秦巴山区野生金荞麦的营养及有效成分研究

对秦巴山区野生金荞麦Fagopyrum cymosum营养成分和有效成分进行分析。结果表明,秦巴山区野生金荞麦营养丰富、有效成分(表儿茶素、芦丁等)含量较高。其中,粗蛋白含量较高,达20.03%,可作为高蛋白的金荞麦育种材料;金荞麦氨基酸总量为15.78%,其中必需氨基酸含量为5.54%,非必需氨基酸含量为10.24%,是一种氨基酸含量较丰富的资源植物。秦巴山区野生金荞麦可作为优良野生牧草资源与药用兼备的多用途植物,具进一步开发利用价值。     

云南金荞麦野生资源考察及遗传多样性分析

金荞麦作为蓼科多年生草本植物,因其根茎富含大量黄酮类物质而具有极高的药用价值。野生金荞麦在我国分布极其广泛,尤其是云贵川等西南地区。野生荞麦资源考察组在云南进行历时20 d的考察,在丽江、大理、昆明等地采集到14份不同地区的野生金荞麦资源。考察过程中发现,野生金荞麦在植株及果实形态上均存在一定的差异,与其所处的地理环境、海拔、气候条件相关。利用分光光度法和高效液相色谱(HPLC)分别测量采集的块状茎中的总黄酮及黄酮类物质芦丁、槲皮素含量,发现不同地区的野生金荞麦块状茎之间黄酮类物质的含量存在着很大的差异。使用ITS、matK分子标记手段,进行遗传多样性和亲缘关系分析,发现其分类与地区海拔具有较为明显的关系。     

26个金苦荞品系品质性状与农艺性状的遗传变异分析

金苦荞是近些年创制的苦荞与金荞麦种间杂交形成的双二倍体杂种半多年生新荞麦种类(Fagopyrum tatari-cymosum),为了探讨该荞麦种类的农艺性状和品质性状的遗传规律,以26个高产金苦荞品系为材料,对其品质性状和农艺性状进行了遗传变异研究、相关性分析和聚类分析。结果表明：(1)金苦荞品质性状的变异系数大小表现为醇溶蛋白含量>谷蛋白含量>黄酮含量>总蛋白含量>球蛋白含量>清蛋白含量>淀粉含量。(2)金苦荞农艺性状的变异系数大小表现为主茎分枝数>基部20 cm内节数>主茎粗>籽粒面积>千粒重>主茎节数>株高>籽粒长宽比>籽粒宽>籽粒长>果壳率>籽粒周长>籽粒直径。(3)相关性分析中,黄酮含量与清蛋白含量呈显著正相关;醇溶蛋白含量与主茎节数、基部20 cm内节数、主茎粗呈显著或极显著正相关,与千粒重、籽粒面积、周长、宽、直径呈显著或极显著负相关;淀粉含量与籽粒面积、长、直径呈显著正关系。(4)聚类分析将26个金苦荞品系分为了3个类群,其中类群I属于高淀粉、矮秆、多分枝、低果...     

云南产金荞麦根茎抗肿瘤有效部位的化学研究

1976年我们在云南民间抗肿瘤药物调查中,发现宣威地区民间用金荞麦(Fagopyrum Cymosum (Trev.)Meisn.)根茎治疗肺癌有一定的疗效。金荞麦为蓼科植物,又名土茯苓、万年荞、苦荞头、野荞麦等,是一种民间常用中草药。据报道,金荞麦根茎含有双聚原矢车菊甙元〔5,7,3′,4′-四羟基黄烷-3-醇双聚体(5,7,3′,4′-tetrahydroxyflavan-3-ol dimcr)〕,海柯皂甙元(hecogenin),β—谷甾醇(β-sitosterol),     

金荞麦果实中有效成分的分析

采用HPLC法对金荞麦果实中的有效成分进行了分析,结果表明:金荞麦果实中含有芦丁、槲皮素和表儿茶素等有效成分,其中主要以芦丁为主,槲皮素、表儿茶素等含量甚微.金荞麦果实中的有效成分主要集中在种子部分,果皮中则不合或含量甚微.     

二型花柱植物金荞麦的繁殖生态学研究

通过野外实验观察和人工控制套袋等方法,从金养麦的花部基本特征、开花动态、花粉胚珠比(P/O)、花粉活力、柱头可授性、杂交指数、套袋实验及访花昆虫等方面对其繁殖生态学进行了研究.结果显示:(1)金荞麦在同一居群中同时具有长柱型(L-型)和短柱型(S-型)两种花型,短花柱花直径(7.25±0.11 mm)显著大于长花柱花直径(6.79±0.11 mm),长花柱花的柱头和花药高分别为3.39±0.04 mm和1.80±0.02 mm,短花柱花的柱头和花药高则分别为1.89±0.04 mm和3.19±0.06 rnm,表现出互补式雌雄异位的花部特征.(2)金荞麦8～10月开花,单花序的花期为15～23 d,单花的花期为1～3 d,开花进程中,内轮雄蕊先散粉,外轮雄蕊后散粉;S-型花的花粉活力高于L型花的花粉活力,但其单花花粉量低于L-型花,显示了两种花型的自我调控机制.(3)套袋实验表明,金荞麦自花自交不亲和,但具有型内和型间亲和性,L型和S-型花的P/O值分别为810±40.48和526.5±42.24,表明其繁育系统为兼性异交,需要传粉者,但L-型花更倾向异交.(4)金荞麦的主要访花昆虫为膜翅目(Hymenoptera)、双翅目(Diptera)、鳞翅目(Lepidoptera)、半翅目(Hemiptera)和蜻蜒目(Odonata) 19个科37种昆虫,其中,两种花型拥有12种共同的访花昆虫,L-型花访花昆虫14种,S-型花访花昆虫35种,表明S-型花对昆虫具有更强的吸引力.研究表明,金荞麦是典型的二型花柱植物,虽然具有严格的自交不亲和性,但显示一定的型内亲和性.     

中国野生金荞麦种质资源的调查与收集

金荞麦是蓼科荞麦属的多年生药用植物。为了研究我国野生金荞麦的分布特点,探明各地区的资源密度和遗传特性,我们依托第三次全国农作物种质资源普查与收集行动,考察了我国13个省（区）,62个县（市、区）,共采集到金荞麦种质资源530份。调查结果表明：我国野生金荞麦资源分布广泛,在调查范围内分布于90°44′28″～119°36′37″E、24°59′66″～33°53′16″N的广大区域,一般分布于海拔3500 m以下的亚热带季风气候区。金荞麦的群体数量和遗传特征呈现明显的区域差异,形成了西藏东南部高海拔的特殊类型集中分布区,西南地区中低海拔的遗传多样性富集区和长江中下游低海拔的遗传类型单一区的分布特点。野生群体中存在诸多优异材料,可在医药、保健、畜牧、观光、育种多个领域中开发利用。该研究在珍稀植物保护、荞麦属的分类进化研究、种质资源的创新利用和作物遗传改良等方面具有重要参考价值。     

遮阴与施磷对金荞麦生长及荧光参数的影响

研究遮阴与施磷对金荞麦(Fagopyrum dibotrys(D.Don)Hara)生长及叶绿素荧光参数的影响,为种植金荞麦时光照与磷的设置奠定理论基础。设定3个遮阴强度(不遮阴;轻度遮阴,遮阴40%-45%;重度遮阴,遮阴90%-95%)及2个磷素添加试验(不添加;添加14.4 g/pot)。遮阴增加金荞麦形态指标(如叶面积、株高、根长等形态指标),以及叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光参数,但降低了叶厚;施磷增加金荞麦叶片数、叶面积、株高、生物量积累、光化学淬灭系数(qP)等指标;与对照相比,在施磷条件下,遮阴40%-45%比遮阴90%-95%对金荞麦的形态、生物量及实际光合效率(Yield)的促进作用大。在实际生产中采取适当遮阴和施磷有利于金荞麦降低光系统损伤,促进形态指标生长,提高产量。     

二型花柱植株金荞麦繁殖特征

开花物候及繁殖分配是植物适应环境的重要因素。对金荞麦开花物候、繁殖分配及策略进行了研究。结果如下:金荞麦的花果期为每年的8—11月,9月集中开花,其集中开花模式有助于吸引昆虫传粉,提高繁殖成功率;金荞麦单花开花持续时间为1—2 d,种群花期均为85d。L型花序花期为15—26d,S型花序花期为14—27d,两者没有显著差异;L型单花序开花数为26—131朵,S型单花序开花数为36—147朵,两者没有显著差异。L型和S型花序开花动态呈现单峰曲线,在花序开花后第11天L型和S型都达到最大值,分别为7.30%和7.20%,且两种花型具有较高的开花同步性,这有助于其繁殖适应性的提高。同一个花型中,雌蕊长、雄蕊长之间存在极显著负相关,但雌雄总长不存在显著差异,表明雌蕊长、雄蕊长可能存在权衡关系;金荞麦的繁殖器官和营养器官生物量在L型和S型间不存在显著差异,但其花生物量与植株生物量表现出极显著正相关关系。金荞麦L型花生物量分配极显著大于S型,而总生物量不存在显著差异,说明金荞麦植株的营养生长与有性繁殖间存在权衡关系。     

金荞麦的药理作用

金荞麦Ｆａｇｏｐｙｒｕｍｃｙｍｏｓｕｍ也称野荞麦、苦荞头,为蓼科植物,它是我国民间常用的一种中草药,药用其根茎。性平,微凉,味苦,酸涩,民间用于治疗肺脓疡。金荞麦根茎中有效成份是一类原花色素的缩合性单宁混合物〔１〕,包括（一）表儿茶素（ｅｐｉｃａｔ...     

Species relationships in Fagopyrum revealed by PCR-based DNA fingerprinting

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to distinguish between 28 different accessions belonging to 14 species and two sub-species of Fagopyrum. Of the 75 random 10-mer primers tested, only 19 generated robust, easily interpretable amplification products. A total of 364 bands were observed with an average of 19.15 bands per primer, of which 99.45% were polymorphic. Primer OPN-08 produced the maximum number of fragments and UBC-183 produced the minimum number of fragments. The data were utilized to elucidate genetic relationships among 14 species and two sub-species of Fagopyrum. Cluster analysis using the unweighted paired group method of arithmetic means (UPGMA) showed four main clusters, two each of the cymosum and urophyllum groups. The results showed that Fagopyrum tataricum is closer to its wild ancestor F. tataricum ssp. potanini Batalin, closely followed by Fagopyrum giganteum. Cultivated common buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum) showed affinity with its putative wild ancestor F. esculentum ssp. ancestrale and the other closely related diploid species Fagopyrum homotropicum. In the urophyllum group, Fagopyrum macrocarpum and Fagopyrum pleioramosum formed one cluster, whereas Fagopyrum capillatum, Fagopyrum gracilipes and Fagopyrum gilessii clustered separately. Except for a few cases, our results correspond with previously reported studies on Fagopyrum using the isozyme, RFLP and RAPD methods. Species-diagnostic amplification products specific to some species in the cymosum and urophyllum groups were identified. Our results show that RAPDs can be successfully used to analyze species relationships in Fagopyrum and also for constructing linkage maps.     

金荞麦抗菌活性研究

目的 探讨金荞麦乙醇提取物乙酸乙酯的萃取部分（待测样品）的抑菌作用,并对此部分进行分离纯化以研究其抗菌活性的物质基础。方法 与复方板蓝根颗粒做对比,采用平皿稀释法及动物实验对待测样品进行体外及体内实验,测定其对各试验菌的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）和对肺炎链球菌感染小鼠的体内保护作用.并采用多种色谱方法对此部分进行分离纯化。结果 体外抑菌试验表明,待测样品对乙型溶血性链球菌、肺炎球菌有明显的抑制作用;体内抑菌实验表明此部分对肺炎球菌菌株所致的小鼠感染有保护作用;从该活性部分分离得到8个化合物为：反式对羟基桂皮酸甲酯（trans-p-hydroxy cinnamic methyl ester,Ⅰ）,3,4-二羟基苯甲酰胺（3,4-dihydroxy benzamide,Ⅱ）,原儿茶酸（protocatechuic acid,Ⅲ）,原儿茶酸甲酯（protocatechuic acid methyl ester,Ⅳ）,木犀草素（luteolin,V）,槲皮素（quercitrin,Ⅵ）,芸香苷（rutm,Ⅶ）,（一）-表儿茶素[（一）-epicatechin,Ⅷ]。结论 待测样品在体内及体外均有较强的抑菌活性,而具有抗菌作用的物质基础为酚酸类及黄酮类化合物。     

Intraspecific cpDNA variations of diploid and tetraploid perennial buckwheat, Fagopyrum cymosum (Polygonaceae)

We investigated the phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships of natural populations of diploid and tetraploid Fagopyrum cymosum (Polygonaceae). Intraspecific variation of chloroplast DNA sequences was detected in three regions approximately 5 kb long in total: the 3' end of rbcL, accD and associated intergenic spacer region, the trnC (GCA)-rpoB spacer region, the trnK (UUU) intron, and the matK region. The accessions of F. cymosum were divided into two major groups, a Tibet-Himalayan clade and a Yunnan-Sichuan clade, with a high bootstrap probability. It was estimated that these two clades diverged about 0.7 million years ago. The geographical and climatic interruption by the Hengduanshan mountains might have caused the genetic divergence in F. cymosum. Autotetraploid populations of F. cymosum have arisen allopatrically from a diploid progenitor at least twice, once in the Tibet-Himalayan area and once in the Yunnan-Sichuan area. This conclusion reinforces a previous study based on allozyme variation. We also found that F. tataricum, a close relative of F. cymosum, was completely included within the Tibet-Himalayan clade in the phylogenetic tree. This suggests that F. tataricum speciated from F. cymosum in the Tibet-Himalayan area.     

一些敏感植物对HF暴露的反应

本文旨在以金荞麦、火炭母和水杉为材料,利用开顶式熏气装置,研究敏感植物对HF暴露的生理反应。在熏气过程中,对供试植物叶片进行了气孔阻抗、蒸腾强度、电导率和叶绿素含量的测定。实验发现,火炭母的气孔阻抗高于金荞麦,而且即便是同一种火炭母,但红叶火炭母的气孔阻抗又高于绿叶火炭母。另外,不同植物对HF敏感性上的差异同样反应在电导率比值的变化趋势和数值上。敏感植物的电导率比值均较高。作者认为,确当的选择和测定有关的生理指标是大气污染生物监测的一项重要内容。     

Study on Hairy-Root Cultures of Fagopyrum cymosum

Transformed hairy root cultures of Fagopyrum cymosum (Trey.) Meisn. have been established by infecting petioles of shoots cultured in vitro with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. These hairy root cultures grew vigorously in MS hormone-free medium. They showed a 1861-fold increase in fresh weight with in 25 days, and grew faster than cell cultures of F. cymosum (only increased 26.7-fold with in the same days). The cultures were shon to synthesis dimeric procyanidin up to 4.5% (dry wt.) approximating the level of original plant. The growth rates of hairy root cultures up to 149.3 mg dry w-t/L/day in large culture vessels (3 L) and dimeric procyanidin (3.58%, dry wt.) were detected.     

Inhibition of tumor growth in vitro by the extract of fagopyrum cymosum (fago-c)

Fagopyrum cymosum (Trev.) Meisn has long been used in China to treat various ailments of the lung, including lung tumors. This study investigated whether Fagopyrum cymosum extract (Fago-c) has effects on other organs. Human cancer cells derived from 10 different organs were employed, and their growths as affected by Fago-c were investigated. It was found that the growth of cancer cells from lung, liver, colon, leukocytes and bone is inhibited by Fago-c. However, cancer cells derived from prostate, cervix, ovary and brain are not sensitive to Fago-c, and the extract stimulates the growth of cancer cells from breast (MCF-7). Synergistic inhibition effect of Fago-c and daunomycin was observed in human lung cancer cells (H460). Cellular proteins from H460 cells treated with Fago-c were analyzed by 2D-gel electrophoresis. A protein (M.W./pI = 20K/5.9) was induced. The Fago-c extract was analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Four major and twenty minor components were identified. These studies indicate that the effect of Fago-c in inhibiting the growth of cell lines derived from certain organs.     

Interspecific relationships in Fagopyrum (Polygonaceae) revealed by the nucleotide sequences of the rbcL and accD genes and their intergenic region

DNA sequences of the rbcL and accD 5' coding regions and their intergenic region (IGR) were determined in 20 taxa of 12 species of Fagopyrum. By comparing the sequence data and constructing phylogenetic trees, phylogenetic relationships among Fagopyrum species were investigated. The accD 5' coding region and the IGR have evolved about five times faster than the rcbL coding region; hence the phylogenetic trees based on the data of the accD 5' coding region, the IGR, and these data combined, had higher resolution than the trees based on rcbL alone. The classification of Fagopyrum based on the DNA sequences was almost perfectly consistent with the classification by Ohnishi and Matsuoka (1996, Genes & Genetic Systems 71: 383-390). New facts and minor differences are (1) polyploidization in F. cymosum might have occurred more than once, (2) F. lineare may not be a sister species of F. leptopodum, and (3) F. pleioramosum rather than F. capillatum may be a sister species of F. gracilipes.     

川西北荞麦种间亲缘关系初步研究

采用RAPD和同工酶技术对川西北具有代表性的10份荞麦材料进行分析.结果表明,筛选出的15个RAPD引物扩增出388条带.其中352条具有多态性,多态性比率为90.72%;过氧化物同工酶分析获得15条酶带,酯酶同工酶获得10条酶带.3种方法聚类结果基本一致,10份材料可初步聚为4个类群.其中,与金荞亲缘关系相比,甜荞较近而苦荞较远;普格县野荞和齿翅野荞、细柄野荞亲缘关系较近,划为同类;阿坝野荞单独划为一类,对其在分类中的地位有待进一步研究.     

Search for the wild ancestor of buckwheat III. The wild ancestor of cultivated common buckwheat, and of tatary buckwheat

By surveying wild Fagopyrum species and their distribution in southern China and the Himalayan hills, I arrived at the conclusion that the newly discovered subspecies F. esculentum ssp. ancestralis Ohnishi is the wild ancestor of cultivated common buckwheat, while previously known wild tatary buckwheat,F. tataricum ssp. potanini Batalin is the wild ancestor of tatary buckwheat. Their original birthplace is revealed to be northwestern corner of Yunnan province for common buckwheat judging from the distribution of wild ancestor, and to be the northwest part of Sichuan province for tatary buckwheat judging from allozyme variability in wild tatary buckwheat. F. cymosum is not the ancestor of cultivated buckwheat; it is only distantly related to cultivated buckwheat, in morphology, isozymes and cpDNA. Several genetic, ecological and taxonomic categories which should be taken into consideration in examining the origin of buckwheat were discussed. Key Words: Fagopyrum esculentum ssp. ancestralis; Fagopyrum tataricum ssp. potanini; southern China theory of origin of buckwheat. Contribution from Plant Germ-Plasm Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University. No. 78.