中国城镇居民食物消费变迁特征分析

分析了改革开放以来,我国城镇居民食物消费支出、消费结构和消费行为等消费特征,结果表明,我国城镇居民的食物消费支出不断增加,恩格尔系数逐步下降并趋于稳定;动物性食物消费支出和消费量呈增加趋势,虽然植物性食物仍是城镇居民的主要消费种类,但其地位呈明显下降趋势;城镇食物消费行为变化明显,在外就餐支出不断增加,且消费比重明显上升。针对这些变化特点,结合我国食物与营养发展战略,提出了加强食物生产消费协调发展、促进农产品市场稳定运行和改善居民膳食消费等政策建议。     

科学营养与运动健身对超重与肥胖的干预

国内外有关肥胖症的相关研究大多都停留在对肥胖症状(单纯性肥胖)产生机制以及肥胖运动治疗的影响因素等研究上。本文综述超重与肥胖的营养干预及运动治疗研究进展,旨在为大众提供一个科学的、合理的、可供参考的、可操作性的营养膳食搭配以及运动减肥负荷量的参考处方。     

我国9省/区农村居民膳食结构变化及地区差异性分析

为了解农村居民膳食结构的变化趋势及地区差异,本文分析了1991—2011年我国9省/区24个郊区农村和96个普通农村的18~65岁成年居民膳食结构变化。结果显示：农村居民在家就餐减少,在外就餐明显增加;碳水化合物供能比下降,脂肪供能比不断攀升;米、面等主食、蔬菜、粗粮等食用比例减少,高脂肪红肉、蛋类、水果类等食用比例增加。这些变化特点在郊区农村中更为凸显,同时对普通农村居民膳食结构的未来变化趋势具有一定预测作用。针对农村居民膳食的变化及地区差异性,相关机构应给予膳食指导,提出政策建议。     

黄山地区居民超重/肥胖与膳食结构的关系研究

目的：了解安徽黄山地区居民的超重/肥胖与膳食结构的关系,为当地居民超重/肥胖的膳食营养干预提供参考和建议。方法：利用方便抽样的方法,在黄山地区居住时间超过10年的家庭中选择200户,称重法记录包括1个休息日在内的连续3日膳食摄入情况,根据标准人日数求出平均每人每天膳食摄入量。从每个家庭中选1名40岁以上者,问卷调查人口学资料及健康状况,规范测量身高、体重、血压、腰围。采用二分类Logistic回归分析超重/肥胖与膳食因素的关系。结果:居民超重率为23.5%、肥胖率5.0%。Logistic回归分析表明：蛋白质供能比过低（OR=1.325,95%CI=1.011～2.948）、脂肪供能比过高（OR=1.749,95%CI=1.064～3.699）、碳水化合物供能比过高（OR=1.238,95%CI=1.057～2.853）以及食盐摄入量（OR=1.493,95%CI=1.270～1.755）具有统计学意义。脂肪供能比过高（OR=1.281,95%CI=1.110～2.716）可能是腹型肥胖的危险因素。结论：膳食因素对该地区居民超重/肥胖和腰围可能有影响。     

苦荞主食干预对2型糖尿病伴不同程度肥胖患者体成分及血脂的影响

目的：研究苦荞作为主食对2型糖尿病伴超重或肥胖患者的体成分、血糖及血脂的影响。方法：以109名2型糖尿病伴超重或肥胖患者为研究对象,对照组54人完成4w的营养指导和健康培训,试验组55人除接受健康培训以外,采用纯苦荞食品作为主食替代部分精制米面,完成了为期4w的主食干预。干预前后进行问卷调查、体格测量并采集空腹静脉血。测定体成分、空腹血糖（FBG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）。结果：与仅接受营养指导和健康培训的患者相比,超重患者和肥胖患者食用苦荞后,膳食结构中蛋白质和膳食纤维的含量显著升高。同时,TC和LDL-C显著降低,且呈现显著的组间差异。此外,肥胖患者的腰围和腰臀比在干预后显著降低,且呈现显著的组间差异。结论：苦荞作为主食替代部分精制米面,每天食用量高于100g/d可以增加蛋白质及膳食纤维的摄入量,改善膳食结构,有效降低2型糖尿病伴肥胖患者的腰围,控制血液中胆固醇浓度。     

四川省农村居民家庭食物消费结构与特征分析

通过3天24小时记录法及称重法获得四川省156户农村家庭食物消费的一手数据,定量分析现阶段四川省农村居民家庭的食物消费结构与特征,并比较不同地区、不同收入水平及不同家庭规模下居民食物消费的结构及特征。通过与《中国居民膳食指南（2016）》中建议的食物摄入量数据比较发现,四川省农村居民对奶及奶制品、水产品、蛋类和水果的消费明显不足,建议加大对营养知识的普及,倡导居民进行合理膳食消费。     

代谢组学在肥胖症中的研究进展

肥胖症病因复杂,其发病机制目前尚未完全明确。代谢组学可以从分子水平对代谢途径中的终端产物进行研究,更系统全面地揭示肥胖症的发病机制。文章总结了与肥胖相关的糖、脂、氨基酸、磷脂类及肠道菌群代谢途径及其代谢标志物的变化,以期为肥胖症的临床治疗提供参考。     

膳食干预对高胆固醇血症患者血脂和营养状况的影响

目的：探讨个体化膳食干预对高胆固醇血症患者血脂指标和营养状况的影响。方法：选取2013年6月—2014年12月收入北京友谊医院且诊断为高胆固醇血症的90例患者,膳食干预3个月,使用24 h膳食回顾调查法和食物频度法,分析调查对象每天膳食中热能及各种营养素的摄入量,与中国居民膳食推荐摄入量比较,分析膳食干预前后患者的饮食情况、血脂指标和相关营养指标的变化。结果：与每人每日各类食物适宜摄入量相比,高胆固醇血症患者在膳食干预前,蔬菜、水果、豆类食物的摄入量偏少,肉类、蛋、奶、油脂类食物摄入量偏高,营养素供能比例不适宜,蛋白质和脂肪供能比例偏高,碳水化合物供能比例偏低;与膳食干预前相比,膳食干预后每日谷类食物、肉类、鸡蛋、奶、油脂类的摄入量显著降低,蔬菜、水果、豆类的摄入量显著增加,摄入的总能量显著降低,摄入的蛋白质、脂肪的量及其供能比显著降低,动物蛋白的供能比显著降低,碳水化合物的摄入量及其供能比显著增加）;经过膳食干预后,高胆固醇血症患者的血清总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）水平显著降低,血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）水平显著増高,患者的体质指数（BMI）显著降低,血清总蛋白（TP）、白蛋白（ALB）、血红蛋白（HGB）与膳食干预前相比差异无统计学意义。结论：高胆固醇血症患者通过改善膳食结构和降低体质指数,可以降低TC、TG、LDL-C等血脂指标,升高HDL-C,其营养状况不会受到影响。     

减重手术改善肥胖症认知功能障碍及其机制

越来越多的证据表明，肥胖会对大脑功能和结构产生负面影响。肥胖个体在食物线索、味觉和嗅觉、静息状态活动和功能连接方面显示出异常的神经反应，同时在决策、抑制控制、学习、记忆和注意力等认知任务中表现出异常。减重手术作为一种专门的治疗方案，可以改变消化系统解剖和生理机制，从而限制食物摄入或改变营养吸收来实现短期和长期的减重效果，改善并发症，降低死亡率，并提高生活质量。最近的研究表明，减重手术对改善肥胖症相关的认知功能障碍具有积极的影响。本文概述了肥胖与认知功能之间的关联，并重点阐述了近年来减重手术改善肥胖相关认知损伤的研究进展。涉及的内容包括奖励处理、食物摄入控制、大脑区域对认知功能的调控、大脑结构异常的恢复、激素调节改变以及对肠道微生物组成的改变，这些变化可能会影响脑功能和认知过程，这些研究成果有望为改善肥胖症患者的认知功能提供新的治疗策略和临床指导。     

学龄前儿童超重肥胖的调查和影响因素分析

目的：调查北京市学龄前儿童超重肥胖流行现状并分析其影响因素,为制定防制策略提供科学依据。方法：选择842例3~5岁健康查体的学龄前儿童为研究对象,测量身高、体重并计算体质量指数（BMI）。向儿童主要养护人进行问卷调查,获得母亲孕期、儿童早期喂养、身体活动和行为习惯、家庭情况和膳食情况等与儿童超重肥胖的相关信息。以儿童是否超重肥胖为因变量,影响儿童超重肥胖的23个因素为自变量,进行单因素和多因素Logistic 回归分析。结果：学龄前儿童超重率为10.69%、肥胖率为11.28%;多因素Logistic回归分析显示,孕期增重、出生6月内喂养方式、屏幕暴露时长、谷薯类食物食用频率4个变量差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,孕期增重过多、出生6月内人工喂养、每日屏幕暴露时长≥1 h、每周食用谷薯类食物是儿童超重肥胖的危险因素。结论：北京市学龄前儿童超重肥胖率处于较高水平,儿童超重肥胖受多种因素的共同影响。     

Dietary cholesterol and atherosclerosis

The perceived relationship between dietary cholesterol, plasma cholesterol and atherosclerosis is based on three lines of evidence: animal feeding studies, epidemiological surveys, and clinical trials. Over the past quarter century studies investigating the relationship between dietary cholesterol and atherosclerosis have raised questions regarding the contribution of dietary cholesterol to heart disease risk and the validity of dietary cholesterol restrictions based on these lines of evidence. Animal feeding studies have shown that for most species large doses of cholesterol are necessary to induce hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis, while for other species even small cholesterol intakes induce hypercholesterolemia. The species-to-species variability in the plasma cholesterol response to dietary cholesterol, and the distinctly different plasma lipoprotein profiles of most animal models make extrapolation of the data from animal feeding studies to human health extremely complicated and difficult to interpret. Epidemiological surveys often report positive relationships between cholesterol intakes and cardiovascular disease based on simple regression analyses; however, when multiple regression analyses account for the colinearity of dietary cholesterol and saturated fat calories, there is a null relationship between dietary cholesterol and coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality. An additional complication of epidemiological survey data is that dietary patterns high in animal products are often low in grains, fruits and vegetables which can contribute to increased risk of atherosclerosis. Clinical feeding studies show that a 100 mg/day change in dietary cholesterol will on average change the plasma total cholesterol level by 2.2-2.5 mg/dl, with a 1.9 mg/dl change in low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and a 0.4 mg/dl change in high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Data indicate that dietary cholesterol has little effect on the plasma LDL:HDL ratio. Analysis of the available epidemiological and clinical data indicates that for the general population, dietary cholesterol makes no significant contribution to atherosclerosis and risk of cardiovascular disease.     

Association between obesity and hyperlipidemia among children.

BACKGROUND: This study was undertaken to show the association between obesity and hyperlipidemia among the children. METHODS: In March 2000, while conducting a comprehensive health examination, we analyzed 2011 children from the first grade of primary schools in Taichung City in Taiwan. To study the association between obesity and hyperlipidemia, the t test, chi-square analysis, and multivariate logistic regression were used. RESULTS: There were 1057 boys (52.56 percent) and 954 girls (47.44 percent). The mean age was 7.27 +/- 0.46 years. The proportion of overweight was 11.07 percent in boys and 11.64 percent in girls. The proportion of obesity was 14.19 percent in boys and 12.89 percent in girls. After controlling the other covariates, the multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that overweight was associated with a low level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Obesity was associated with hypertriglyceridemia, a high level of low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and a low level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings disclosed that the prevalence of overweight and obesity was high in childhood. Early intervention to control and prevent childhood obesity might be warranted. Obesity was associated with hyperlipidemia in children. A wide-scale survey will be suggested in the future to establish causal-effect issues between obesiyy and hyperlipidemia.     

Food Insecurity,Food Based Coping Strategies and Suboptimal Dietary Practices of Adolescents in Jimma Zone Southwest Ethiopia

Despite the high prevalence of adolescent food insecurity in Ethiopia, there is no study which documented its association with suboptimal dietary practices. The objective of this study is to determine the association between adolescent food insecurity and dietary practices. We used data on 2084 adolescents in the age group of 13–17 years involved in the first round survey of the five year longitudinal family study in Southwest Ethiopia. Adolescents were selected using residence stratified random sampling methods. Food insecurity was measured using scales validated in developing countries. Dietary practices were measured using dietary diversity score, food variety score and frequency of consuming animal source food. Multivariable regression models were used to compare dietary behaviors by food security status after controlling for socio-demographic and economic covariates.Food insecure adolescents had low dietary diversity score (P<0.001), low mean food variety score (P<0.001) and low frequency of consuming animal source foods (P<0.001). After adjusting for other variables in a multivariable logistic regression model, adolescent food insecurity (P<0.001) and rural residence (P<0.001) were negatively associated with the likelihood of having a diversified diet (P<0.001) and frequency of consuming animal source foods, while a high household income tertile was positively associated. Similarly, multivariable linear regression model showed that adolescent food insecurity was negatively associated with food variety score, while residence in semi-urban areas (P<0.001), in urban areas (P<0.001) and high household income tertile (P = 0.013) were positively associated. Girls were less likely to have diversified diet (P = 0.001) compared with boys.Our findings suggest that food insecurity has negative consequence on optimal dietary intake of adolescents. Food security interventions should look into ways of targeting adolescents to mitigate these dietary consequences and provide alternative strategies to improve dietary quality of adolescents in Southwest Ethiopia.     

N‐6 From Different Sources Protect From Metabolic Alterations to Obese Patients: A Factor Analysis

First, to analyze the interactions among fatty acids (FAs) from diet, plasma and subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue (AT), and second, the relationship among FAs from these different sources and obesity‐related alterations in extreme obesity. We studied 20 extreme obese subjects. A food‐frequency questionnaire was used to determine the FA intakes. Serum and AT (subcutaneous and visceral) FA concentrations were determined by gas chromatography. Cardiometabolic risk parameters were assessed. Principal factor analysis was performed to define specific FA factors in the metabolic alterations. We found important associations among diet, plasma, and AT FA and cardiometabolic parameters. In this regard, it is interesting to highlight the negative associations between plasma cholesterol and dietary n‐3 FA. In the subcutaneous depot, as occurred in plasma, n‐6 and polyunsaturated FAs (PUFA) were negatively associated with triacylglycerols (TGs). Factor analysis revealed TGs as the unique cardiovascular risk parameter appearing in the first factor (F1), together with n‐6 (load factor = 0.94) and PUFA (0.91). Besides, n‐3 from diet and plasma appeared in the third factor inversely related to cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐c), and insulin. In an opposite way, dietary and AT trans FAs and saturated FA (SFA) were associated to an increase of the metabolic risk. We have shown, for the first time, the importance of n‐6 and PUFAs composition as protective factors against metabolic alterations in extreme obese subjects. These findings support current dietary recommendations to increase PUFA intakes and restrict saturated and trans FA intakes even in extreme obesity.     

Risk Factors for Adult Overweight and Obesity in the Quebec Family Study: Have We Been Barking Up the Wrong Tree?

The aim of this study was to determine the independent contribution of previously reported risk factors for adult overweight and obesity. A cross‐sectional (n = 537) and a longitudinal (n = 283; 6‐year follow‐up period) analysis was performed for nine risk factors for overweight and obesity assessed in adult participants (aged 18–64 years) of the Quebec Family Study (QFS). The main outcome measure was overweight/obesity, defined as a BMI ≥25 kg/m². Using logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, and socioeconomic status, short sleep duration, high disinhibition eating behavior, low dietary calcium intake, high susceptibility to hunger behavior, nonparticipation in high‐intensity physical exercise, high dietary restraint behavior, nonconsumption of multivitamin and dietary supplements, high dietary lipid intake, and high alcohol intake were all significantly associated with overweight and obesity in the cross‐sectional sample. The analysis of covariance adjusted for age, socioeconomic status, and all other risk factors revealed that only individuals characterized by short sleep duration, high disinhibition eating behavior, and low dietary calcium intake had significantly higher BMI compared to the reference category in both sexes. Over the 6‐year follow‐up period, short‐duration sleepers, low calcium consumers, and those with a high disinhibition and restraint eating behavior score were significantly more likely to gain weight and develop obesity. These results show that excess body weight or weight gain results from a number of obesogenic behaviors that have received considerable attention over the past decade. They also indicate that the four factors, which have the best predictive potential of variations in BMI, be it in a cross‐sectional or a longitudinal analytical design, do not have a “caloric value” per se.     

Ascorbate, cyclic nucleotides, citrus and a model for preventing large bowel cancer

There is evidence that the risk for developing large bowel cancer is dependent on dietary practice. The “western” diet, high in meats, proteins, fats and refined carbohydrates, and low in fiber, has been causally related to this disease. Diet is known to affect microflora, bile acids, neutral sterols and bacterial enzyme activities in the bowel. These changes may result in the production of carcinogens/ cocarcinogens within the large bowel (in situ). Current evidence suggests that nitrosamines and secondary bile acids and/or cholesterol metabolites may be the carcinogens and cocarcinogens respectively. Although the population of the United States is considered at high risk for developing large bowel cancer, the South-East as well as southern California, Arizona and Florida residents are interesting exceptions. The incidence of large bowel cancer is two-fold lower in these regions, in spite of many residents having previously lived in the higher risk north-eastern and mid-western states. Preliminary studies of dietary practices (meat consumption and dietary fiber) did not find differences which would account for the low risk regions. Our hypothesis is that citrus fruit consumption is the prime factor which can account for these low risk regions. Consumption of citrus fruits may prevent in situ production of fecal nitrosamines, secondary bile acids, and cholesterol metabolites. It has also been reported that ascorbate induces regression of preneoplastic bowel polyps. We suggest that polyp regression is the result of a cellular response in which ascorbate increases cyclic adenosine monophosphate, and the result is biochemical differentiation with an enhanced extrusion of aberrant polyp cells. Florida, which has a large immigrating population from the high risk north-eastern United States, provides an excellent model for metabolic-epidemiological studies of an area at low risk for colon cancer.     

Limited Supermarket Availability Is Not Associated With Obesity Risk Among Participants in the Kansas WIC Program

Socioecological theory and a growing body of research suggests that geographic, racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities in the prevalence of obesity are linked to disparities in the availability of food retail outlets that provide healthy food options. We examined the availability of food stores for low‐income women in Kansas and tested whether food store availability was associated with obesity using cross‐sectional, geocoded data from women participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) (n = 21,166) in Kansas. The availability and density of food stores within a 1, 3, and 5 mile radius of residence was determined, and multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the association of food store availability with obesity. The availability of convenience, grocery stores, and supermarkets varied across the urban–rural continuum, but the majority of WIC recipients lived within a 1 mile radius of a small grocery store. WIC participants in micropolitan areas had the greatest availability of food stores within a 1 mile radius of residence. Availability and density of food stores was not associated with obesity in metropolitan and rural areas, but availability and density of any type of food store was associated with an increased risk of obesity among WIC recipients in micropolitan areas. These results suggest that limited spatial availability of grocery stores and supermarkets does not contribute to obesity risk among low‐income WIC recipients in Kansas, and that urban influence moderates the contribution of food environments to obesity.     

Relationship of dietary intake of fish and non-fish selenium to serum lipids in Japanese rural coastal community.

Several studies have suggested that dietary selenium deficiency may be associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). In the present study, 55 men and 71 women were selected from participants in a health examination in a rural coastal community in Japan. The mean dietary selenium intake calculated from the simple food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ) was 127.5 micrograms/day. Fish was the major source of dietary selenium and it contributed to 68.7% of the daily total. HDL cholesterol was higher in the middle selenium intake group and in the high selenium intake group than in the low selenium intake group in all subjects and for males, and a significant difference was found between the middle selenium intake group and the low selenium intake group. The atherogenic index was significantly higher in the low selenium intake group than in the middle selenium intake group and in the high selenium intake group in males. GPx activity, total cholesterol and triacylglycerols did not show any significant differences among the three different selenium intake groups. Dietary intake of non-fish Se had a positive correlation with HDL cholesterol, and an inverse correlation with the atherogenic index in all subjects and for females. On the other hand, dietary intake of fish-Se had no relationship with any serum lipids. Non-fish Se is an important factor in selenium status for the prevention of CHD.     

Serum vitamins E, A and lipid peroxidation levels in Kurichias, an Indian tribal population.

Serum vitamins E, A, lipid peroxides, prevalence of dislipidemia, hypertension, obesity and smoking habits were assessed in a volunteer sample of 310 (175 males + 135 females) Kurichias, a tribal population of Kerala, India, who are enjoying longevity relatively free from age associated chronic problems. The mean serum levels of vitamins E and A were higher and lipid peroxides were lower with comparable ages of Indian and Western studies. The prevalence (age standardized to the world population of Segi 95% CI) was obesity 2.87 (1.22-4.53), central obesity 3.71 (2.27-5.15), hypertension 2.70 (1.92-3.48), hypercholesterolemia 0.71 (0.66-0.76), hypertriglyceridemia 2.60 (1.18-4.02) and low high density lipoprotein cholesterol 1.24 (1.07-1.42). Significant negative correlation was observed between vitamins and lipid peroxides. Serum cholesterol and triglycerides showed significant positive correlation with antioxidant vitamins and lipid peroxides. Blood pressure found positive correlation with lipid peroxides and no correlation with vitamins except systolic blood pressure having negative relation with vitamin A. Age showed negative correlation with vitamins and positive correlation with lipid peroxides, whereas lipid peroxides showed positive correlation with obesity only. In multivariate regression analysis serum cholesterol and old age groups were significant predictors of serum antioxidant vitamins and lipid peroxides. The higher levels of antioxidant vitamins, lower levels of lipid peroxides as well as low prevalence of CHD risk factors in Kurichias when compared to other populations suggest that antioxidants or increased intake of foods rich in antioxidants play a key role in their health and longevity.     

Dietary behaviors as associated factors for overweight and obesity in a sample of adolescents from Aquitaine, France

This study aimed to identify dietary behaviors that might be considered as associated factors for overweight or obesity among French adolescents. Forty-nine of the 536 middle and high schools in Aquitaine (southwest of France) were invited to take part in the study. For each school, participating adolescents were selected using stratification by grade. A self-report questionnaire, including information about sex, age, dietary behaviors, physical and sedentary activities, and parental socioeconomic status (SES), was filled in by adolescents during class. Overweight and obesity were defined according to the age- and sex-specific body mass index cutoff points of the International Obesity Task Force. Multivariate analysis (logistic regression) was used to identify independent dietary factors associated with overweight including obesity and obesity alone (adjustment on sex, age, parental SES, and weight status and adolescents' sedentary activity). In addition to parental SES and weight status and adolescents' sedentary activity, some dietary behaviors are also independently and significantly associated with a higher prevalence of overweight including obesity: absence (OR 1.43, 0.91–2.23) or rare (OR 1.57, 1.23–2.01) breakfast intake (p?<?0.01) and absence (OR 5.03, 3.19–7.92) or rare (OR 1.90, 1.46–2.47) light afternoon meal intake (p?<?0.001). All variables were also significantly and independently associated with obesity alone. This study shows that socioeconomic factors and individual behaviors are associated with overweight or obesity. These results confirm the importance to carry out multifaceted educational actions among adolescents, by promoting physical activity and healthy food choices in order to prevent overweight and promote healthy lifestyle behaviors.