Folsomia (Collembola: Isotomidae) of China. II. heterocellata group

An annotated list of species of the Folsomia heterocellata group recorded in China is given. Folsomia cephalota n. sp., F. dorsomediaseta n. sp., F. longiseta n. sp., F. manubriopilosa n. sp., F. longdeica n. sp., and F. plenosensilla n. sp. are characterized by having a simple maxillary palp, four prelabral setae and no eyes. They differentiate mainly by characteristics of the furca. We report other species of the group which are recorded for the first time in China: Folsomia tianshanica Martynova, 1969, F. pseudovtorovi Potapov & Gulgenova, 2013, and F. pseudodecemoculata Stebaeva, 1971. This excludes F. wanxianensis Ji, Ding & Chen, 2007, for which we provide morphological remarks based on the type material. The group is mainly distributed in the central part of China (Chongqing, Gansu, southern part of Inner Mongolia, Ningxia and Shaanxi provinces). A key to all blind species with a simple maxillary palp is given.     

Effect of Fonsecaea monophora on the Polarization of THP-1 Cells to Macrophages

Background

Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic, progressive fungal disease of the skin and subcutaneous tissue caused by a unique group of dematiaceous fungi. Fonsecaea monophora, a new species distinct from Fonsecaea pedrosoi strains, is the main pathogen responsible for chromoblastomycosis in south China. Macrophages can be polarized into two categories: classically activated and alternatively activated.

Objectives

Little is known about the relationship between F. monophora and macrophage polarization. This study aimed to study the effect of F. monophora on the polarization of THP-1 cells to macrophages.

Methods

We established coculture systems of F. monophora and THP-1-derived macrophages in different activation states.

Results

F. monophora enhanced the phagocytosis by macrophages in the initially activated state and weakened the phagocytosis by classically activated macrophages without affecting that by alternatively activated macrophages. Classically activated macrophages had the strongest killing effect on F. monophora, while the initially activated macrophages had the weakest. The pathogen could not be rapidly cleared by any type of macrophage. F. monophora promoted the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and inhibited that of anti-inflammatory cytokines.

Conclusions

F. monophora promoted the polarization of THP-1 cells to classically activated macrophages and inhibited that of THP-1 cells to alternatively activated macrophages.

     

金针菇几丁质合成酶基因家族鉴定及其表达分析

【背景】几丁质是真菌细胞壁的重要成分,由几丁质合成酶（chitin synthase,CS）催化合成。几丁质合成酶编码基因在大型食用真菌金针菇中的数量及表达规律尚不明确。【目的】探究几丁质合成酶基因在金针菇中存在的数量及其在子实体不同发育时期的表达规律,为其在大型真菌子实体生长发育过程中的功能研究提供基础。【方法】基于已有的金针菇菌株L11基因组数据,结合NCBI其他真菌CS序列鉴定金针菇中几丁质合成酶编码基因的数量,并对其进行生物信息学分析。进一步根据金针菇F19转录组数据以及实时荧光定量PCR （RT-qPCR）技术分析金针菇CS基因家族的表达规律。【结果】在金针菇单核体菌株L11的基因组中鉴定到9个几丁质合成酶基因,系统发育分析表明它们在子实体发育过程中的表达模式可分为4类（皮尔森相关系数=0.85）。【结论】金针菇CS基因家族表达模式在金针菇不同生长发育时期均存在差异,可能参与了子实体发育不同时期和组织的形态建成。     

Notes on Fissidens VII–IX

Abstract

Note VII: Fissidens ah-pengae and F. aristifer spp. nov. are described and figured. The first is known from La Réunion, the second from Madagascar and La Réunion. Both belong to subgenus Aloma.

Note VIII: Fifteen new synonyms are proposed: Fissidens bryoides Hedw. var. glaucus Brid. is subsumed under F. crassipes Wilson ex Bruch & Schimp., F. comorensis Müll.Hal. under F. crispulus Brid., F. sigmocarpoides P.de la Varde under Fissidens erosulus (Müll.Hal.) Paris, F. atroviridis Besch., and F. luridus Renauld & Cardot under F. flaccidus Mitt., Moenkemeyera rarotongae Dixon and Fissidens jonesii Bizot ex Pócs under F. lagenarius Mitt. var. lagenarius, F. onraedtii Bizot nom. nud. under F. madecassus Schimp. ex Müll.Hal., F. bryum var. terrestris P.de la Varde under F. metzgeria (Müll.Hal.) Broth., F. edamensis M. Fleisch. under F. pallidinervis Mitt., F. brunnthaleri var. filipes Dixon & P.de la Varde under F. ramulosus Mitt., F. desertorum (Müll.Hal.) Paris and F. bambariensis Broth. & P.de la Varde under F. reflexus Hampe, F. usambaricus var. acutifolius P.de la Varde under F. usambaricus Broth. and F. glauculus var. circinicaulis (Cardot) P.de la Varde under F. weirii Mitt. Fissidens gedehensis M. Fleisch. is re-instated as a good species.

Note IX: Fifty-five new country and state records including F. anguste-limbatus Mitt. new to Africa. Fissidens pocsii Bizot & Dury ex Pócs is the first record of an epiphyllous species of this genus. The African distributions of F. flaccidus and F. pallidinervis are amended.     

刺梨自然发酵过程中非酿酒酵母多样性分析

【目的】分析刺梨果实自然发酵过程中非酿酒酵母菌群特征,为筛选优质刺梨非酿酒酵母提供参考。【方法】基于Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术和WL营养琼脂鉴定培养基纯种分离技术,分析刺梨果实自然发酵1 d (F1)、3 d (F3)、5 d (F5)和15 d (F15) 4个阶段及YPD培养基富集培养样本中非酿酒酵母种群组成和多样性。【结果】高通量测序分析结果共获得182个OTUs (operational taxonomic units,OTUs),归属于81个属107个种;物种多样性分析结果表明,刺梨果实自然发酵前期,优势非酿酒酵母为汉逊酵母(Hanseniasporasp.)和伯顿丝孢毕赤酵母(Hyphopichiaburtonii),二者在样本F1中分别占42.59%和26.85%;随着自然发酵的不断进行,二者的比例逐渐降低,在第15天(F15),Hanseniaspora sp.和H. burtonii比例降低至7.73%和0.52%。相反,Pichia sporocuriosa和未培养的酵母,随着自然发酵不断进行所占比例逐渐增大,分别由F1中的0.23%和0.33%增至F15中的37.26%和32.62%。此外,采用WL营养琼脂鉴定培养基纯种分离和鉴定技术,从刺梨上分离到Hanseniasporasp.、H.burtonii、克鲁维毕赤酵母(Pichia kluyveri)、P. sporocuriosa和异常威克汉姆酵母(Wickerhamomyces anomalus) 5种类型的可培养非酿酒酵母。【结论】刺梨果实上存在着丰富的非酿酒酵母菌资源,研究刺梨自然发酵过程中非酿酒酵母多样性,为酵母资源开发和利用奠定基础。     

Phytochemical Variation in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fritillaria cirrhosa</Emphasis> D. Don (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Chuan Bei Mu</Emphasis>) in Relation to Plant Reproductive Stage and Timing of Harvest<Superscript>1</Superscript>

Phytochemical Variation in Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don ( Chuan Bei Mu ) in Relation to Plant Reproductive Stage and Timing of Harvest. Economic development in southwest China and the increasing use of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) worldwide have led to intensified collection of native medicinal plants. Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don (Chuan Bei Mu), commonly used for the treatment of cough in TCM, is endemic to the Hengduan Mountain region of southwest China and is under increasing pressure from over-collection and decreasing suitable alpine habitat. The bioactive compounds in F. cirrhosa bulbs, isosteroidal alkaloids, are greatly influenced by environmental conditions and fluctuate in content and concentration with plant age and reproductive stage. Aiming at obtaining useful information for the sustainable management of wild F. cirrhosa populations, we evaluated how the phytochemical composition of F. cirrhosa bulbs varies at various stages of plant reproductive development. Using chemical methods and high-performance liquid chromatography, we extracted and analyzed two major bioactive alkaloids from F. cirrhosa bulb samples collected throughout the Hengduan Mountain region. Plant reproductive stage was found to affect the concentration of bioactive alkaloids in F. cirrhosa bulbs. Bulb alkaloid concentration was highest during the early stages of fruit development and decreased significantly with fruit maturation. These results lend biochemical support to the practice of harvesting F. cirrhosa during the early stages of plant senescence (i.e., early fruit development).     

Two new species and a new combination in Frantzia (Cucurbitaceae)

The monotypic genusPolakowskia is reduced to a section ofFrantzia. Two new species from Costa Rica,F. villosa andF. talamancensis, are described. The new nomenclatural combination,F. tacaco (Pittier) Wunderlin, is proposed.     

Urease inhibitors from Hypericum oblongifolium WALL.

The bioassay-guided fractionation of H. oblongifolium has led to the isolation of potent urease inhibitors 1–3. The structures were elucidated by NMR and mass spectroscopic techniques. Compound 2 showed a potent enzyme inhibition activity (IC₅₀ 20.96?±?0.93), which is comparatively higher than that for the standard thiourea (IC₅₀ 21.01?±?0.51 μM). Compounds 1 and 3 also showed a significant activity, with IC₅₀ 37.95?±?1.93 and 138.43?±?1.23 μM, respectively. The sub crude fractions (F1, F2, F3, and F4) were tested in vitro for their urease inhibition activity. Fractions F2 and F4 showed significant activity with IC₅₀ 140.37?±?1.93 and 167.43?±?3.03 μM, respectively.     

一株链霉菌21-1的分离鉴定及其对禾谷镰刀菌的抑菌活性

【背景】由禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum)引起的小麦赤霉病严重威胁我国的小麦生产。【目的】筛选对禾谷镰刀菌具有拮抗能力的链霉菌菌株,为生防菌剂开发提供理论基础。【方法】利用平板对峙法筛选对禾谷镰刀菌具有拮抗能力的链霉菌;通过形态特征、生理生化特征和16S rRNA基因序列分析对其进行鉴定;通过病原菌菌丝生长、孢子产生及萌发抑制试验分析其发酵液的抑菌活性;利用人工接种试验测定该菌株发酵液的防病效果。【结果】筛选到一株对禾谷镰刀菌具有较强拮抗活性的链霉菌21-1,抑菌率为59.5%。依据形态特征、生理生化特性和16S rRNA基因序列分析,将该菌株鉴定为黄三素链霉菌(Streptomycesflavotricini)。菌株21-1发酵液能够抑制禾谷镰刀菌的菌丝生长、孢子产生及萌发过程,而且可以降低禾谷镰刀菌菌丝中可溶性蛋白质的含量,并增加丙二醛的含量。菌株21-1可以产生蛋白酶及纤维素酶。菌株21-1菌液10倍稀释液对小麦赤霉病的防效最佳,为70.1%。此外,菌株21-1发酵液对其他8种植物病原菌均有较好的抑制作用。【结论】菌株21-1对禾谷镰刀菌有较好的抑菌活性,具...     

Semisynthetic Triterpenes Derived from Euphorbia officinarum as Plant Growth Promoters and Inducers of Disease Resistance

This study evaluated the effect of application of the semisynthetic triterpenes 3β-acetoxy-norlup-20-one (F4) and 3-chloro-4α,14α-dimethyl-5α-cholest-8-ene (F6) triterpene derivatives from Euphorbia officinarum on the growth of tomato seedlings under normal conditions and when challenged with the pathogens Verticillium dahliae and Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Foliar spray of F4 and F6 significantly improved growth rate, fresh weight, dry weight, and leaf area. In addition, they enhanced several physiological parameters including photosynthetic pigments, proline content, and nitrate reductase activity. Moreover, they induced H₂O₂ accumulation and increased the activity of several antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and guaiacol peroxidase. They also enhanced disease resistance against V. dahliae and A. tumefaciens. These results suggest that the two semisynthetic triterpenes represent new plant growth regulators and inducers of plant disease resistance.

     

甲烷菌对厌氧真菌不同碳源代谢的影响

【目的】探讨碳源和甲烷菌对厌氧真菌碳代谢的影响。【方法】利用体外批次厌氧发酵法,比较厌氧真菌纯培养(Orpinomyces sp.和Neocallimastix sp.)及其与甲烷菌共培养(F1:Orpinomyces sp.+Methanobrevibacter sp.和N3:Neocallimastix sp.+Methanobrevibacter sp.)发酵不同类型碳水化合物代谢产物的差异。【结果】对厌氧真菌和甲烷菌共培养F1和N3的研究显示,F1发酵木薯粉[(26.44±0.22)mmol/L]的乳酸产量是发酵玉米芯[(1.31±0.04)mmol/L]的20.18倍,是N3发酵木薯粉[(1.59±0.03)mmol/L]的16.63倍,玉米芯[(0.79±0.08)mmol/L]的33.47倍。当F1和N3中的厌氧真菌纯培养时,各组乳酸产量均1.90 mmol/L。对F1进一步研究,结果显示发酵体系中木薯粉添加量在0.8%–2.0%之间时,乳酸产量随木薯粉添加量增加而增加。当含量在1.0%–2.4%之间时,随木薯粉添加量增加,甲烷和乙酸产量逐渐降低。比较F1发酵大米粉、木薯粉、玉米粉、小麦粉和土豆粉的发酵结果,发现乳酸产量与底物中支链淀粉的含量成正相关(R2=0.9554)。当F1发酵葡萄糖和麦芽糖时,乳酸产量5.00 mmol/L。当以麦芽糊精为底物时,乳酸产量高达(28.00±0.95)mmol/L。【结论】本文首次报道碳源和甲烷菌能够增强厌氧真菌的乳酸代谢途径并且这种增强存在种属特异性。     

Synthesis and biodistribution of an 18F-labelled resveratrol derivative for small animal positron emission tomography

Summary. Resveratrol (3,4′,5-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) is a naturally occurring phytoalexin and polyphenol existing in grapes and various other plants, and one of the best known ‘nutriceuticals’. It shows a multiplicity of beneficial biological effects, particularly, by attenuating atherogenic, inflammatory, and carcinogenic processes. However, despite convincing evidence from experimental and clinical studies, data concerning the role of resveratrol and other members of the large polyphenols family for human health is still a matter of debate. One reason for this is the lack of suitable sensitive and specific methods, which would allow direct assessment of biodistribution, biokinetics, and the metabolic fate of these compounds in vivo. The unique features of positron emission tomography (PET) as a non-invasive in vivo imaging methodology in combination with suitable PET radiotracers have great promise to assess quantitative information on physiological effects of polyphenols in vivo. Herein we describe the radiosynthesis of an ¹⁸F-labelled resveratrol derivative, 3,5-dihydroxy-4′-[¹⁸F]fluoro-trans-stilbene ([¹⁸F]-1), using the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction as a novel radiolabelling technique in PET radiochemistry for subsequent functional imaging of polyphenol metabolism in vivo. In a typical “three-step/one-pot” reaction, ¹⁸F-labelled resveratrol derivative [¹⁸F]-1 could be synthesized within 120–130 min including HPLC separation at a specific radioactivity of about 90 GBq/μmol. The radiochemical yield was about 9% (decay-corrected) related to [¹⁸F]fluoride and the radiochemical purity exceeded 97%. First radiopharmacological evaluation included measurement of biodistribution ex vivo and positron emission tomography (PET) studies in vivo after intravenous application of [¹⁸F]-1 in male Wistar rats using a dedicated small animal PET camera with very high spatial resolution. Concordantly with data on bioavailability and metabolism of native resveratrol from the literature, these investigations revealed an extensive uptake and metabolism in the liver and kidney, respectively, of [¹⁸F]-1. This study represents the first investigation of polyphenols in vivo by means of PET.     

Seasonal variations of Fusarium species in wheat fields in Upper Egypt

Abstract

Populations of the genus Fusarium in wheat fields were studied within the crop-growing season at Qena area (Upper Egypt) using two different types of media (DCPA and DRBA) at 25°C. Fourteen Fusarium species were isolated during this study, namely F. anthophilum, F. aquaeductuum, F. chlamdosporum, F. dimerum, F. merismoides, F. moniliforme, F. oxysporum, F. poae, F. proliferatum, F. sambucinum, F. scripi, F. solani, F. sporotrichioides and F. subglutinans. Fusarium merismoides, F. oxysporum and F. sambucinum were the most common Fusarium species isolated from different wheat plant parts (rhizosphere and rhizoplane) as well as from the wheat fields (soil and air). Fusarium spp. rarely appeared at the beginning of the season and increased sharply between January to March and decreased slightly or sharply at the end of the season according to the type of media and isolation source.     

The taxonomy,phytogeography and conservation of the Fissidens flora of Singapore,with one new species,F. pseudoceylonensis

Abstract

The Fissidens flora of Singapore has been investigated and shown to consist of 16 species, including one new species, F. pseudoceylonensis . F. crispulus var. robinsonii is proposed as a new combination and two taxa (F. mittenii var. javensis M.Fleisch. and F. ceylonensis ssp. simplex M.Fleisch.) are reduced to synonyms of F. pellucidus Hornsch. and F. ceylonensis Dozy & Molk. respectively. The biodiversity of Singapore's Fissidens flora is compared with that of Peninsular Malaysia and Pulau Tioman and the ecological and conservation implications are discussed.     

尖孢镰孢菌果胶裂解酶基因家族鉴定及侵染表达模式分析

【背景】番茄枯萎病是番茄生产中常见的土传真菌病害。【目的】为鉴定番茄枯萎病基因组果胶裂解酶基因家族,明确该基因家族在侵染过程表达模式。【方法】采用生物信息学方法鉴定了番茄枯萎病尖孢镰孢菌(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Lycopersici)基因组内PEL基因家族,并分析了基因结构、染色体定位及三级结构,同时利用荧光定量PCR分析了FoPEL1-16基因在接种番茄根系的表达情况。【结果】番茄尖孢镰孢菌基因组内PEL基因家族成员有16个。氨基酸序列长度在163-548个氨基酸,信号肽长度在16-21个氨基酸。染色体定位分析表明16个基因在染色体上分布不均,分别定位在7条染色体上。根据基因结构和保守基序分析结果 16个基因可分为4类。进化分析表明该基因家族成员可聚成4支。三级结构预测结果显示同一家族存在相似结构域。荧光定量PCR分析结果表明Fo PEL基因在侵染过程表达水平明显上升。【结论】番茄尖孢镰孢菌基因组内果胶裂解酶以基因家族形式存在,其基因结构存在差异暗示了其功能多样性;FoPEL基因在侵染过程表达明显增强,说明其参与病原菌的致病性。本研究为解析尖孢镰孢菌致病基因功能分析及寄主病原互作提供了重要理论基础。     

Real-time PCR detection and quantification of Fusarium poae,F. graminearum,F. sporotrichioides and F. langsethiae in cereal grains in Finland and Russia

Abstract

TaqMan real-time quantitative PCR assays were developed for the accurate detection and quantification of DNA from Fusarium poae and F. graminearum species, which are able to produce trichothecenes. These and other PCR assays were used for the quantification of trichothecene-producing Fusarium fungi in cereal grains. A correlation was found between the levels of F. poae DNA and nivalenol and enniatins in barley and between the levels of F. graminearum DNA and deoxynivalenol in oats. The correlations between F. poae DNA and nivalenol and F. graminearum DNA and deoxynivalenol levels were higher than those between these mycotoxins and morphologically determined F. poae and F. graminearum/F. culmorum contamination levels. The use of F. poae specific primers and probe together with F. sporotrichioides/F. langsethiae specific primers and probe in a multiplex qPCR assay yielded results in accordance with those obtained using these primers and probes separately.     

棉花枯萎病菌突变体库的构建及分析

[背景]棉花枯萎病逐渐成为威胁新疆海岛棉产业发展的主要病害,但关于棉花枯萎病菌的致病力、产孢量、生长速度及颜色变化等相关功能基因目前还不是十分明确.[目的]通过构建绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein,GFP)标记棉花枯萎病菌突变体库,筛选出由于T-DNA的随机插入而导致性状发生变异的突变体...     

Identification of CED-3 substrates by a yeast-based screening method

Jpk, originally isolated as an associating factor with the position-specific regulatory element of Hoxa-7, was found to be toxic to Escherichia coli (1) and to F9 teratocarcinoma cells (2) when transiently transfected and expressed. To investigate the possibility of tumor gene therapy using Jpk, its effect was tested in B16F10 murine melanoma cells. Because Jpk reduces the viability of B16F10 cells when transiently expressed, the Jpk gene was cloned into a tetracycline-controlled gene expression vector, pRetro-On to circumvent the lethal effect in unwanted situations. The retroviral plasmid pRetroJpk purified from the packaging cell was infected into B16F10 melanoma cells and screened in the presence of puromycin. Out of a total of 53 stable clones selected with puromycin, two clones overexpressed Jpk at more than twice the level when induced by doxycycline, a tetracycline-derivative, which implies the amount of the Jpk exhibiting the toxicity is critical. Although these clones control only low levels of Jpk, overexpression of the established melanoma cell line may help us decipher the function of Jpk and apply it as a tumor therapeutic gene in the future.     

Notes on the little known moss Fissidens firmus Mitt. (Fissidentaceae)

Abstract

Fissidens firmus is revised, described, illustrated and a distribution is provided. It is compared to Fissidens hollianus, Fissidens pseudofirmus, Fissidens sedgwickii and Fissidens touwii. It is provisionally distinguished from F. firmus sensu auct. Fissidens multiflorus is reduced to F. hollianus. Lectotypes are designated for Fissidens multiflorus and Fissidens giesenhagenii. The collection that was reported from India as F. firmus appears to be F. hollianus. Thus, the present Western Ghats collection is effectively the first Indian record of F. firmus.