长江口水域中华鲟幼鱼与6种主要经济鱼类的食性及食物竞争

根据2004年6月至8月和2005年6月至8月在长江口崇明岛东滩水域插网所获取的鱼类样本,对东滩水域中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)幼鱼和其它6种主要经济鱼类的食性、食物竞争状况进行了研究。结果表明:中华鲟、窄体舌鳎(Cynoglissus gracilis)为底栖生物食性;中国花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)为游泳生物食性;刀鲚(Coilia ectenes)和凤鲚(Coilia mystus)为浮游动物食性;鲻(Mygil cephalus)和鮻(Liza haematochiela)为腐屑(有机碎屑)食性。中华鲟幼鱼及6种主要经济鱼类食性按照相对重要性指标(IRI)大小排列:中华鲟(IRI):鱼类端足类多毛类蟹类;窄体舌鳎(IRI):虾类瓣鳃类鱼类;中国花鲈(IRI):鱼类虾类等足类蟹类;刀鲚(IRI):糠虾类虾类桡足类鱼类;凤鲚(IRI):糠虾类桡足类虾类鱼类;鲻(IRI):有机碎屑底栖藻类瓣鳃类桡足类;鮻(IRI):有机碎屑底栖藻类瓣鳃类桡足类。长江口崇明东滩中华鲟与6种经济鱼类饵料重叠系数显示,中华鲟与窄体舌鳎的饵料重叠系数达到了0.4,而与其余5种鱼类的饵料重叠系数均小于0.12。这表明窄体舌鳎对中华鲟幼鱼的食物有一定的竞争力,其余5种鱼类对中华鲟幼鱼的食物竞争强度较低。     

胶州湾六丝钝尾虾虎鱼的摄食生态特征

根据2011年2-11月在胶州湾海域进行的4个季节的底拖网调查,共收集624尾六丝钝尾虾虎鱼样品进行胃含物分析,对其摄食生态进行了初步研究.结果表明:六丝钝尾虾虎鱼摄食的饵料种类有40余种,其中优势饵料生物有日本鼓虾、经氏壳蛞蝓和细螯虾等.其食物组成存在明显的季节变化,除在4个季节均大量摄食虾类外,春季主要摄食腹足类,夏季主要以鱼类为食,秋季主要摄食虾类,冬季摄食桡足类和端足类等小型甲壳生物的比例较高,这主要与胶州湾饵料生物种类和数量的季节性变化有关.随着体长的增长,六丝钝尾虾虎鱼摄食的饵料生物由小型的桡足类逐渐转变为个体较大的经氏壳蛞蝓、绒毛细足蟹和日本鼓虾等,食物组成呈现出明显的体长变化.典范对应分析(CCA)表明,水温和盐度是影响六丝钝尾虾虎鱼摄食的主要因素,其次是体长和pH.     

马鞍列岛海洋牧场褐菖鲉的摄食习性

海洋牧场是近岸渔业资源保护和恢复的有效途径,为评估海洋牧场建设对岩礁性鱼类的影响,本文基于马鞍列岛海洋牧场建设前后资源调查数据,利用胃含物分析和稳定同位素测试,研究了褐菖鲉的摄食习性.结果表明:海洋牧场建设前褐菖鲉主要摄食端足类、蟹类和头足类,优势饵料生物种类为麦秆虫、日本枪乌贼、日本蟳、日本岩瓷蟹和滩栖阳遂足等.随体长的增大,蟹类的比例增加,而端足类的比例减少.洋牧场建设后褐菖鲉主要摄食蟹类、端足类和鱼类,优势饵料生物种类为双斑蟳、日本蟳、麦秆虫和赤鼻棱鳀等.随体长的增大,鱼类和蟹类的比例增加,而端足类的比例先增加后减少.根据稳定同位素分析结果,海洋牧场区褐菖鲉可以划分为体长<10.0 cm、10.0～13.9.0 cm和≥14.0 cm 3个摄食群体,平均营养级为3.40级.     

长江口东滩湿地斑尾刺虾虎鱼的栖息亚生境选择和食性差异

2015年7月至2016年6月每月在长江口东滩湿地西南水域的光滩、盐沼(以海三棱藨草为主)和潮沟3种亚生境进行斑尾刺虾虎鱼的样本采集,分析斑尾刺虾虎鱼的丰度和食性差异.结果表明:6—11月均采集到斑尾刺虾虎鱼样本,以幼鱼为主,其他月份未采集到.其中,7月采集数量最多,为71尾,11月仅采集到3尾.潮沟中共采集到93尾,分别是光滩和盐沼的5.2和4.9倍.6—11月斑尾刺虾虎鱼的平均体长和体质量均呈逐渐增加趋势.斑尾刺虾虎鱼主要摄食虾类、蟹类、昆虫类和多毛类等10大类30小类饵料生物.其中,虾类是最重要的饵料类别,并以安氏白虾等白虾属为主;蟹类以相手蟹属为主;昆虫类以小划蝽等蝽科昆虫成虫为主;鱼类饵料的质量百分比相对较高,但数量比例很低.不同亚生境斑尾刺虾虎鱼的饵料组成差异较大.7—11月斑尾刺虾虎鱼的摄食等级随体长增大而明显增大,秋末(11月)平均摄食等级可达3.不同亚生境间的斑尾刺虾虎鱼丰度差异与其摄食饵料不同有关.     

长江口白鲟幼鱼的形态、生长及其食性的初步研究

1985年6—10月于长江口共获得白鲟当年的1龄幼鱼标本49尾(体长80—530毫米),进行了有关形态、生长以及食性的观察研究。①幼鱼形态与成鱼基本相似,其体长与体长,眼径以及体长／吻须长呈明显的正相关;③6月21日至10月12日间的幼鱼长度生长方程为Lg=79．9723e^0.0213t(式中Lg为体长,毫米;t为天数),其相对增长率以8月为最快;④长江口白鲟幼鱼摄食频度为100％,平均胃饱满指数为198．46,它们是肉食性鱼类,以底栖小型虾类和鱼类为主食,食物共有8类16个可鉴别种类;④考虑到这种珍稀鱼类的种群与资源衰退现状,建议在长江河口区制定必要韵保护措施。     

崂山湾人工鱼礁区星康吉鳗摄食生态及食物网结构

根据2015年4月至2017年1月于崂山湾人工鱼礁区地笼网和延绳钓捕获的279尾星康吉鳗样本,从胃含物组成、食性类型、摄食等级、营养生态位和营养级等方面对其摄食生态进行研究,同时结合海区许氏平鲉、大泷六线鱼、斑头鱼、褐菖鲉、花鲈等9种鱼类的胃含物分析结果,构建人工鱼礁区鱼类关键种的简化食物网模型.食性研究结果表明:星康吉鳗共摄食7类30余种饵料,虾类是其最主要的饵料类群,其次为鱼类和头足类,大泷六线鱼、方氏云鳚、鹰爪虾、玉筋鱼和日本鼓虾等是其优势饵料.星康吉鳗的饵料生物组成随肛长和季节发生显著变化.四季均以鱼类和虾类为主,春季胃含物中包括头足类,秋季包括头足类和蟹类,冬季亦有蟹类出现.肛长≤120 mm的星康吉鳗主要摄食鱼卵和鹰爪虾,120~130 mm肛长组主要摄食玉筋鱼和日本鼓虾,肛长>130 mm的星康吉鳗主要摄食大泷六线鱼和方氏云鳚.其摄食强度也随季节和肛长而变化,空胃率的季节性差异显著,平均胃饱满系数的季节性差异不显著,不同肛长组的空胃率和平均胃饱满系数均不存在显著差异.人工鱼礁区简化食物网结构显示:鱼类关键种的营养级均在3级以上,星康吉鳗的营养级为4.636,处于海区食物网的最顶端.虾类、蟹类、端足类和软体动物等是鱼类关键种的主要饵料,甲壳类、方氏云鳚、大泷六线鱼和玉筋鱼是高营养级鱼类花鲈和星康吉鳗的主要饵料.     

渤海南部半滑舌鳎的食性及摄食的季节性变化

本文研究了渤海南部半滑鳎的食性及其摄食的季节性变化,胃食物分析结果表明,半滑舌鳎为底栖生物食性鱼类,以虾类,蟹类,双壳类及部分中下层小型鱼类为主要食物,兼食一些多毛类,头足类,腹足类,棘皮动物及海葵,半滑舌鳎终年摄食,其摄食强度的周年变化不大,半滑舌鳎常年捕食鲜明鼓虾,日本鼓虾,口虾蛄,隆线强蟹及泥古隆背蟹等。夏季加强捕食小刀蛏,凸壳肌蛤等双壳类,降春季外还捕食一些以虾虎鱼为主的中下层小型鱼类。     

东海北部大管鞭虾的食性

根据对2009年6月至2010年5月在东海北部采集到的720尾大管鞭虾胃含物的分析,对不同季节、性别、个体大小以及发育条件下大管鞭虾的摄食习性进行了研究.结果表明: 东海大管鞭虾的饵料生物共有43种(包含未鉴定种),甲壳类、有孔虫类和多毛类为其主要的摄食群类,在食物中所占的数量百分比分别为34.7%、29.4%和12.4%.大管鞭虾的饵料组成具有明显的季节波动,春季以有孔虫、藻类和无脊椎卵为主要食物;夏、秋季以有孔虫、鱼类和多毛类为主要食物;冬季则以多毛类和有孔虫类为主要食物.其摄食强度在春季和夏季较高,秋季较低.不同甲长的个体食性变化显著,小于24 mm的个体主食有孔虫类和藻类,24 mm以上的个体主食有多毛类和十足类;随着性腺发育雌性个体摄食等级呈现减弱的趋势,表明大管鞭虾摄食活动受到繁殖周期的影响.不同性别和不同季节大管鞭虾的食物重叠指数均较高,与栖息环境饵料资源的波动有关.大管鞭虾的营养级为2.67,属低级肉食性动物.     

东海北部大管鞭虾的食性

根据对2009年6月至2010年5月在东海北部采集到的720尾大管鞭虾胃含物的分析,对不同季节、性别、个体大小以及发育条件下大管鞭虾的摄食习性进行了研究.结果表明: 东海大管鞭虾的饵料生物共有43种(包含未鉴定种),甲壳类、有孔虫类和多毛类为其主要的摄食群类,在食物中所占的数量百分比分别为34.7%、29.4%和12.4%.大管鞭虾的饵料组成具有明显的季节波动,春季以有孔虫、藻类和无脊椎卵为主要食物;夏、秋季以有孔虫、鱼类和多毛类为主要食物;冬季则以多毛类和有孔虫类为主要食物.其摄食强度在春季和夏季较高,秋季较低.不同甲长的个体食性变化显著,小于24 mm的个体主食有孔虫类和藻类,24 mm以上的个体主食有多毛类和十足类;随着性腺发育雌性个体摄食等级呈现减弱的趋势,表明大管鞭虾摄食活动受到繁殖周期的影响.不同性别和不同季节大管鞭虾的食物重叠指数均较高,与栖息环境饵料资源的波动有关.大管鞭虾的营养级为2.67,属低级肉食性动物.     

黄海中部高眼鲽的摄食及随体长的变化

对2004年1月-2005年10月在黄海中部采集的622尾高眼鲽样品的胃含物进行分析.结果表明：高眼鲽摄食的食物种类包括11类38种,其中甲壳类和瓣鳃类为优势饵料类群,共占食物相对重要性指数百分比的99%;食物中的优势饵料种类为太平洋磷虾、脊腹褐虾和樱蛤.与20世纪80年代相比,黄海高眼鲽的摄食强度下降,食物组成发生了较大的变化;鱼类不再是优势饵料类群,鳀鱼在食物中所占的比例明显下降.通过聚类分析和列联表检验等方法对高眼鲽摄食随体长的变化进行研究,结果表明：体长在51～370 mm范围内的高眼鲽的摄食强度没有显著的体长变化,但不同体长组摄食的食物种类有一定差异.＜119 mm的主要以磷虾类和底层虾类为食;体长在120～199 mm的除以磷虾类和底层虾类为主要食物外,还摄食相当比例的瓣鳃类和鱼类;＞200 mm的则主要摄食底层虾类和鱼类,磷虾类所占比例减小.     

Growth and feeding ecology of juvenile Chinese sturgeon,Acipenser sinensis,in the Yangtze Estuary

The present study was conducted to assess growth and the feeding ecology with prey preferences of juvenile Acipenser sinensis individuals in the Yangtze Estuary from May to August, 2015. From May to August, juveniles grew from 11.65 ± 2.10 cm (10.82 ± 6.32 g) to 27.78 ± 3.36 cm (158.08 ± 60.50 g), and the length‐weight relationship (b = 3.1124) indicated isometric growth. The stomach content analysis indicated the following order of dominance of prey groups: fish, crab, amphipoda, polychaeta, shrimp and other small benthic invertebrates. The main diet taxon has not changed dramatically compared with samples in 2004. Moreover, this study confirmed that changes occurred in the prey composition, which was different with the growth of length size in the Yangtze Estuary. Therefore maintaining species richness in the Yangtze Estuary and ensuring sufficient food source is crucial to species conservation of A. sinensis.     

高比例棉粕饲料中补充蛋氨酸对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹摄食、生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

以40%棉粕为主的混合蛋白源制成基础饲料, 分别在其中添加0.00%、0.14%、0.28%、0.42%、0.56%蛋氨酸(分别记为0.00%Met、0.14%Met、0.28%Met、0.42%Met和0.56%Met), 配制了5种等氮等能的试验饲料, 以全鱼粉组(64.4%鱼粉)作为对照, 探讨了在高比例棉粕饲料中补充蛋氨酸对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹(0.390.02) g的摄食率、生长率和机体抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明: 与全鱼粉对照组相比, 0.42%Met组的增重率、特定生长率和饲料系数均无显著差异(P0.05), 但其显著高于0.00%Met、0.14%Met和0.28%Met组(P0.05); 增重率和特定生长率则显著高于0.56%Met组(P0.05); 从幼蟹的摄食量和蛋白质沉积率来看, 0.42%Met和0.28%Met组的摄食量与对照组相似, 当蛋氨酸的补充量低于0.28%或高于0.42%时, 幼蟹的摄食量均有所下降; 统计表明, 对照组的蛋白质沉积率最高(23.20%), 在各试验组中, 0.28%Met和0.42%Met组之间的蛋白质沉积率无显著差异(P0.05), 但显著高于0.00%Met、0.14%Met和0.56%Met组(P0.05); 分析幼蟹的肠道胰蛋白酶活性, 发现0.42%Met组与对照组之间无显著性差异(P0.05), 但均显著高于其他各试验组(P0.05); 0.28%Met、0.42%Met和0.56%Met处理组的血清丙二醛含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性与对照组无显著差异(P0.05)。结果提示, 在高比例植物蛋白(40%棉粕)的基础饲料中, 补充0.42%Met能够显著提高中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的生长率、消化率和抗氧化酶的活性。       

Feeding interactions and foraging of juvenile fish and shrimp in the estuaries of Peter the Great Bay in the summer-fall period

The feeding interrelations and foraging of juvenile fish and shrimp were investigated in estuaries of Peter the Great Bay in summer and fall 2006 and 2007. In total 3483 specimens were analyzed. The trophic spectra of 34 fish species and 3 shrimp species were described for the first time. Three trophic groups were singled out depending on differences in diet compositions: (i) detritophages (3 species of bitterlings—Acanthorhodeus sp., A. chankaensis and Rhodeus sericeus, redlip mullet Liza haematocheila and two species of shrimp-Palaemon macrodactylus and Crangon cf. septemspinosa); (ii) predators (lookup Culter alburnus and Amur catfish Silurus asotus); (iii) euryphages (28 fish species and the shrimp Palaemon paucidens). The detritus food chain was found to be the primary one in estuaries of Peter the Great Bay. Most of the species had two peaks of feeding activity each day. Values of daily feeding rations were determined for 21 fish species; these varied from 1.6% to 8.0% of body weight. Similarity in diet composition was significant only for 10% of the species, which shows a low level of competition for food in the community.     

The food and feeding habits of the silver pomfret, Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen), in Kuwait waters

The food habits of the silver pomfret, Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen 1788), in Kuwait waters were investigated by examining the stomach contents of 738 specimens collected from May 1996 to April 1997. Their diet consisted of a broad spectrum of food types, but Crustacea were dominant, with copepods and their eggs constituting 39 % other non-copepod Crustacea constituted 16 %. The next major food group was Bacillariophyta (21 %), followed by Mollusca (11 %), fish scales (10 %) and, finally, fish eggs and larvae (3 %). In summer the species fed on a wider variety of food items than in winter. Copepods, other non-copepod crustaceans, and molluscs tended to occur in the stomachs in higher frequencies with an increase in P. argenteus size (up to 18.5–20.4 cm), while the bacillariophytes tended to increase in stomachs at fish sizes between 22.5–24.5 cm. Analysis of monthly variations in stomach fullness indicated that feeding intensity fluctuated throughout the year, with a low during August and September, corresponding to the spawning period.     

Changes in the diet of Nile perch,Lates niloticus (L), in the Mwanza Gulf,Lake Victoria

Samples of Nile perch (Lates niloticus L.) were collected for stomach analysis from trawl catches conducted in the Mwanza Gulf from September 1986 to September 1988. Initially haplochromine cichlids formed the main food item for the Nile perch. Despite their decline, haplochromines still formed the major part of its diet in 1986. After the virtually complete disappearance of the haplochromines in 1987 and 1988, the benthic shrimp Caridina nilotica, the pelagic cyprinid, Rastrineobola argentea and juvenile Nile perch became the main food of Nile perch. Twenty-four trawl sessions were conducted to determine the relative quantities of respective prey taken. When present, Caridina is the major prey, mainly taken by day. If absent, juvenile Nile perch constitute the main part of the diet. Seasonal differences in diet composition probably reflect seasonal fluctuations in the abundance of the main prey species.     

Gastric evacuation of three food types in the black and yellow rockfish Sebastes chrysomelas (Jordan and Gilbert)

The evacuation patterns of shrimp, crab and fish from the stomachs of black and yellow rockfish, Sebastes chrysomelas , were examined by feeding meals of known size and measuring the amount remaining after various post-prandial intervals. Linear, square-root, exponential, power exponential, logistic and Gompertz models (the latter two with unrestricted lower asymptotes, or with lower asymptotes restricted to 0% food remaining) were fitted to the wet weight, dry weight and volume of food remaining in the stomach as a function of post-prandial time. Evacuation patterns ranged from steeply concave (fish wet weight, dry weight, volume, shrimp dry weight), to linear (shrimp wet weight, crab dry weight), to highly convex with lag phases of up to 30 h (crab wet weight, crab and shrimp volume). Friability, the ease with which a food item is fragmented in the stomach, may be an important factor in determining evacuation patterns. The evacuation of a crab meal by tagged, free-ranging S. chrysomelas in the field was not significantly different from that of S. chrysomelas held in the laboratory.     

Diet and feeding habits of Economidichthys pygmaeus (Perciformes: Gobiidae) in Lake Pamvotis,NW Greece

The purpose of the study was to define the diet composition, feeding preferences, seasonal, size and sex related changes in diet, feeding strategy and diel cycle of Economidichthys pygmaeus. Important features of the overall feeding patterns of the goby include (i) feeding activity, (ii) bottom habits and (iii) consumption of food items to identify the dietary breadth. Stomach contents of 533 specimens, 13.42–48.65 mm total length (TL), collected by hand net (2 mm mesh size) from October 2006 to September 2007 were analyzed. The percentage of 76 empty stomachs (14.26%) did not vary significantly with season. The food composition suggested that the goby is a carnivorous fish. Prey items identified in the stomachs belonged to four major groups: Crustaceans, Insects, Mollusca and Plants. Copepods were the most important (%IRI = 57.51), especially in fish larger than 23 mm TL. Chironomids (%IRI = 43.23) constituted the main prey for fish <23 mm TL. Diet composition showed little seasonal variation. Copepoda dominated the diet in autumn and winter (43.4%; 82.4%) and were replaced by Chironomidae larvae in spring (39.7%) and summer (47.7%). During the reproductive season, large males show a narrow food spectrum as opposed to large females, reflecting the different activity pattern exhibited by males and females during the breeding season, since the former supports parental care. According to the modified Costello graphical method, specialist individuals form the goby population that feeds on two preferential prey types (e.g. Copepods, Chironomids). Nevertheless, they consume some occasional prey (e.g. Cladocera, Insects, Gastropods). The species foraged chiefly at night and early morning, during lower light intensity. The highest feeding activity recorded at night (02.00 hours) and during early morning (08.00 hours) could be related to the cryptic behaviour displayed by the species.     

四种植物蛋白对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹生长性能、氨基酸沉积率和抗氧化酶活性的影响

为了筛选适宜于养殖中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的饲料植物蛋白源,探究不同植物蛋白源饲料对幼蟹生长性能、氨基酸沉积率和抗氧化性能等方面的影响,以50%的鱼粉配制基础饲料（记为FM）,分别采用30.5%发酵豆粕、32.5%豆粕、28%棉粕和39%菜粕替代基础饲料中鱼粉总量的50%,配制成4种等氮等能的饲料（分别记为FSBM、SBM、CSM和RSM）,投喂初始体重为（0.249±0.003）g的中华绒螯蟹幼蟹8周。结果表明:（1）与FM组相比,FSBM、SBM和CSM组的增重率、特定生长率、饲料系数、蛋白质效率和蛋白质沉积率均没有显著性差异;RSM组的增重率与FM组相比差异不显著（P>0.05）,但显著低于SBM组（P < 0.05）,而其饲料系数则显著高于FM、FSBM及SBM组（P < 0.05）,蛋白质效率显著低于其他各组（P < 0.05）,蛋白质沉积率显著低于SBM和CSM组（P < 0.05）。（2）不同植物蛋白组的总必需氨基酸沉积率和FM组相比差异不显著（P>0.05）,而RSM组总必需氨基酸沉积率显著低于FSBM和CSM组（P < 0.05）。（3）与FM组相比,不同植物蛋白组蟹的血清和肝胰腺中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-PX）活性和肝胰腺丙二醛（MDA）含量并没有显著的影响,而RSM组血清丙二醛（MDA）含量显著的高于其他各组（P < 0.05）。结果表明,在幼蟹饲料中,豆粕、发酵豆粕和棉粕替代基础配方中鱼粉的50%后并未对幼蟹的生长性能、氨基酸沉积率及抗氧化能力造成负面的影响,发酵豆粕、豆粕和棉粕可以作为替代鱼粉的适宜蛋白源,且添加水平约在30%左右。菜粕替代后降低了饲料的利用和氨基酸沉积效率,这可能是由于菜粕的蛋白质消化率低、含有相应的抗营养因子和添加水平过高所致,建议使用前应适当进行脱毒处理,并与或和其他植物蛋白配伍使用。     

A spatial analysis of trophic composition: a case study of hairtail (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Trichiurus japonicus</Emphasis>) in the East China Sea

The spatial distribution of fish on feeding grounds is an important factor in determining their prey composition. Of the factors that may influence the spatial distribution on the feeding ground and subsequent diet composition is the fish maturation stage. Using hairtail (Trichiurus japonicus) as an example, we evaluated the impacts of gonad development stage on diet composition. Hairtail supports one of the most valuable and largest fisheries in the East China Sea. As one of the top predators, it plays an important role in the ecosystem. We analyzed hairtail stomach samples collected on their feeding grounds from a fisheries-independent survey program in September 2005. Our analyses suggest that females in their third maturity stage tended to feed more intensively. Fish were the most important preys for hairtail, accounting for 72.6% of the total stomach contents in weight. The four most important fish species were juvenile hairtail (25.2%), Japanese scad (11.4%), Japanese jack mackerel (7.7%), and small yellow croaker (5.9%), suggesting strong cannibalism. A cluster analysis suggests that hairtail could be divided into three groups in their spatial distribution based on their diets: one group with similar percentages of fish and crustacean preys mainly distributed in the south of East China Sea far from the coast; one group mainly consuming fish and distributed over the north of East China Sea near the coast; and the third group consuming mainly crustacean species mainly distributed in the open sea. We hypothesize that gonadal development stage of hairtail may determine their movement from spawning ground to feeding ground, and subsequently spatial distribution on the feeding ground, which in turn results in different feeding intensities and prey compositions. Handling editor: Robert Bailey