虫瘿与致瘿昆虫

虫瘿是由昆虫等致瘿生物诱导寄主植物而产生的一种特异组织。虫瘿对致瘿生物具有提供营养和保护等作用,虫瘿不仅有一定的经济利用和科学研究价值,而且多数致瘿昆虫是农林害虫。本文对致瘿昆虫在植物上的致瘿部位、致瘿的主要昆虫类群、虫瘿形态结构、虫瘿化学组成、虫瘿对寄主植物的影响以及虫瘿的利用等进行综述。     

虫瘿与其生物群落及寄主植物间的关系

虫瘿是自然界极其常见的生物现象,是植物与昆虫互作的奇特产物。本文对虫瘿生物群落多样性、虫瘿与其生物群落的关系以及虫瘿与寄主植物的关系进行概述,探讨了致瘿昆虫在虫瘿形成中的作用、植物化学对致瘿昆虫产卵交配行为的影响以及植物激素在虫瘿形成中的作用,最后对虫瘿今后的研究方向进行了讨论,为虫瘿的致瘿生物学及其瘿内生物相互关系的进一步研究奠定基础。     

致瘿昆虫对寄主植物生理和代谢的影响

虫瘿是致瘿昆虫刺激植物后诱导形成的畸形结构,是研究植物与昆虫协同进化的理想材料,同时致瘿昆虫通常还是重要的农林害虫.因此,研究致瘿昆虫对寄主植物的影响,一方面可进一步揭示致瘿昆虫与植物的关系,有助于揭示成瘿植物生长的一般过程;另一方面,了解成瘿植物对致瘿昆虫的响应有助于筛选植物抗性指标、抗性基因、敏感基因等,为抗性育种...     

植物的虫瘿与成瘿昆虫

虫瘿是植物组织遭受昆虫取食或产卵的刺激后,细胞加速分裂和异常分化而长成的畸形瘤状物或突起,它们是昆虫生活的"房子".介绍了虫瘿的形态多样性和形成过程,成瘿昆虫的多样性、生活史、寄生、食性和寄食现象,成瘿昆虫与寄主植物的关系以及人类对虫瘿的利用.     

植物虫瘿

虫瘿是造瘿昆虫诱导植物组织不正常生长产生的,它们通过释放某些酶或者植物激素刺激寄主植物细胞增大或增殖产生了特异形态的虫瘿,而这种特异形态就是造瘿昆虫遗传基因的体外表达。但虫瘿产生的分子机制不是十分清楚,文章主要对目前植物虫瘿的形态特征、形成机制等方面进行综述。     

向川安瘿蜂寄生白栎虫瘿和成瘿枝的代谢组比较

虫瘿是植物受致瘿昆虫产卵和取食等刺激而异常生长形成的不正常组织。营养假说认为虫瘿组织营养物质的含量高于寄主植物的成瘿部位,而次生代谢产物的含量低于寄主植物的成瘿部位。向川安瘿蜂(Andricus mukaigawae)属膜翅目(Hymenoptera)瘿蜂科(Cynipidae),在白栎(Quercus fabri)枝条上形成虫瘿。本文基于非靶向代谢组,使用高效液相色谱-质谱检测、鉴定和比较向川安瘿蜂幼虫期虫瘿与寄主植物成瘿枝的代谢物。研究结果表明,向川安瘿蜂虫瘿和成瘿枝的代谢物组成存在差异;虫瘿的脂肪含量均高于成瘿枝,虫瘿的4种单宁和4种黄酮物质的含量均低于成瘿枝,这支持营养假说;虫瘿的氨基酸含量均低于成瘿枝,部分酚类物质的含量高于成瘿枝,这不支持营养假说。     

奇特的虫瘿

虫瘿作为自然界一种奇特的生物现象 ,主要是由致瘿昆虫通过产卵、取食或分泌化学物质刺激植物体而形成的。该文对虫瘿的致瘿原因和成瘿过程进行了详细描述 ,讨论了它与人类和植物的关系 ,并就其中富含脂肪、蛋白质等化学物质展望了未来人类在医疗、工业、园林等行业对虫瘿的开发和利用。     

一种花瘿蚊(双翅目:瘿蚊科)与其寄主植物对萼猕猴桃Actinidia valvata的相互关系(英文)

猕猴桃属植物Actinidia spp,自然分布于中国的亚热带地区。对萼猕猴桃A.valvata的花芽受Pseudasphond ylia 瘿蚊属一未知种的寄生而形成花芽虫瘿,这种花芽瘿由于近年来在制药工业上的应用而受到重视。在中国中南地区研究对萼猕猴桃—瘿蚊的相互关系过程中,我们的记载表明该造瘿昆虫在一定情形下可能改变其寄主植物的雌雄异株之生殖模式。野外调查与实验证明寄主植物受寄生而形成虫瘿的比例很高。但虫瘿密度却于不同沟谷间,或同一沟谷内不同植株间有异。在二条沟谷内,92％和75％植株分别被寄生,而在第3条沟谷内没有植株受寄生。受寄生的雄性植株只产生虫瘿,而受寄生的雌性植株则产生正常果与虫瘿。有迹象显示当寄主植株有虫瘿形成时其正常果数量也更多。作者认为这可能是昆虫诱导功能上雌雄异株植物形成雄性异株雌雄同株之生殖模式的少数例子     

《基于三级营养水平的进化生态学:一支黄花、作瘿昆虫及其天敌》

该书由美国普林斯顿大学出版社 1 997年出版 ,作者为ＷａｒｒｅｎＧ .Ａｂｒａｈａｍｓｏｎ和ＡｒｔｈｕｒＥ .Ｗｅｉｓ。全书通过对一支黄花、作瘿昆虫及其天敌间的相互作用的研究 ,建立了田地生态和进化生态相互作用的系统模式 ,阐明了三级营养水平相互作用的关系。主要内容包括 :( 1 )进化生态学、植物及昆虫的相互关系 ;( 2 )茎杆作瘿昆虫的天敌和一支黄花 :三级营养水平互作的模式系统 ;( 3 )硕蝽Ｅｕｒｏｓｔａ对一支黄花的影响 ;( 4)寄主植物对作瘿昆虫的抗性 ;( 5)作瘿昆虫对寄主植物的选择 ;( 6)由硕蝽Ｅｕｒｏｓｔａ产生的虫瘿 ;(…     

中华蚊母树虫瘿类型及其致瘿昆虫生活史初探

初步观察了中华蚊母树(Distylium chinense(Fr.)Diels)不同类型虫瘿的发生过程及致瘿昆虫生活史。结果表明,中华蚊母树的虫瘿有3种类型,分别为叶/枝上大型虫瘿、叶上泡状虫瘿和叶柄/果上球型虫瘿。三者均为单室封闭型,次生开口。经鉴定致瘿昆虫均为半翅目蚜科昆虫,其中叶上泡状虫瘿致瘿昆虫为蚊母新胸蚜Neothoracaphis yanonis Matsumura。该虫3月初在虫瘿内营孤雌生殖,繁殖2代,5月底前飞离出瘿。     

Benefits of photosynthesis for insects in galls

Insect-induced plant galls are predominantly reputed to act as strong carbon sinks, although many types of galls contain chlorophyll and have the potential to photosynthesize. We investigated whether the photosynthetic capacity of bud galls induced by a Pteromalid wasp, Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae, in Acacia longifolia subsidises carbon budgets or provides O₂ to the larvae while concurrently consuming CO₂ in the dense gall tissue, thereby maintaining (O₂) and (CO₂) within the range of larval tolerance. Low (O₂) (<5?%?v/v) were found within the internal tissues of galls, and these concentrations responded only marginally to light, suggesting that the photosynthetic activity within the gall is inconsequential in the provision of O₂ to the larvae. The metabolic response of larvae to reduced (O₂) and elevated (CO₂) indicated that larvae were tolerant of hypoxia/hypercarbia and also capable of reducing their respiratory rates to cope with hypercarbia. The low mortality of larvae in galls shaded with Al-foil for 20?days showed that photosynthesis was not vital for the survival of the larvae, although growth of shaded galls was substantially reduced. Gas exchange measurements confirmed that, while photosynthesis never fully compensated for the respiratory costs of galls, it contributed substantially to the maintenance and growth, especially of young galls, reducing their impact as carbon sinks on the host. We conclude that, although photosynthesis may contribute to O₂ provision, its main role is to reduce the dependence of the insect-induced gall on the host plant for photosynthates, thereby reducing intra-plant, inter-gall competition and enhancing the probability that each gall will reach maturity.     

Exogenous phytohormones and the induction of plant galls by insects

The mechanism of gall induction by insects has remained elusive. Previous studies have met with limited success in attempting to induce galls by injection or application of chemical compounds. To determine whether an exogenous source of phytohormones plays a role in gall induction, we injected cytokinin (CK), auxin (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), and abscisic acid (ABA) in various concentrations, ratios, and combinations into leaf petioles of Capsicum annuum L. cv. California Wonder (Solanaceae). We found that CK + IAA injections lead to gall-like growth in C. annuum. GA enhanced and ABA inhibited gall growth except in the presence of GA. Isopentenyl adenine (IP) was the most effective type of CK at inducing growth. Our work is consistent with the hypothesis that exogenous CK + IAA produced and supplied by insects leads to gall induction. We hypothesize that insects have obtained the capability to induce galls via acquisition of the biosynthetic pathways to produce IAA and trans-zeatin family CKs through microbial symbiosis or lateral gene transfer.     

Herbivorous insects alter the chlorophyll metabolism of galls on host plants

Five types of insect-induced galls derived from three host plant leaves were analyzed for their carotenoid (Car), chlorophyll (Chl), and Chl biosynthesis porphyrins such as protoporphyrinogen IX (PPIX), magnesium protoporphyrin (MGPP) and protochlorophyllide (Pchlide), and Chl degradation intermediates including chlorophyllide (Chlide), pheophytin (Phe), pheophorbide (Pho), and phytylated and dephytylated pigments, and compared to ungalled portions of the same leaf. Galls contain significantly lower levels of Chl-related compounds (CRCs) than ungalled portions of host leaves. The mole percent of porphyrin and the ratios of Chlide/Phe and phytylated/dephytylated pigments are both very different between galls and host leaves. We, therefore, conclude that leaf-derived gall is a kind of non-leaf green tissue, that herbivorous insects alter gall Chl biosynthesis and degradation pathways, that Mg-chelatase, Mg-dechelatase, and chlorophyllase may be the major non-lethal enzymes in galls, and that while ungalled host leaves take Chl → Phe → Pho and Chl → Chlide → Pho as the major and minor degradation routes, respectively, all galls are in contrast with the host leaves.     

虫瘿—昆虫与植物互作的奇特产物

虫瘿是昆虫刺激产生的植物不正常组织。造瘿昆虫几乎能在高等植物的所有类群中产生形态各异的虫瘿,甚至能在同一种植物上形成多种形态不一的虫瘿。虫瘿形成的机制仍不清楚,普遍认为是昆虫控制了虫瘿的形成,但植物细胞也参与了虫瘿形成的调控。为了探索这一神秘的领域,科学家们已经对昆虫的刺激物以及植物的反应作了大量的研究,未来工作的难点将是如何把二者联系起来。     

Tyrosinase inhibitors from galls of Rhus javanica leaves and their effects on insects

As a defense mechanism of the leaves of Rhus javanica (Anacardiaceae) against the aphid Melaphis chinensis (Aphididae) attack, tannic acid is rapidly accumulated and forms galls along the midrib of the leaves resulting in a unique natural medicine Gallae Rhois. Tannic acid was found to inhibit the oxidation of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) catalyzed by tyrosinase (EC 1.14.18.1) with an IC50 of 22 microM. The aphid would detoxify the ingested toxic tannic acid to relatively nontoxic gallic acid, whereas the non-adapted pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella larvae are sensitive to the ingested tannic acid.     

Lipids of oak galls

The nutrient tissues of oak galls accumulate a great amount of lipids. The neutral lipids (essentially triacylglycerol) are the most abundant storage form but some membrane lipids (mainly phospholipids) also occur. However, the galactolipids are very poorly represented. Among the fatty acids, oleic acid is predominant. These data correlate well with the cytological features of gall nutrient cells.