和舌下神经根（Ⅻ）节律性放电活动(rhythmical discharge activity,RDA),并观察其在对延髓微切割、改变灌流液pH值及温度后RDA的变化。结果：①新生鼠离体延髓－脊髓标本在这灌流条件下,可存活6－8h,持续4h可稳定记录到C4v、C5v和Ⅻ的RDA,且两者完全同步,为呼吸节律性放电（RDA,RRDA）;②从延髓头端向尾端切割（每次100μm）,切至闩前500μm水平时,RRDA不变,进一步切割,至闩水平,RRDA消失;③从尾端向头端切割,切至舌下神经根下缘水平,RRDA不变,进一步向头端切割,RRDA逐渐消失;④从延髓背侧向腹侧水平切割,切割至背→腹一半水平时,RRDA不变,进一步向腹侧切割,RRDA逐渐消失;⑤灌流液的pH值从7.35降至6.85,RRDA逐渐增强,而从6.85降至4.5时,逐渐减弱至消失。pH值从7.45上升到7.85,呼吸频率逐渐减漫,放电幅度增强;⑥温度由27℃上升到37℃,RRDA逐渐增强;由38℃上升到41℃,RRDA逐渐减弱,温度则27℃降23℃,RRDA逐渐减弱。温度为42℃或22℃时,RRDA消失。结论：面神经后核内侧区可能是呼吸节律起源的部位,且此区域的神经元对温度及酸碱度变化敏感。     

内源性一氧化碳参与呼吸节律调节

本文旨在探讨内源性一氧化碳（carbon monoxide,CO）对呼吸节律的调节作用。采用新生Sprague—Dawley大鼠,制备离体延髓脑片标本,分别灌流CO、血红素氧合酶（heme oxygenase,HO）底物高铁血红素（hemin）和HO抑制剂ZnPP-9,观察舌下神经根呼吸样传出放电节律的变化。实验分为5组：单纯人工脑脊液（artificial cerebrospinal fluid,ACSF）对照组、ZnPP-9组、外源性CO组、Hemin组和ZnPP-9＋Hemin组。结果如下：在ZnPP-9组,舌下神经根节律性放电频率（discharge frequency,DF）增快（P〈0．05）;在外源性CO组,舌下神经根节律性DF减慢（P〈0.05）;在Hemin组和ZnPP-9＋Hemin组,舌下神经根节律性DF增快（P〈0．05）。结果表明,内源性CO对呼吸节律可能具有调节作用。     

大鼠前扣带皮层多巴胺D1受体参与痛相关情绪调节的行为-电生理学观察

本研究旨在探索前扣带皮层(anterior cingulate cortex, ACC)的多巴胺D1受体参与痛情绪反应的调节作用。第一天大鼠适应环境并记录检测指标的基础值;第二天预先在ACC给予多巴胺D1受体拮抗剂SCH-23390或激动剂SKF-38393,然后大鼠左后足底注射完全弗氏佐剂(complete Freund’s adjuvant, CFA, 0.08 mL),与特定环境匹配后建立条件位置逃避(conditioned placeavoidance,CPA)反应;第三天同步观察大鼠在痛环境中的CPA反应与ACC脑区神经元的放电频率,随后进行旷场行为、机械痛行为和热缩足反射潜伏期(paw withdrawal latency, PWL)测试;在另外一组实验中,给予大鼠足底注射生理盐水(NS),ACC脑区预先给予多巴胺D1受体拮抗剂或激动剂,并进行上述同样的实验观察。结果显示：(1)相比于对照组,足底注射CFA的大鼠PWL与机械痛阈值明显降低(P <0.05);(2)注射CFA组的大鼠在“痛环境”和旷场中心的停留时间明显缩短(P <0.05);(3)预先在ACC注射...     

Antibiotics in the treatment of wounds in the victims of the earthquake in the Armenian SSR

Purulent wounds in 88 victims of the Armenian earthquake with the syndrome of long-term squeezing were examined microbiologically and the experience with using antimicrobial drugs for their treatment was analyzed. In all the cases microbial associations were detected, coliform and nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli, enterococci, anaerobes and yeast-like fungi being isolated from 80, 20, 15 and 25 per cent of the patients respectively. 130 bacterial strains were studied in detail. 80 to 100 per cent of the bacterial isolates were resistant to the antibiotics routinely used in surgical practice, i.e. benzylpenicillin, tetracycline, levomycetin, kanamycin, cephalothin and cefazolin and highly sensitive to new antimicrobial drugs belonging to ureidopenicillins (mezlocillin), quinolones (ciprofloxacin) and cephalosporins of the 3rd generation (cefoperazone and ceftazidime). Retrospective estimation of the antibiotic therapy revealed its inadequacy in 55.7 per cent of the patients for the most part because of the isolates resistance. The 19 variants of the antibiotic use prescribed by the physicians mainly included penicillins, aminoglycosides and their combinations (in 67.2 per cent of the cases). The use of the highly efficient drugs of the groups of ureidopenicillins and quinolones was extremely rare which was likely due to lacking of information on the drugs.     

Histogenesis of the taste buds of the vallate papilla in the in the rat in the postnatal stages of development

The developing taste buds of vallate papillae were studied with electron microscope in rats during the first 7 days after birth. Two types of cells--light and dark--are identified in the taste buds of a one day old animal. The apical parts of dark cells are characterized by numerous dark granules. A distinguishing feature of light cells is the presence of synaptic contacts with afferent intragemmal nerves. On the 4th day of development on the top of the apical parts of the cell, a microvillar apparatus is seen to form, which does not yet communicate with the oral cavity. On the 7th day, basal cells appear in the taste buds. Some of these cells are seen mitotically dividing. The differentiated microvillar apparatus now communicates with oral cavity. The structure of the taste buds is getting similar to that in the adults. The structural and functional peculiarities of the developing taste buds are discussed in association with the period of ontogenesis under consideration.     

Changes in the size of the nucleoli of the Purkinje cells in the canine cerebellum in the postresuscitation period

The changes in the size of Purkinje cell (PC) nucleolus in the lateral and medial cerebellum zones were studied in dogs with different degree of neurologic status recovery after clinical death of various etiology and duration. PC always possess one nucleolus in the control and experimental groups. In the case of complete neurologic status recovery of animals the area of PC nucleolus increases in both zones studied, irrespective of the cause of clinical death. In the case of neurologic disorders the increase in PC nucleolus area is clearly expressed only in the medial zone of the cerebellum, being insignificant in the lateral zone. It is suggested that adaptive characteristics of PC are distinct in the two compared zones, which leads to greater PC vulnerability in the lateral zone during deep hypoxia.     

Frequency of the stages in the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium in the rat

This study determined the optimum number of tubules to be counted per testis cross section, and the number of animals per treatment group, when changes in stage frequencies in the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium are criteria for assessing effects of treatment on spermatogenesis. A data base of 9,672 observed and staged tubules was collected from testicular cross sections of 15 Sprague-Dawley rats. A significant variation between animals was found for the frequencies of Stages I, II, IV, VI, VIII, and XIII. Computer simulation was used to randomly select different combinations of animal and tubule numbers from the observed data. Stage frequency means from each simulation experiment were compared statistically to observed mean frequencies. A model that used data from all 14 stages was analyzed. The following conclusions were made: a) a minimum of 200 tubule cross sections/testis is recommended for estimating stage frequencies; b) for a fixed number of tubules scored, the number of animals sampled is more important than the number of tubules per animal in reducing variance; c) to detect a difference of 2 standard deviations from the mean with a 2% error rate and examining 200 tubules/testis, at least 12 animals must be used per group when assessing all 14 stages; d) when individual stages are examined using 10 animals per group, only Stage VII has 80% or greater power of test (alpha = 0.05) to detect a frequency difference; e) pooling stages into 3-4 groups is recommended to improve the power of detecting a treatment difference.     

Psychological Attributes of the Culture of the Ukrainians in the Modern Stage of the Development of Society and Trends in Changes in These Attributes in the Post-Soviet Period

The authors of the article focus on the transition of the former Soviet state of Ukraine to a market economy. One aspect of the analysis is the cultural values and attitudes of the citizens in a new situation. Market economy and entrepreneurship demand new types of motivation and individual values from people. A challenge for social psychology in the country is the further elaboration of methodological basis of research.     

Immunohistochemistry of the cytoskeleton in the excurrent ducts of the testis in birds of the Galloanserae monophyly

The presence, location and degree of immunoexpression of various microfilament (MF) and intermediate filament (IF) systems (actin, cytokeratins, desmin, vimentin) were studied in the excurrent ducts of the testis in sexually mature and active galliform (Japanese quail, domestic fowl, turkey) and anseriform (duck) birds. These proteins were variably expressed between the epithelia and periductal tissue (periductal smooth muscle cell layer and interductal connective tissue) types and between species. Variable heterogeneous co-expression of filament systems was also found in the various duct epithelia and periductal tissue types: co-expression of filament systems was the rule rather than the exception. In the duck, neither vimentin nor cytokeratin was present in any of the tissues, whereas actin and desmin (absent in the rete testis) were co-expressed in the efferent ducts and epididymal duct unit (comprising the ductus conjugens, ductus epididymidis and ductus deferens). Actin, desmin and vimentin were generally co-expressed in the rete testis, efferent ducts and epididymal duct unit of the quail, domestic fowl and turkey, with vimentin being more strongly immunoreactive than actin and desmin in the epididymal duct unit, but more weakly immunoexpressed in the efferent ducts. Cytokeratin was present and co-expressed with actin, desmin and vimentin in the rete testis, efferent ducts and epididymal duct unit of the domestic fowl and turkey, but not in the quail and duck. The periductal smooth muscle cell layer and interductal tissue co-expressed actin, desmin and vimentin variably in all birds. Luminal spermatozoa of both the turkey and duck were immunonegative for all protein systems, whereas those of the quail and domestic fowl co-expressed actin, desmin and vimentin moderately or strongly. The tissues of the reproductive tract of male birds thus contain cytoskeletal protein systems that are variably but mostly co-expressed and whose contractile ability appears necessary and sufficient for transportation through the various excurrent ducts of the voluminous testicular fluid and its high sperm content, characteristic features of male avian reproduction.     

Self-organization in the determination of the size of the axial structures in the embryogenesis of the clawed toad

Experiments were performed using X. laevis embryos during gastrulation and neurulation (stages 10, 11 1/2, 12 1/2, 13 1/2, 15 and 18). Part of presumptive epidermis and lateral plate mesoderm was removed, and embryos raised until stage 25. The size of axial structures (notochord, somite mesoderm, central nervous system) was determined using serial histological sections and compared with that of control embryos. In experimental embryos, the size of axial structures was decreased. Until a specific stage of development, close correlation was found between the volume of embryonic compartment corresponding to a particular, structure and the volume of presumptive epidermis and lateral plate mesoderm. This stage is individual for each axial organ: middle gastrula (stage 11 1/2) for notochord, late gastrula (stage 12 1/2) for somite mesoderm, and late neurula (stage 18) for central nervous system. This data suggest that differentiation pattern of ecto-mesodermal rudiment is subject to regulation during gastrulation-neurulation, and subdivision of ectoderm and mesoderm into axial and non-axial tissues is a self-organizing process.