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1.
RNA of Australia Antigen 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
WLADYLSAW JÓZWIAK JERZY KOŚCIELAK KAZIMIERZ MADALIŃSKI WITOLD JÓZEF BRZOSKO ADAM NOWOSŁAWSKI MAREK KŁOCZEWIAK 《Nature: New biology》1971,229(3):92-94
ALTHOUGH the exact nature of Australia (Au) antigen is not resolved, increasing evidence suggests that it is the causal agent of viral hepatitis. This supposition is based chiefly on the frequent occurrence of Au antigen in the sera of patients with viral hepatitis1–4 and on its virus-like appearance under the electron microscope5–7. Biochemical studies have shown that Au antigen consists largely of protein, with a minor lipid moiety8, 9. So far, however, no genetic material has been detected in the Au antigen and it has been suggested that the Au antigen might be “a unique infectious particle with little or no nucleic acid”10. We wish to present evidence, however, that RNA is an essential component of Au antigen. 相似文献
2.
<Emphasis Type="Italic">Herpesvirus ateles</Emphasis>, a New Lymphoma Virus of Monkeys 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
L. V. MELENDEZ R. D. HUNT N. W. KING H. H. BARAHONA M. D. DANIEL C. E. O. FRASER F. G. GARCIA 《Nature: New biology》1972,235(58):182-184
THERE has been a marked increase of post-transfusion hepatitis associated with the increased utilization of blood and its products. The discovery of a reaction of serum from multiple transfused haemophiliacs with serum from patients suffering from hepatitis1,2 has made it possible to analyse the hepatitis associated antigen (HAA), the agent associated with the transmittance of hepatitis. HAA is currently detected using haemophiliac serum as the antibody source and standard serological techniques, that is, immunodiffusion, complement fixation and immunoelectro-osmophoresis3. This report describes a latex agglutination procedure which is compatible with the existing technology in blood banks as well as being very rapid and sensitive. The assay is based on the agglutination of antibody-absorbed latex particles by HAA contained in the test serum. 相似文献
3.
Marie-Renée de Roubin Michael D. Cailas Shi-Hsiang Shen Denis Groleau 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》1992,9(1):69-72
Summary A central composite design (CCD) was used to evaluate, for the purpose of future process optimization, the influence of pH, yeast extract and ammonium chloride concentrations on the proportion of periplasmic hepatitisB pre-S2 antigen in the recombinant yeastHansenula polymorpha. Each factor was tested at five levels, and a second order polynomial model for the proportion of periplasmic antigen was fitted to the treatment combinations. pH showed the greatest effect: the proportion of periplasmic antigen was greatly increased at the higher pH levels. At the higher pH levels used, the proportion of periplasmic antigen was enhanced by a high concentration of ammonium chloride. Additional experiments have confirmed both the validity of the selected model and the optimal conditions found. A significant correlation was found between the proportion of periplasmic antigen and the total yield of antigen. These results indicated that is should be possible to modulate the distribution of the pre-S2 antigen between the periplasm and the cytoplasm of the yeast. 相似文献
4.
Arezoo Honarmand Morteza Pourahmad Kavous Solhjoo Mahmoud Kohan Mohamad Hassan Davami Seyed Kamyar Mostafavi Zadeh 《Reports of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology》2014,3(1):38-42
Background:
In patients who are hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA-positive, but HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) -negative, the infection is referred to as occult hepatitis B infection (OBI). Occult HBV infection is harmful when other liver diseases are present, and can aggravate liver damage in in patients with chronic liver diseases. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection the suppression of viral replication by the immune system might be inactivated, and classical HBV infection in OBI patients may occur. Health care professionals should be aware of OBI in HIV patients. The routine test for HBV infection in Iran is the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the HBV surface antigen (ELISA HBsAg); therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of OBI in Iranian HIV patients.Methods:
This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2012 on sera from all the known and accessible HIV patients in Jahrom and Fassa, two cities in southern Iran. All samples were tested for the HBsAg, HBV core antibody (HBcAb). All the results were analyzed using SPSS.Results:
Of the 91 patients, seven (7.7%) were HBsAg-positive and forty-five (49.5%) were HBcAb-positive. In patients with negative HBsAg (84 patients), 39 (46.4%) were HBcAb positive and 53 (63%) were positive for HBV DNA.Conclusion:
The prevalence of HBV infection is relatively high in HIV patients, and more accurate tests than those presently in use should be used for diagnosis.Key Words: Hepatitis B, HIV infection, Occult hepatitis 相似文献5.
Infection of mouse colonies with Helicobacter spp. has become an increasing concern for the research community. Although Helicobacter infection may cause clinical disease, investigators may be unaware that their laboratory mice are infected because the pathology of Helicobacter species is host-dependent and may not be recognized clinically. The effects of Helicobacter infections are not limited to the gastrointestinal system and can affect reproduction, the development of cancers in gastrointestinal organs and remote organs such as the breast, responses to vaccines, and other areas of research. The data we present in this review show clearly that unintentional Helicobacter infection has the potential to significantly interfere with the reliability of research studies based on murine models. Therefore, frequent screening of rodent research colonies for Helicobacter spp. and the eradication of these pathogens should be key goals of the research community.The reliability of an experiment that uses an in vivo model system depends on understanding and controlling all variables that can influence the experimental outcome. Infections of mouse colonies are important to the scientific community because they can introduce such harmful variables. Therefore, the ultimate goal of laboratory animal facilities is to maintain disease-free animals, to eliminate those unwanted variables.Numerous pathogenic microbes can interfere with animal research (reviewed in reference 57), and colonization of mouse colonies with members of the family Helicobacteriaceae is an increasing concern for the research community. Naturally acquired Helicobacter infections have been reported in all commonly used laboratory rodent species.3,10,36,44,45,49,82,124 A study of mice derived from 34 commercial and academic institutions in Canada, Europe, Asia, Australia, and the United States showed that 88% of these institutions had mouse colonies infected with 1 or more Helicobacter spp.109 Approximately 59% of these mice were infected with Helicobacter hepaticus ; however monoinfections with other species also were encountered. In another study, at least 1 of 5 Helicobacter spp. was detected in 88% of the 40 mouse strains tested.4Surveys such as these have established that a broad range of Helicobacter spp. may be present in mouse research colonies. Several of those Helicobacter species cause disease in laboratory mice. H. hepaticus first was identified as a pathogen when it was discovered to be the cause of chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma in mice,26,31,116 either alone or in combination with other Helicobacter spp.78 In addition, H. typhlonius causes intestinal inflammation in mice with immunodeficiency or defects in immune regulation;28,37 H. muridarum has been associated with gastritis,86 and H. bilis has been associated with hepatitis35,38 and colitis.60,61 Although, H. rodentium appears to be relatively nonpathogenic in wild-type and SCID mice,78 combined infection with H. rodentium and H. typhlonius results in a high incidence of inflammation-associated neoplasia in IL10−/− mice.9,46 Further, it is becoming increasingly clear that the effects of Helicobacter infections are not limited to the gastrointestinal system. Helicobacter infections have been documented to directly or indirectly affect responses as diverse as reproduction, development of breast cancer, and altered immune responses to vaccines.65,95,99 In addition to effects on rodents, Helicobacter spp. can infect other laboratory animals2,5,27,29,33,36,107 and can colonize different anatomic regions of the gastrointestinal system.35 This review focuses on the potential effect of these organisms on in vivo experiments and biomedical research. The results summarized here emphasize the importance of knowledge of colony infection status and prevention of unintentional infections to achieve the goal of providing a consistent and reliable environment for research studies. 相似文献
6.
Partial Characterization of K and Ca Uptake Systems in the Halotolerant Alga Dunaliella salina
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The uptake of K+ and Ca2+ in Dunaliella salina is mediated by two distinct carriers: a K+ carrier with a high selectivity against Na+, Li+, and choline+ but not towards Rb+, K+, Cs+, or NH4+, and a Ca2+ carrier with a high selectivity against Mg2+. The latter is specifically blocked by La3+ and by Cd2+. Apparent Km values for K+ and Ca2+ uptake are 2.5 and 0.8 millimolar, respectively, and their maximal calculated fluxes are 22 and 0.8 nanomoles per square meter per second, respectively. Effects of permeable ions and ionophores on K+ and Ca2+ uptake suggest that the driving force for their uptake is the transmembrane electrical potential. Inhibitors of ATP production, typical inhibitors of plasma membrane H+-ATPases and protonionophores inhibit K+ and Ca2+ uptake and accelerate K+ efflux. The results suggest that an H+-ATPase in the cell membrane provides the driving force for K+ and Ca2+ uptake. Efflux measurements from 86Rb+ and 45Ca2+ loaded cells suggest that part of the intracellular K+ and most of the intracellular Ca2+ is nonexchangeable with the extracellular pool. Correlations between phosphate and K+ contents and the effect of phosphate on K+ efflux suggest intracellular associations between K+ and polyphosphates. On the basis of these results, it is suggested that: (a) K+ and Ca2+ uptake in D. salina is driven by the transmembrane electrical potential which is generated by the action of an H+-ATPase of the plasma membrane. (b) Part of the intracellular K+ is associated with polyphosphate bodies, while most of the intracellular Ca2+ is accumulated in intracellular organelles in the algal cells. 相似文献
7.
Suping Jiang Steven A. Anderson G. Douglas Winget Antony J. Mukkada 《Journal of cellular physiology》1994,159(1):60-66
Leishmania donovani has an active K+/H+ exchange system on the surface membrane. Modulation of external K+ concentration resulted in a corresponding change in internal pH (pHi) suggesting a link between proton and potassium transport. Although a Na+/H+ antiporter is present on the plasma membrane, its sensitivity to amiloride suggests that it operates independent of K+/H+ exchange. Reduction of cellular ATP with NaN3 and KCN inhibits K+/H+ exchange showing thereby that the process is energy dependent. The K+/H+ exchange is sensitive to inhibitors of the gastric K+/H+-ATPase. It is concluded that the H+-ATPase previously reported on the plasma membrane of L. donovani is in fact a K+/H+-ATPase. © 1994 wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
8.
The interaction of La 3+ with mitochondria in relation to respiration-coupled Ca 2+ transport 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
La3+ inhibits the respiration-dependent accumulation of Ca2+ by rat liver mitochondria when added in very small amounts (0.1–l.0 nmole per mg protein). However, La3+ itself does not activate respiration. With the use of 140La3+ it was found that La3+ is very rapidly bound to rat liver mitochondria in a respiration-independent process accompanied by loss of H+ to the medium. When both La3+ and Ca2+ are added to mitochondria simultaneously, most of the La3+ but little Ca2+ are bound. La3+ added to mitochondria previously loaded with Ca2+ is tightly bound without discharge of Ca2+. Conversely, when Ca2+ is added to La3+-loaded mitochondria it is not bound nor is the La3+ discharged. La3+ inhibits both high-affinity and low-affinity respiration-independent Ca2+ binding. Isotopic experiments showed that La3+ is, in fact, bound to the same high-affinity sites as Ca2+, in both intact mitochondria and in mitochondrial extracts. It is concluded (1) that La3+ binds to and inhibits the Ca2+ carrier; (2) that La3+ is not transported by the Ca2+ carrier; and (3) that La3+ is, in addition, bound to a large number of external sites on mitochondria for which Ca2+ is not a strong competitor. 相似文献
9.
The efflux 42K+ from isolated beef heart mitochondria under conditions of near steadystate K+ is increased by repiration and is sensitive to uncouplers and to exogenous Mg2 The respiration-dependent efflux is strongly activated by inorganic phosphate in the presence of external K+, but not Na+, and is inhibited by oxidative phosphorylation. Low concentrations of mersalyl also activate respiration-dependent efflux of 42K+ in the absence of net alteration in matrix K+. Acetate in the presence of mersalyl brings about net accumulation of K+ with retention of internal 42K+. The results are consistent with a model in which nearly constant matrix K+ is maintained by the regulated interplay between a K+ uniport (which is responsive to membrane potential and which is the pathway for K+ influx) and a exchanger (which responds to the transmembrane pH differential and which is the pathway for net K+ efflux). 相似文献
10.
Athina Efthymiadis Jürgen Rettinger Wolfgang Schwarz 《Cell biology international》1993,17(12):1107-1116
In Na+- and K+-free solution, an inward-directed current can be detected in Xenopus oocytes, which is inhibited by cardic glycosides and activated by ATP. Therefore, it is assumed to be generated by the Na+, K+ pump. At negative membrane potentials, the pump current increases with more negative potentials and with increasing [H+] in the external medium. This current is not observed when Mg2+ instead of Ba2+ is the only divalent cation present in the bath medium, and it does not depend on whether Na+ or K+ is present internally. At 5 to 10 mM Na+ externally, maximum pump-generated current is obtained while no current can be detected in presence of physiological [Na+]. It is suggested that in low-Na+ and K+-free medium the Na+, K+ pump molecule can either form a conductive pathway that is permeable to Ba2+ or protons or operate in its conventional transport mode accepting Ba2+ as a K+ congener. A reversed pump mode or an electrogenic uncoupled Na+-efflux mode is excluded. 相似文献
11.
Mitochondria contain a latent K+/H+ antiporter that is activated by Mg2+-depletion and shows optimal activity in alkaline, hypotonic suspending media. This K+/H+ antiport activity appears responsible for a respiration-dependent extrusion of endogenous K+, for passive swelling in K+ acetate and other media, for a passive exchange of matrix42K+ against external K+, Na+, or Li+, and for the respiration-dependent ion extrusion and osmotic contraction of mitochondria swollen passively in K+ nitrate. K+/H+ antiport is inhibited by quinine and by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide when this reagent is reacted with Mg2+-depleted mitochondria. There is good suggestive evidence that the K+/H+ antiport may serve as the endogenous K+-extruding device of the mitochondrion. There is also considerable experimental support for the concept that the K+/H+ antiport is regulated to prevent futile influx-efflux cycling of K+. However, it is not yet clear whether such regulation depends on matrix free Mg2+, on membrane conformational changes, or other as yet unknown factors. 相似文献
12.
We have characterized the asymmetric effect of Ca2+ on passive K+ permeability in erythrocyte membranes, using inside out and right-side out vesicles. Ca2+, but not Mg2+, can induce an increase in K+ uptake in inside out vesicles. The half-maximal concentration of Ca2+ required to induce the K+ uptake is 0.2 mM, and the permeability increase is not specific for K+. Thus, the Ca2+-induced permeation process in inside out vesicles is changed from that in the energy-depleted intact cell which requires only micromolar concentrations of Ca2+ and is specific for K+. Removal of spectrin had no effect on the vesicle permeability increase due to Ca2+. Studies with show that the vesicle channel opening is mediated by a protein and passage is controlled by sulfhydryl groups; furthermore, the Ca2+-induced vesicle pathway is distinct from the normal channel for passive K+ leak in the absence of Ca2+. The protein is sensitive to its phospholipid environment since removal of easily accessible phospholipid head groups on the cytoplasmic face of the vesicles inhibits the Ca2+-stimulated channel opening. 相似文献
13.
C A Carvalho 《Life sciences》1979,25(1):73-82
Synaptosomes isolated from sheep brain cortex accumulate Ca2+, Sr2+ and Mg2+ when incubated in isosmotic sucrose media containing 5 mM of either of these cations. The maximal levels of cations retained per mg of protein are 100 nmol of Ca2+, 85 nmol of Mg2+ and 80 nmol of Sr2+. The loss of Ca2+ or Sr2+ from the preloaded synaptosomes is increased by monovalent cations in the following order: Na+> K+ > Li+> choline, whereas for the loss of Mg2+ this order is different: K+ > Na+ > Li ~ choline. The efflux of Ca2+ or Sr2+ induced by monovalent cations decreases as the temperature is lowered and it is nearly abolished at 0°C, whereas the efflux of Mg2+ is much less influenced by temperature. The results suggest that the mechanism of exchange of Ca2+ for Na+ in synaptosomes operates similarly for Sr2+, but not for Mg2+. 相似文献
14.
The exchange of 18O between H218O and exogeneously added 15N16O?2 which occurs during oxidation of ammonia by Nitrosomonas is shown to occur one oxygen at a time. Conditions in which the exchange is diminished (notably the presence of 14NO–2 and CCCP) allowed demonstration that water and dioxygen are each the source of one oxygen in nitrite produced from 15NH3. The nitrate produced in the presence of 18O2 consisted of 67 and 0% 15N18O16O? and 15N18O18O?, respectively. Analysis was made using the 18O-isotope shift in 15N-NMR. 相似文献
15.
The activation of desoxyribonuclease on desoxyribonucleate, known to occur with Mg++ and Mn++, has been shown to occur equally well with Co++, to nearly the same extent with Fe++, and to a lesser extent with Ca++, Ba++, Sr++, Ni++, Cd++, and Zn++. The conditions under which the optimal activation is revealed vary among these ions. Thus, Mg++, Mn++, and Co++ may show marked activation under conditions in which Fe++ is nearly ineffective. Since too high a concentration of an ion may be as ineffective as too little, concentration-activation curves were determined for each ion. Per micromole of nucleic acid phosphorus, the optimal effective amount of each ion in micromoles is as follows: Mg++ 3, Mn++ 3, Co++ 3, Fe++ 0.3, Ni++ 0.3, Ba++ 1.7, Ca++ 3, Sr++ 3, Zn++ 0.3, and Cd++ 0.3.The optimum pH for the activation with Mg++, Co++, and Ca++ is about 6.5, that with Fe++ is at 5.7, while Mn++ shows two optima at pH 6.8 and 8.0.Experiments conducted in Pyrex and in quartz vessels showed the same results, and indicated that there was no activation of desoxy-ribonuclease in the absence of added salts. 相似文献
16.
NO3?-dependent O2 in synchronous Scenedesmus obtusiusculus Chod. in the absence of CO2 is stoichiometric with NH4+ excretion, indicating a close coupling of NO3? reduction to non-cyclic electron flow. Also in the presence of CO2, NO3? stimulates O2 evolution as manifested by an increase in the O2/CO2 ratio from 0.96 to 1.11. This quotient was increased to 1.36 by addition of NO2?, without competitive interaction with CO2 fixation, indicating that the capacity for non-cyclic electron transport at saturating light is non-limiting for simultaneous reduction of NO3? and CO2 at high rates. During incubation with NO3?+ CO2, no NH4+ is released to the outer medium, whereas during incubation with NO2?+ CO2, excess NH4+ is formed and excreted. NO3? uptake is stimulated by CO2, and this stimulation is also significant when the cellular energy metabolism is restricted by moderate concentrations of carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone, whereas NO3? uptake in the absence of CO2 is severely inhibited by the uncoupler. Also under energy-restricted conditions NO3? uptake is not competitive with CO2 fixation. Antimycin A is inhibitory for NO3? uptake in the absence of CO2, and there is no enhancement of NO3? uptake by CO2 in the presence of antimycin A. It is assumed that the energy demand for NO3? uptake is met by energy fixed as triosephosphates in the Calvin cycle. Antimycin A possibly affects the transfer of reduced triose phosphates from the chloroplast to the cytoplasm. Active carbon metabolism also seems to exert a control effect on NO3? assimilation, inducing complete incorporation of all NO3? taken up into amino acids. This control effect is not functional when NO2? is the nitrogen source. Active carbon metabolism thus seems to be essential both for provision of energy for NO3? uptake and for regulation of the process. 相似文献
17.
Na+-ATPase of high-K+ and low-K+ sheep red cells was examined with respect to the sidedness of Na+ and K+ effects, using inside-out membrane vesicles and very low ATP concentrations (?2 μM). With varying amounts of Na+ in the medium, i.e., at the cytoplasmic surface, Nacyt+, the activation curves show that high-K+ Na+-ATPase has a higher affinity for Nacyt+ compared to low-K+. The apparent affinity for Nacyt+ is also increased by increasing the ATP concentrations in high-K+ but not low-K+. With Nacyt+ present, Na+-ATPase is stimulated by intravesicular Na+, i.e., Na+ at the originally external surface, Naext+, to a greater extent in low-K+ than high-K+. Intravesicular K+ (Kext+) activates Na+-ATPase in high-K+ but not in low-K+ vesicles and extravesicular K+ (Kcyt+) inhibits low-K+ but not high-K+ Na+-ATPase. Thus, the genetic difference between high-K+ and low-K+ is expressed as differences in apparent affinities for both Na+ and K+ and these differences are evident at both cytoplasmic and external membrane surfaces. 相似文献
18.
Abstract The freshwater Charophyte Chora corallina dies when subjected to 70 molm?3 NaCl if the Ca2+ concentration is 0.1 mol m ?3. This stress is accompanied by a depolarization of the cell to a membrane potential more positive than EK, a net influx of Na+ into the vacuole, and a net loss of K+ from the vacuole. Raising the Ca2+ concentration to 7 mol m ?3 in the presence of elevated Na+ restores the Na+ to Ca2+ ratio to 10: 1 as in the control solution, and results in enhanced survival even though turgor is not regulated. Mg2+ is not a good substitute for Ca2+. It is suggested that the main reason that C. corallina fails to occupy saline habitats is its failure to regulate turgor, not sensitivity to Na +, since the latter is similar to that seen in C. buckellii, which is found in saline habitats. 相似文献
19.
Caesium accumulation by microorganisms: uptake mechanisms,cation competition,compartmentalization and toxicity 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Simon V. Avery 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》1995,14(2):76-84
Summary The continued release of caesium radioisotopes into the environment has led to a resurgence of interest in microbe-Cs interactions. Caesium exists almost exclusively as the monovalent cation Cs+ in the natural environment. Although Cs+ is a weak Lewis acid that exhibits a low tendency to form complexes with ligands, its chemical similarity to the biologically essential alkali cation K+ facilitates high levels of metabolism-dependent intracellular accumulation. Microbial Cs+ (K+) uptake is generally mediated by monovalent cation transport systems located on the plasma membrane. These differe widely in specificity for alkali cations and consequently microorganisms display large differences in their ability to accumulate Cs+; Cs+ appears to have an equal or greater affinity than K+ for transport in certain microorganisms. Microbial Cs+ accumulation is markedly influenced by the presence of external cations, e.g. K+, Na+, NH4
+ and H+, and is generally accompanied by an approximate stoichiometric exchange for intracellular K+. However, stimulation of growth of K+-starved microbial cultures by Cs+ is limited and its has been proposed that it is not the presence of Cs+ in cells that is growth inhibitory but rather the resulting loss of K+. Increased microbial tolerance to Cs+ may result from sequestration of Cs+ in vacuoles or changes in the activity and/or specificity of transport systems mediating Cs+ uptake. The precise intracellular target(s) for Cs+-induced toxicity has yet to be clearly defined, although certain internal structures, e.g. ribosomes, become unstable in the presence of Cs+ and Cs+ is known to substitute poorly for K+ in the activation of many K+-requiring enzymes. 相似文献
20.
Although the enzyme (Na+ + K+)-ATPase has been extensively characterized, few studies of its major role, ATP-dependent Na+ pumping, have been reported in vesicular preparations. This is because it is extremely difficult to determine fluxes of isotopic Na+ accurately in most isolated membrane systems. Using highly purified cardiac sarcolemmal vesicles, we have developed a new technique to detect relative rates of ATP-dependent Na+ transport sensitively. This technique relies on the presence of Na+-Ca2+ exchange and ATP-driven Na+ pump activities on the same inside-out sarcolemmal vesicles. ATP-dependent Na+ uptake is monitored by a subsequent Nai+-dependent Ca2+ uptake reaction (Na+-Ca2+ exchange) using 45Ca2+. We present evidence that the Na+-Ca2+ exchange will be linearly related to the prior active Na+ uptake. Although this method is indirect, it is much more sensitive than a direct approach using Na+ isotopes. Applying this method, we measure cardiac ATP-dependent Na+ transport and (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activities in identical ionic media. We find that the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase and the Na+ pump have identical dependencies on both Na+ and ATP. The dependence on [Na+] is sigmoidal, with a Hill coefficient of 2.8. Na+ pumping is half-maximal at [Na+] = 9 mM. The Km for ATP is 0.21 mM. ADP competitively inhibits ATP-dependent Na+ pumping. This approach should allow other new investigations on on ATP-dependent Na+ transport across cardiac sarcolemma. 相似文献