响应曲面法优化小牛胸腺肽提取工艺

目的:为了模拟并且优化小牛胸腺肽提取工艺,获得良好的活性肽提取效果.方法:在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应曲面法对影响胸腺肽提取率的四个因素即料液比、匀浆时间、匀浆液pH值和冻融次数进行优化.利用Design Expert7.0软件对胸腺肽提取率的二次多项数学模型分析.结果:在液料比1.94:1、匀浆时间3.38min、pH值3.23、冻融次数7次时,胸腺肽提取率达最大值,最佳提取率预测值为8.874mg/g,实测值为8.349mg/g.结论:采用响应曲面法能有效地优化小牛胸腺肽提取工艺,获得理想的提取效果.     

鸡胚白细胞转移因子的制取及性质研究

本试验以鸡胚为原料,采用冻融法得到含有转移因子（ＴＦ）的可透析白细胞提取物（ＤＬＦ）,经ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－２５凝胶柱层析分离纯化得到ＴＦ溶液。对其性质及生化指标与猪脾ＴＦ作了对照试验。结果表明,鸡胚ＴＦ与猪脾ＴＦ在紫外、红外吸收光谱、电泳性质等方面均有相关性。     

转移因子对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能的影响和E玫瑰花形成的作用

本文报道了转移因子对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能的影响和对脾细胞E玫瑰花形成的作用。转移因子为本单位从健康猪脾细胞提取的针剂,含多核苷酸和多肽等低分子生物活性物质,每支含量为3×10~3个脾细胞提取物,每天一次0.5ml剂量注入小鼠体内,连续5次后取动物腹腔巨噬细胞和脾细胞悬液,测定其吞噬功能并观察E玫瑰花形成作用。结果表明,转移因子对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬的百分率和吞噬指数与对照组比有明显差异(P<0.01),对小鼠脾细胞E玫瑰花形成作用与对照组比差异也极显著(P<0.01)。从而看出,转移因子能使小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能增强,亦能使特异的玫瑰花形成细胞中T淋巴细胞增多,增强了机体的免疫功能。     

牛脾转移因子的提取工艺研究

目的：比较从牛脾中提取活性ＴＦ的不同方法。方法：分别利用Ｌａｗｒｅｎｃｅ－－透析法、Ｌａｗｒｅｎｃｅ－超滤法、超离心－超滤法提取,再以蛋白反应、红外及紫外扫描予以鉴定比较。结果：Ｌａｗｒｅｎｃｅ－超滤法和超离心－超滤法效果较好。结论：工业化生产中应采用Ｌａｗｒｅｎｃｅ－超滤法。     

用转移因子治疗159例奶牛乳房炎的效果观察

本文报道了在国内首次用转移因子制剂治疗奶牛隐性乳房炎的效果。我们采用的转移因子制剂是本单位从健康猪脾细胞提取的,经按人用转移因子制检规程检测达到要求后,用于本省西部、东部和郊区三个奶牛场计159头患隐性乳房炎的奶牛,每天一次肌注,连续用药5次,测定用药前后的客观指标(CMT、BTB、苛性钠及氯化物凝乳试验等),以痊愈、显效、好转及无效等判定标准,经统计学处理后看出,用药后与用药前比较,差异非常显著(P<0.01),治疗组的有效率为91.2％,看出了应用转移因子治疗奶牛隐性乳房炎具有明显的治疗效果。     

考马斯亮蓝R250斑点法检测猪脾转移因子分离液中蛋白的研究

考马斯亮蓝（ＣＢＢＲ２５０）斑点法检测猪脾转移因子分离液中蛋白,以牛血清白蛋白（ＢＳＡ）作阳性对照,结果显示该方法灵敏度高、操作简便,耗时短,可以代替ＰＡＧＥ法。     

猪胸腺多肽的制备及生物学效应研究

利用健康猪胸腺提取分子量小于10000道尔顿的多肽水溶液,并制成无菌冻干品.将健康猪胸腺去除脂肪及结缔组织,加生理盐水制成匀浆,以低温萃取法提取多肽溶液,再将此液通过滞留分子量10K道尔顿的膜包进行超滤,超滤液加适宜赋形剂除菌、冻干制成冻干粉针剂.本实验制备的猪胸腺多肽,各种生物学效应能够达到国家同类产品的药品标准.以健康猪胸腺为原料可获得具有较高生物活性的胸腺多肽制剂,能为胸腺肽的生产开辟广阔的药用资源.     

超滤法提取裂褶菌胞外多糖几个主要参数的研究

对超滤法提取裂褶菌胞外多糖进行了研究,采用“二次回归旋转正交组合设计”得出超滤法提取裂褶菌胞外多糖的最优条件为:压力0.11MPa,温度55.20℃,pH4.01。在上述条件下超滤速度达31.92ml/min,制得的裂褶菌胞外多糖是以D-葡聚糖为主的混合多糖,其纯度为75.13%,收率可达82.06%。     

小牛胸腺新胸腺活性因子(TAF-Ⅰ)的纯化和鉴定

以小牛胸腺为原料 ,通过匀浆、冻融、超滤、SephadexG 15凝胶过滤、DEAE SephadexA 2 5阴离子交换层析和反相高效液相色谱等步骤 ,分离得到了胸腺活性因子Ⅰ (thymusactivityfactorⅠ ,TAF Ⅰ ) .5 0 0g小牛胸腺组织中纯化得到了 0 92mg胸腺活性因子Ⅰ .经ESI MS质谱鉴定 ,结果显示其分子量为 6 18 8.氨基酸组成分析显示它由Ala、Gly、Glu、Gln、Lys、Ser 6种氨基酸残基组成 .体外生物学活性实验证明 ,TAF Ⅰ能显著促进人外周血淋巴细胞的E 玫瑰花结的形成率和促进小鼠脾淋巴细胞的分裂增殖     

正交试验法优选烟草中辅酶Q10的匀浆提取工艺

以烟草叶片为原料,用正交试验法优化了烟草中辅酶Q10的匀浆提取工艺,考察了匀浆时间、乙醇体积分数、液料比和提取次数4个因素对辅酶Q10提取率的影响,确立了烟草中辅酶Q10的优化匀浆提取工艺条件为:提取溶剂为85%乙醇,匀浆时间6 min,液料比9∶1(mL/g),提取次数2次。将该法与索氏提取进行了对比。结果表明,匀浆提取烟草中辅酶Q10的提取率为12.82μg·g-1,与索氏提取的提取率相当,但匀浆提取所用提取时间短,提取溶剂用量少,因此匀浆法具有明显的优势。     

The protocol for the isolation and cryopreservation of osteoclast precursors from mouse bone marrow and spleen

Osteoclasts are responsible for physiological bone remodeling as well as pathological bone destruction in osteoporosis, periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis, and thus represent a pharmacological target for drug development. We aimed to characterize and compare the cytokine-induced osteoclastogenesis of bone marrow and spleen precursors. Established protocols used to generate osteoclasts from bone marrow were modified to examine osteoclastogenesis of the spleen cells of healthy mice. Osteoclast formation was successfully induced from spleen precursors using receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (50 ng/ml) and macrophage colony stimulating factor (50 ng/ml). Compared to bone marrow cultures, differentiation from spleen required a longer cultivation time (9 days for spleen, as compared to 5 days for marrow cultures) and a higher plating density of non-adherent cells (75,000/cm² for spleen, as compared to 50,000/cm² for bone marrow). Osteoclasts generated from spleen precursors expressed osteoclast marker genes calcitonin receptor, cathepsin K and matrix metalloproteinase 9 and were capable of resorbing hydroxyapatite. The differentiation capacity of spleen and bone marrow precursors was comparable for BALB/c, C57BL/6 and FVB mice. We also developed and tested a cryopreservation protocol for the osteoclast precursors. While 70–80 % of cells were lost during the first week of freezing, during the subsequent 5 weeks the losses were within 2–5 % per week. Osteoclastogenesis from the recovered bone marrow precursors was successful up to 5 weeks after freezing. Spleen precursors retained their osteoclastogenic capacity for 1 week after freezing, but not thereafter. The described protocol is useful for the studies of genetically modified animals as well as for screening new osteoclast-targeting therapeutics.     

Cryopreservation of swine embryos: a chilly past with a vitrifying future.

Since the development of embryo freezing technologies for cattle in the 1980s, advances in cryobiology, cell biology and embryology of domestic animals have enabled the development of embryo preservation methodology for the pig, notorious for extreme sensitivity to cooling. This review outlines recent efforts to understand the biology of pig embryos as related to their extreme sensitivity to cooling. Cellular analyses and molecular approaches are discussed that have enabled pig embryos to survive cryopreservation and after transfer develop into live offspring with normal fecundity at maturity. In the near future, use of preserved embryos will be a routine breeding alternative for swine producers, providing: preservation methods for maternal germplasm; global genetic transport; increased selection pressure within herds; breeding line regeneration or proliferation; and methodology for genetic resource rescue. It took almost 50 years after the first successful embryo transfer to develop embryo preservation in the pig. Nonetheless, by applying novel methods described herein, rapid progress has been achieved.     

The effect of oviductal fluid on protein tyrosine phosphorylation in cryopreserved boar spermatozoa differs with the freezing method

Sperm capacitation takes place in the oviduct and protein tyrosine phosphorylation of sperm proteins is a crucial step in capacitation and acquisition of fertilizing potential. Cryopreserved spermatozoa show altered expression of protein tyrosine phosphorylation in the oviduct. The present study compared two freezing methods (conventional-conventional freezing (CF) and simplified-simplified freezing (SF) methods) for their effect on the ability of boar spermatozoa to undergo protein tyrosine phosphorylation in response to oviductal fluid (ODF). Cryopreserved boar-spermatozoa were incubated with pre- and post-ovulatory ODF for 6 h at 38 °C under 5% CO₂. Aliquots of sperm samples were taken at hourly intervals and analyzed for kinematics and protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Global protein tyrosine phosphorylation in spermatozoa was measured using flow cytometry and different patterns of phosphorylation were assessed using confocal microscopy. Immediately after thawing, no significant difference was observed in post-thaw sperm motility, velocity and global tyrosine phosphorylation between the two methods of freezing although the freezing method significantly (P < 0.05) influenced the effect of oviductal fluid on these parameters during incubation. While spermatozoa frozen by the CF method showed a significantly higher (P < 0.001) proportion of phosphorylation in response to preovulatory ODF during incubation, spermatozoa frozen by the SF method did not elicit such significant response as there was no significant difference in the proportion of tyrosine phosphorylated spermatozoa between treatments at any given time during incubation. If the CF method was used, the proportion of spermatozoa displaying either tail or full sperm phosphorylation increased in response to both preovulatory (EODF) and postovulatory oviductal fluid. However, if the SF method was used, a significant increase in these patterns was noticed only in the EODF treated group. The present study demonstrates that preovulatory isthmic ODF induce tyrosine phosphorylation in a higher proportion of boar spermatozoa compared to the post-ovulatory fluid and that the method of freezing significantly influences the response of post-thaw spermatozoa to porcine ODF.     

Freezing damage of bovine erythrocytes: Simulation using glycerol concentration changes at subzero temperatures

When a cell is frozen and thawed, it is exposed to (i) lowered temperature, (ii) increased solute concentration during freezing, and (iii) decreased solute concentration during thawing. Without actually freezing the cells, an attempt has been made to simulate physical-chemical changes to which bovine erythrocytes are exposed when frozen and thawed in glycerol solutions. Experimentally, the study consisted of suspending erythrocytes in 1, 2, or 3 glycerol at 20 °C for various times and then exposing them to each of several dilution sequences. The dilution sequences were: (i) transfer from the initial glycerol concentration at 20 °C into the same concentration at −5 °C, (ii) transfer into an increased glycerol concentration at 20 °C, (iii) transfer into an increased followed by a decreased glycerol concentration at 20 °C, (iv) transfer into an increased glycerol concentration at −5 °C, and (v) transfer into an increased followed by a decreased glycerol concentration at −5 °C. This last sequence is analogous to the exposure that cells undergo at subzero temperatures to increased solute concentration during freezing and decreased solute concentration during thawing. This dilution sequence yielded a survival pattern very similar to that obtained when bovine erythrocytes are frozen and thawed, and thus does appear to mimic freezing damage. It is concluded that a major factor in freezing damage is the extent to which a cell must shrink or swell to achieve osmotic equilibrium at subzero temperatures in partially frozen or thawed solutions.     

Freezing of fresh Barhi dates for quality preservation during frozen storage

Fresh harvested dates are perishable and there is a need for extending their shelf life while preserving their fresh like quality characteristics. This study evaluates three different freezing methods, namely cryogenic freezing (CF) using liquid nitrogen; individual quick freezing (IQF) and conventional slow freezing (CSF) in preserving the quality and stability of dates during frozen storage. Fresh dates were frozen utilizing the three methods. The produced frozen dates were frozen stored for nine months. The color values, textural parameters, and nutrition qualities were measured for fresh dates before freezing and for the frozen dates every three months during the frozen storage. The frozen dates’ color values were affected by the freezing method and the frozen storage period. There are substantial differences in the quality of the frozen fruits in favor of cryogenic freezing followed by individual quick freezing compared to the conventional slow freezing. The results revealed large disparity among the times of freezing of the three methods. The freezing time accounted to 10 min for CF, and around 80 min for IQF, and 1800 min for CSF method.     

超滤法和盐析法粗提基因工程干扰素其比活的比较

我们的工作是应用ＹＦ２ＰＳＫ３１Ｒ型超滤器超滤粗提基因工程干扰素,并与盐析法对比。超滤法简便快速条件温和,超滤后干扰素平均收率为９３．９５％±２．４８％,盐析法则为７５．９３％±３．９％,前者比后者提高１８．０２％,差异显著。比活前为：４．４５５Ｅ６±７．５８Ｅ５ＩＵ／ｍｇ蛋白,后者为：１．６１１７Ｅ６±２．０７９Ｅ５ＩＵ／ｍｇ蛋白,差异也是显著的     

Kinetic properties of gel-immobilized acid phosphatase in a tubular membrane reactor

Summary Acid phosphatase has been immobilized onto the internal surface of tubular ultrafiltration membranes by two different methods, namely copolymerization/gelation and co-gelation. Rate parameters for p-nitrophenyl phosphate hydrolysis by the enzyme in both gel-immobilization conditions have been determined and compared to the corresponding values obtained in previous work using a flat ultrafiltration membrane. Results indicate that the kinetic properties of the enzyme seems not substantially modified by the membrane geometry; however, for industrial purposes an enzyme reactor equipped with tubular membranes should be preferred.     

A Comparative Study on the Efficiency of Two Enucleation Methods in Pig Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer: Effects of the Squeezing and the Aspiration Methods

In this study, two enucleation methods, the squeezing and the aspiration methods, were compared. The efficiency of these two methods to enucleate pig oocytes and the in vitro and in vivo viability of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) pig embryos, were evaluated. In the squeezing method, the zona pellucida was partially dissected and a small amount of cytoplasm containing metaphase II (MII) chromosomes and the first polar body (PB) were pushed out. In the aspiration method, the PB and MII chromosomes were aspirated using a beveled micropipette. After injection of fetal fibroblasts into the perivitelline space, reconstructed oocytes were fused and activated electrically, and then cultured in vitro for 6 days or transferred to surrogates. The squeezing method resulted in a higher proportion of degenerated oocytes than the aspiration method (14% vs. 5%). The squeezing method took longer to enucleate 100 oocytes (306 minutes) than the aspirating method (113 minutes). Fusion rate (72–78%) and cleavage rate (67%) were not influenced by the enucleation method but blastocyst formation was improved (P < 0.05) in oocytes enucleated by the aspiration method (5 vs. 9%). When SCNT embryos were transferred to recipients, pregnancy rates to term were similar (27%, 3/11 and 27%, 3/11) in both methods with the birth of 10 piglets/3 litters and 16 piglets/3 litters in the squeezing and the aspiration methods, respectively. Our results indicate that the aspiration method for oocyte enucleation is more efficient than the squeezing method in producing a large number of pig SCNT embryos with normal in vivo viability.     

A comparative study on the efficiency of two enucleation methods in pig somatic cell nuclear transfer: effects of the squeezing and the aspiration methods

In this study, two enucleation methods, the squeezing and the aspiration methods, were compared. The efficiency of these two methods to enucleate pig oocytes and the in vitro and in vivo viability of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) pig embryos, were evaluated. In the squeezing method, the zona pellucida was partially dissected and a small amount of cytoplasm containing metaphase II (MII) chromosomes and the first polar body (PB) were pushed out. In the aspiration method, the PB and MII chromosomes were aspirated using a beveled micropipette. After injection of fetal fibroblasts into the perivitelline space, reconstructed oocytes were fused and activated electrically, and then cultured in vitro for 6 days or transferred to surrogates. The squeezing method resulted in a higher proportion of degenerated oocytes than the aspiration method (14% vs. 5%). The squeezing method took longer to enucleate 100 oocytes (306 minutes) than the aspirating method (113 minutes). Fusion rate (72-78%) and cleavage rate (67%) were not influenced by the enucleation method but blastocyst formation was improved (P < 0.05) in oocytes enucleated by the aspiration method (5 vs. 9%). When SCNT embryos were transferred to recipients, pregnancy rates to term were similar (27%, 3/11 and 27%, 3/11) in both methods with the birth of 10 piglets/3 litters and 16 piglets/3 litters in the squeezing and the aspiration methods, respectively. Our results indicate that the aspiration method for oocyte enucleation is more efficient than the squeezing method in producing a large number of pig SCNT embryos with normal in vivo viability.     

全细胞胞质内注射法生产猪重构胚的研究(简报)

自从1997年克隆羊"Dolly"[1]出生以来,体细胞核移植技术得到广泛应用,已经有十余种克隆哺乳动物出生,但克隆效率仍然很低,核移植方法的不够完善是其重要原因之一.