"And This Is How You Shall Ask": Linguistics, Anthropology, and Education in the Work of David Smith

This article celebrates the life and work of David M. Smith, former Council on Anthropology and Education president and founder of the University of Pennsylania Ethnography in Education Research Forum, tracing his contributions to the fields of linguistics, anthropology, and education through the dual lens of his ten research principles and Walt Whitman's life advice. David Smith's pioneering efforts helped push disciplinary boundaries and generate innovations in sociolinguistics, pidgin and creole linguistics, ethnography and education, sociocultural studies of literacy, and Indigenous studies.     

Huron Smith's ethnobotany of the Hocąk (Winnebago)

The Hocak, commonly known as the Winnebago, are one of the original tribes in the present state of Wisconsin. The field notes of Huron Smith, compiled in the late 1920s and early 1930s, document the extensive use of plant materials by Hocak people. Smith's notes contain references to 199 vascular plant species in 74 families, with recorded uses for 153 of these species. Medicinal plants (with 117 species) comprise the largest category, followed by food (37 species), and fiber and material uses (22 species). Smith's work is unique for its time because he thoroughly explored the tribal uses of the plants in addition to collecting voucher specimens and photographic plates, and because it remains the most extensive Hocąk ethnobotanical study. Added to Smith's other works of tribes in Wisconsin (Menominee, Meskwaki, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi), the Hocak ethnobotany broadens the cultural base of his regional compilation of Native North American plant uses. In addition, this is an important body of information for the Hocąk people and those interested in their use of plants.     

Evolutionarily stable strategies for a finite population and a variable contest size

This paper presents a generalization of Maynard Smith's concept of an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) to cover the cases of a finite population and a variable contest size. Both equilibrium and stability conditions are analysed. The standard Maynard Smith ESS with an infinite population and a contest size of two (pairwise contests) is shown to be a special case of this generalized ESS. An important implication of the generalized ESS is that in finite populations the behaviour of an ESS player is "spiteful", in the sense that an ESS player acts not only to increase his payoff but also to decrease the payoffs of his competitors. The degree of this "spiteful" behaviour is shown to increase with a decrease in the population size, and so is most likely to be observed in small populations. The paper concludes with an extended example: a symmetric two-pure-strategies two-player game for a finite population. It is shown that a mixed strategy ESS is globally stable against invasion by any one type of mutant strategist. The condition for the start of simultaneous invasion by two types of mutant is also given.     

中国的球盖菇科(四)裸盖菇属

通过观察吉林农业大学菌物研究所标本馆(HMJAU)、中国科学院微生物研究所菌物标本馆(HMAS)、广东省微生物研究所标本馆(HMIGD)及作者野外采集的共37份标本的宏观及微观形态结构,对中国裸盖菇属[Psilocybe(Fr.)Kumm.]进行了分类学研究,对已知的10个种进行了形态学描述,并编写了分种检索表。报道了采自内蒙古的1个新种:蒙古裸盖菇(Psilocybe mongolica Sarentoya et Tolgor);3个中国新记录种:鳞柄裸盖菇(Psilocybe baeocystis Singer & Smith)、拟变蓝裸盖菇(Psilocybe wayanadensis K.A.Thomas,Manim & Guzmán)、越南裸盖菇(Psilocybe yungensis Singer & Smith);4个省级新记录种:内蒙古新记录种喜粪生裸盖菇[Psilocybe coprophila(Bull.ex Fr.)Kumm.]、广东省新记录种古巴裸盖菇[Psilocybe cubensis(Earle)Sing.]、广西省新记录种黄裸盖菇(Psilocybe fasciata Hongo)和西藏新记录种毒裸盖菇[Psilocybe venenata(Imai)Imazeki & Hongo]。     

A revision of the genus Nomocharis Franchet

SEALY, J. R, 1983. A revision of the genus Nomocharis Franchet. A taxonomic revision of the genus Nomocharis Franchet is presented, recognizing seven species. Notes are given on the species and hybrids in cultivation. A key for identification of the species and an index to specific epithets, including synonyms, are given, together with species excluded from the genus. Herbarium specimens are cited.     

Maynard Smith: amplifying the reasons for signal reliability

One of the many questions to which John Maynard Smith contributed was that of why most animal signals are reliable. He initially rejected the "handicap" argument but gradually accepted it, a process I briefly describe. This episode illustrated his preference for mathematical models over verbal ones, and the generosity with which he could change his mind. Even after accepting that some signals are reliable because of their strategic costs, he argued for a pluralistic approach to signal reliability. Signal complexity was a developing interest when he died. Signals usually involve several components, some of which appear to amplify other signal components. The terms "amplifier" and "index" require more thought to reduce the scope for semantic confusion. I conclude by describing Maynard Smith's fascination with peacocks Pavo cristatus.     

缅甸树萝卜和深裂树萝卜，老挝杜鹃花科植物二新记录种

报道了老挝杜鹃花科树萝卜属2新记录种:缅甸树萝卜(Agapetes megacarpa W. W. Smith)和深裂树萝卜(A. lobbii C. B.Clarke),前者分布于老挝琅勃拉邦省(Luang Prabang Province),后者分布于万象省(Vientiane Province),凭证标本保存在俄罗斯科马洛夫植物研究院标本馆(LE)。提供了每种的凭证标本、分布信息和彩色照片,分别利用繁殖器官性状和营养器官性状编制了老挝3种树萝卜属植物的检索表。     

中国的球盖菇科(一)鳞伞属

通过对中科院微生物研究所真菌与地衣开放实验室标本馆(HMAS)、昆明植物研究所隐花植物标本馆(HKAS)、广东微生物研究所标本馆(HMIGD)和吉林农业大学菌物标本馆(HMJAU)的443份标本的宏观形态和微观结构的观察,报道了中国鳞伞属真菌31种和2变种,其中包括1新变种,即白小圈齿鳞伞凸顶变种[Pholiota albocrenulata(Pk.)Sacc.var.conicaTolgor];1中国新记录种,即黄褶鳞伞[Pholiota luteofolia(Pk.)Sacc.]和10省级新记录种,即多脂鳞伞[Pholiota adiposa(Fr.)Kumm.](广东)、白小圈齿鳞伞[Pholiota albocrenulata(Pk.)Sacc.](黑龙江)、少鳞黄鳞伞[Pholiota alnicola(Fr.)Sing.](黑龙江)、黄褐鳞伞[Pholiota fulvella(Pk.)Smithet Hesl.](内蒙古)、地生鳞伞[Pholiota highlandensis(Pk.)Smith et Hesl.](云南)、黏皮鳞伞[Pholiota lubrica(Fr.)Sing.](四川)、毛腿鳞伞[Pholiota mutabilis(Fr.)Kumm.](四川)、多脂翘鳞伞(Pholiota squarroso-adiposaLange)(黑龙江)、亚苦鳞伞[Pholiota subamaraSmith et Hesl.)(广东)、地毛柄鳞伞[Pholiota terrigena(Fr.)Karst.](内蒙古)。对每个种进行了详尽的形态学描述并提供显微线条图,编写了中国鳞伞属分亚属和分种检索表。将库恩菇属(KuehneromycesSing.et Smith)和火菇属[Flammula(Fr.)Kumm.]并入鳞伞属中。将Gymnopilus luteofolius(Pk.)Sing.和刺毛暗皮伞[Phaeomarasmius erinaceellus(Pk.)Sing.]放入鳞伞属中进行讨论;认为应将金毛鳞伞[Pholiotaaurivella(Fr.)Kumm.]、多脂翘鳞伞和地毛柄鳞伞作为独立的种处理;将Pholiota malicola(Kauff.)Smith作为Pholiota alnicola(Fr.)Sing.的同物异名;将皱盖鳞伞[Pholiota rugosa(Pk.)sing.]划入微鳞伞属(PholiotinaFayod)属中。并讨论了鳞伞属与相关的属之间形态学差异,列出了存疑种的名录。     

Studies in Schefflera (Araliaceae). IV. The identity of Vitis heptaphylla L., a long-misplaced Linnaean ivy tree

A discussion of the little-known and poorly localized Linnaean species Vitis heptaphylla is presented. Its long, though sometimes questioned, association with Middle America arose from J. E. Smith's annotation of the probable type specimen (No. 281.10, LINN) as a possible member of Sciodaphyllum and his association of the name with the Jamaican Aralia sciodaphyllum Willd. [sic] (Schefflera sciodaphyllum (Sw.) Harms) in Rees' Cyclopaedia. However, the plant is the same as the East Asian tree described as Aralia octophylla Lour, and known almost universally since the 1890s as Schefflera octophylla (Lour.) Harms. A formal treatment, incorporating the necessary new combination, is given. Notes on six other Linnaean Mantissa altera species claimed, like Vitis heptaphylla, to be from "India orientalis" but without supporting references, are given in an Appendix.     

中国附丝壳属研究Ⅲ.(英)

本文报道了中国的附丝壳属Appendiculella二个新种：八角附丝壳AppendiculellailliciiB．Song和新木姜子附丝壳AppendiculellaneolitseaeB．Song。新种附有拉丁文、英文描述和显微结构图。模式标本保存于广东省微生物研究所标本室（HMIGD）。     

海南兰科植物新资料（Ⅲ）

报道了海南兰科植物6个新记录种：密花石豆兰Bulbophyllum odoratissimum（J．E．Smith）Lindl．、金唇兰Chrysoglossum ornatum B1．、勐海隔距兰Cleisostoma menghaiense Z．H．Tsi、无叶美冠兰Eulophia zollingeri（Rchb．f）J．J．Smith、心叶球柄兰Mischobulbum cordifolium（Hook．f）Schltr．及台湾白点兰Thrixspermum formosanum（Hayata）Schltr．。凭证标本保存于中国科学院植物研究所国家植物标本馆（PE）。     

Evolutionary stability for large populations

We present a revision of Maynard Smith's evolutionary stability criteria for populations which are very large (though technically finite) and of unknown size. We call this the large population ESS, as distinct from Maynard Smith's infinite population ESS and Schaffer's finite population ESS. Building on Schaffer's finite population model, we define the large population ESS as a strategy which cannot be invaded by any finite number of mutants, as long as the population size is sufficiently large. The large population ESS is not equivalent to the infinite population ESS: we give examples of games in which a large population ESS exists but an infinite population ESS does not, and vice versa. Our main contribution is a simple set of two criteria for a large population ESS, which are similar (but not identical) to those originally proposed by Maynard Smith for infinite populations.     

A brief history of the Wellesley College Herbarium (WELC) and a list of its type specimens of vascular plants now deposited at The New York Botanical Garden Herbarium (NY)

The majority of the Wellesley College Herbarium (62, 193 specimens) has been intercalated into The New York Botanical Garden Herbarium (NY). Duplicated collections were distributed to other herbaria. Most specimens has been collected between 1850 and 1940. A brief history of the Wellesley Herbarium is given, and lists of the vascular plant type specimens and of some notable collectors of vascular plants are appended.     

The publication and typification of Sir James Edward Smith's lichens in English Botany

A total of 391 lichens were written up in Smith's English Botany , of which 57 were new. All were illustrated by James Sowerby. The copyright dates are given, which should be accepted as those of publication. They range from 1793 until 1814, and paper watermarks show that reprintings occurred until c . 1818. The locations of the type specimens are given, many of which are part of the BM Botany Library, mounted together with Sowerby's original English Botany drawings, and therefore often overlooked. Their current taxonomic position is evaluated. Only 11 of the 57 new lichens have been placed in synonymy, which indicates that Smith was an excellent lichen taxonomist. Caloplaca borreri J.R.Laundon is a new name for Lepraria ochracea Turner & Borrer ex Sm., whilst Herteliana gagei (Sm.) J.R.Laundon is a new combination with priority over H. taylorii P.James, and Trapelia glebulosa (Sm.) J.R.Laundon replaces T. involuta (Taylor) Hertel. Species requiring author corrections are Caloplaca cerina (Hedw.) Th.Fr., Enterographa elaborata (Leight.) Coppins & P.James, Lecidella pulveracea (Flörke ex Th.Fr.) P.Syd., and Parmelia borreri Turner. Lichen daedaleus Sm. pre-dates Lecidea sorediata Ach. by 4 years, but has been proposed for rejection in order to retain the established name Pyxine sorediata (Ach.) Mont. Eight names remain undetermined, chiefly fungi in Spiloma.   © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 147 , 483–499.     

海南兰科植物新资料(Ⅲ)(英文)

报道了海南兰科植物6个新记录种:密花石豆兰Bulbophyllum odoratissimum(J.E.Smith)Lindl.、金唇兰Chrysogl ossumornatum Bl.、勐海隔距兰Cleisost omamenghaiense Z.H.Tsi、无叶美冠兰Eulophia zollingeri(Rchb.f.)J.J.Smith、心叶球柄兰Mischobulbum cordifolium(Hook.f.)Schltr.及台湾白点兰Thrixspermum formosanum(Hayata)Schltr.。凭证标本保存于中国科学院植物研究所国家植物标本馆(PE)。     

The life and times of Robert Smith

Summary

Robert Smith (1874–1900) is credited with having made the first systematic ecological studies to be carried out in Britain. His childhood in Dundee is described and consideration is given to the possible influence of his brother William and of the countryside of Angus and Ayrshire in forming his early interest in field botany and vegetation science. His pioneering studies were encouraged by Patrick Geddes and D'Arcy Thompson, and later by Charles Flahault in Montpellier, so that Smith became an outstanding teacher and researcher at a time of momentous developments in the natural sciences.     

广东鳞伞属的研究初报

本文报导广东鳞伞属Pholiota(Fr.)Kummer 12种,其中1个新种,6个国内新纪录种。新种是短柄鳞伞Phollota brevipes Bi。     

拟层孔菌属一新种

本文报道了拟层孔菌属一新种,安徽拟层孔菌(Fomitopsis anhuiensis X.F.Ren etX.Q.Zhang)同时讨论了该种与近似种的区别。新种的模式标本分别保藏在安徽师范大学生物系植物标本室(No.8301)和中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS 54121)。