Effect of the cestoda Bothriocephalus acheilognathi on morphology and physiology of carps reared in warm water

Influence of the cestode Bothriocephalus acheilognathi on morphological and physiological characteristics of carps and protein content in organs and tissues of fishes reared in basins with warm water have been studied. Dynamics of weight, length, height and index of nourishment state have been examined in carps noninfected and infected with cestodes.     

传统稻鱼系统中“田鲤鱼”的形态特征

稻田养鱼是一种重要的传统农业系统,养殖在稻田中的鲤鱼,在长期的自然选择和人工选择下逐渐形成了适应于稻田浅水环境的“田鲤鱼”.本研究以具有千年历史的全球重要农业文化遗产系统“青田稻鱼共生系统”和“从江稻鱼鸭系统”的青田田鱼和从江田鱼为范例,通过采样对两种“田鲤鱼”进行传统形态学分析和地标几何形态学分析;采用线粒体基因构建系统发育树;通过数据库数据提取和采样测量对两种“田鲤鱼”和其他常见鲤鱼种群或品系进行传统形态学聚类分析.传统形态学分析和地标几何形态学分析表明,青田田鱼和从江田鱼在形态上存在差异,与青田田鱼相比,从江田鱼尾部长而窄,体型较细长,尾部长度占身体长度比例小.对这两种田鱼及养殖于其他水体的其他鲤鱼种群进行系统发育树分析表明,青田田鱼和从江田鱼在遗传上是独立的种群;但形态聚类分析表明,这两种田鱼归为一类,明显不同于其他鲤鱼种群或品系,与其他鲤鱼种群的差异主要表现在背鳍和尾鳍上.这些研究结果说明,长期生活在稻田环境的青田田鱼和从江田鱼在遗传和形态上均明显不同于其他水体养殖鲤鱼种群,且青田田鱼和从江田鱼之间形态上存在差异.     

转大麻哈鱼生长激素基因鲤生态安全性检测与分析

评价了转大麻哈鱼（Oncorhynchus Suckley）生长激素基因鲤生态安全性问题及研究转基因鱼对天然野生鲤群体遗传污染程度。通过RAPD和SSLP方法,用265个RAPD标记和35对鲤的微卫星标记对受杂交鲤污染的哈尔滨江段黑龙江鲤群体、未受污染的抚远江段黑龙江鲤群体及模拟转基因鲤占普通鲤群体的1%和10%比例获得繁殖子代等实验群体的DNA样本进行全基因组扫描统计分析得出结论,即转基因鲤占普通鲤群体1%时对普通群体的基因污染程度是微乎其微的,远远低于杂交鲤对野生群体基因污染,转基因鲤占普通鲤群体10%时对普通鲤遗传背景的影响稍有升高,但仍然远远低于杂交鲤对野生群体基因污染程度。总之,在现有的检测技术条件及有效的监控条件下,与杂交鲤相比转基因鲤对鲤野生群体的遗传背景的影响是微弱的,而外来种和杂交种则对生态环境有严重威胁。     

Influence of environmental factors and individual traits on the diet of non-native hybrid bigheaded carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix × H. nobilis) in Lake Balaton,Hungary

Planktivorous silver carp and bighead carp (collectively, the bigheaded carps) have been stocked worldwide and their invasion has caused severe impacts on many freshwater ecosystems. Exploiting the chance provided by the specific hybrid bigheaded carp stock in Lake Balaton (Hungary) covering the entire morphological range between the two species (including gill raker morphology), we implemented a comprehensive study (1) to reveal the feeding habits of hybrid bigheaded carps living in a mesotrophic, lacustrine habitat and (2) to assess how biotic and abiotic environmental factors and gill raker morphology affect diet composition. We found that all bigheaded carps utilized primarily zooplankton and neglected the scarce and inefficiently digestible phytoplankton, irrespective of gill raker morphology. Moreover, we observed strikingly high levels of inorganic debris consumption, but the proportion of inorganic matter in the guts was not associated directly with the concentration of suspended inorganic particles. Variance in the diet composition of bigheaded carps was related mostly to environmental factors, including the wind-induced resuspension of inorganic particles and seasonally variable availability of food resources. In conclusion, the effects of abiotic environmental factors and available food resources could overwhelm the effect of gill raker morphology in shaping the feeding habits of bigheaded carps.

     

Effects of insulin on the fine structure of hepatocytes from winter-acclimatized carps: studies on protein synthesis

Male and female winter-acclimatized carps were injected with insulin. This treatment resulted in a sharp decrease in the liver glycogen content. Although an increase in the ribosomal RNA level was also observed, a cell-free system obtained from the hormone-treated fish exhibited less amino acid incorporation activity as compared to the control fish. However, polysomes from insulin-treated fish exhibited a higher amino acid incorporating activity when a soluble fraction of untreated winter carps was used. Insulin induced a profound change in the cytoarchitecture of the winter carp hepatocyte. The cytoplasm and nuclei showed all the features of the summer carp liver cell. The nucleolar components were totally intermingled suggesting a high rate of gene expression as in the case of the summer-acclimatized fish.     

雌核发育草鱼同工酶分析

运用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,分析了雌核发育草鱼尾鳍中LDH、EST、SOD三种同工酶的酶谱。研究结果表明雌核发育草鱼各个体间及与普通草鱼与LDH、EST同工酶谱上表达是一致的。雌核发育草鱼中SOD酶谱与普通草鱼存在有明显差异。在雌核发育草鱼SOD酶谱区段1中检测到一条特殊的酶带(暂称之为SOD-G),SOD-G在所检测的6尾雌核发育草鱼中普遍存在,但在普通草中未检测到,初步认为SOD-G可以作为雌核发育草鱼群体的生化遗传标记。     

DNA metabarcoding for dietary analysis of Holland's carp (Spinibarbus hollandi) to evaluate the threat to native fishes in Taiwan

DNA metabarcoding analysis for gut contents has been shown to compensate the disadvantage of traditionally morphological identification and offer higher resolution of prey items in an efficient way. Holland's carp (Spinibarbus hollandi) is a freshwater fish native to southern and eastern Taiwan. In the past two decades, this species has been introduced as a sport fish into the river basins of northern and western Taiwan. The large body size and active predation make it a potential threat for native fishes, but which native species are preyed by Holland's carp remains unknown. In this study, the diet from the gut contents of Holland's carp from the Zhonggang River, an invaded basin, was examined using DNA metabarcoding from 51 individuals and by morphological examinations on 140 samples. Detritus of plants were found in 83.6% samples (117 individuals). Twenty fish species of seven families were identified by DNA metabarcoding, including species of all water layers. Taiwan torrent carp (Acrossocheilus paradoxus) and Rhinogobius spp. are the most common prey items. Based on the results of this study, Holland's carp is considered an opportunistic omnivore because of its diverse diet items, which is an important trait for successful invasive fish species. The population decline of Opsariichthys pachycephalus may not result from the invasion of Holland's carps. Nonetheless, the time lag between successful invasion and the samplings of this study may be a concern because the population size of O. pachycephalus may have declined and become difficult to prey. The Holland's carps consumed the least species in winter; nonetheless, the occurrence frequencies of preys among seasons were not significantly different probably because of limited temperature fluctuation. The smallest Holland's carps consumed the least prey species compared to other size categories, similar to the relationship of prey species number to size of invasive largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides).     

池养鲤和草鱼血液学指标的研究

1.鲤鱼和草鱼的血液细胞包含红血球、淋巴球、单核球、嗜中性球、嗜酸性球及纺锤细胞。没有见到嗜碱性球。2.鲤鱼及草鱼的红血球数及血红蛋白量,在正常条件下,与水中溶氧量及成熟系数成十分显著的负相关。成熟雌鲤的红血球数(y)与溶氧量(x1)及成熟系数(x2)的迥归公式为:y=122+2.9x1-1.2x2。3.性腺发育程度及生殖活动强烈地影响鱼类血液有形成分。在生殖季节雄鱼的红血球数及血红蛋白量比雌鱼高,红血球沉降率则相反。白血球则在生殖季节及性腺退化吸收时比较活跃,而在非生殖季节两性之间无明显差异。4.发育成熟的雌鲤,经注射垂体后,无论产卵与不产卵其红血球数及血红蛋白量都下降,自然产卵的雌鲤亦然。5.雌鲤的红血球沉降率在临近产卵时急剧增加,而且比雄鲤明显地高。至于饥饿则对红血球沉降率无明显影响。6.在池养条件下鲤鱼的红血球数、血红蛋白量以及血式的个体差异较小,可望成为这类鱼的有应用价值的正常生理指标。       

Trophic reorganization of native planktivorous fishes at different density extremes of bigheaded carps in the Illinois and Mississippi rivers,USA

The widespread introduction of non-native fishes has contributed to freshwater ecosystems being considered among the most altered ecosystems globally. Of particular concern are invasive planktivorous fishes (e.g., silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and bighead carp H. nobilis, collectively known as bigheaded carps) that have the potential to modify basal food web structure and compete for planktonic resources with native planktivores and young-of-year fishes. Bigheaded carps have proliferated throughout the Mississippi River basin, creating an outsized potential for resource competition with native fishes. Studies have showed niche overlap between bigheaded carps and native planktivores is generally high but that overlap varies among rivers. Importantly, niche overlap has not been assessed for density extremes of bigheaded carps within a river to determine whether trophic niches changed as a result of the invasion. The objectives of this study were to determine whether (1) silver and/or bighead carps share a similar isotopic niche with four native planktivores, and (2) that association varies ecologically (i.e., low- and high-densities of bigheaded carps) and spatially (i.e., between rivers). Our results generally show high trophic overlap among species, suggesting potential direct resource competition. Niche overlap was higher in study reaches with low densities of bigheaded carps compared to reaches with high densities, presumably due to intense resource competition and limiting of resources under high densities of bigheaded carps. Across density extremes, trophic reorganization by bigmouth buffalo (Ictiobus cyprinellus) was divergent from other native planktivores. Species-specific responses may be due to subtle differences in feeding strategies, degree of planktivory, food selectivity, and correlated food size distributions.

     

细菌侵染的两种鲤鱼病生理反应及抗病性分析

通过人工接种嗜水气单胞菌(A.hydrophila)对受到细菌侵染的鲤鱼两个品种松浦鲤和德国镜鲤的病生理进行检测和分析,并采用DDRT-PCR方法对两种鲤的明显的抗感病个体基因差异进行初步分析。对血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞(RBC)、血小板(PLT)、白细胞(WBC)记数,尿素氮(BUN)、白蛋白(ALB)、总蛋白(TP)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(TC)、血糖(GLU)等生理生化指标进行了检测。人工接种试验表明,松浦鲤具有较强的抗病性,而德国镜鲤抗病性很差而感病性很强。DDRT-PCR结果表明,抗性基因在不同的鲤鱼群体之间及同种鲤鱼群体的不同抗感病个体之间表达水平不同。生理生化指标的变化反映出这两种鲤的抗性差异,在外来致病菌的刺激下,实验鲤体内的生理生化水平发生了变化,其中一些生化指标如谷丙转氨酶和总蛋白大幅度下降,其它生理指标表现出上升的趋势。总之松浦鲤在面对致病菌的侵染时从表型到生理生化水平上均表现出较强的抗病性。     

The dynamics of the ectoparasite count and the protein level in the blood serum of infested carp under experimental conditions

Carps of one and two years age used for laboratory experiments were collected in winter time. 7 groups of carps of one year age were examined each 10th day during 70 days and 5 groups of two years age were examined each 15 days during 75 days. In carps of one year age the increase of different parasites was observed in different time: Dactylogyrus extensus--after 40 and 70 days, Icthyophthirius multifiliis--after 50 days, Trichodina sp.--after 60 days. In carps of two years age the increase of all parasite groups observed after 45 days, extremely great number of D. extensus was recorded after 60-70 days. Contents of proteins in a blood plasma of both age groups of carps is reliably decreased when the number of parasites is increased. Fluctuations of parasite abundance on the body and gills and some morphophysiological indices in carps of one year age in a control and in conditions of starvation were examined.     

In situ study on effect of food competition on diet shifts and growth of silver and bighead carps in large biomanipulation fish pens in Meiliang Bay, Lake Taihu

Silver and bighead carps were cultured in large fish pens to reduce the risks of cyanobacterial bloom outbreaks in Meiliang Bay, Lake Tauhu in 2004 and 2005. Diet compositions and growth rates of the carps were studied from April to November each year. Both carp species fed mainly on zooplankton (>50% in diet) in 2004 when competition was low, but selected more phytoplankton in 2005 when competition was high. Silver carp had a broader diet breadth than did bighead carp. Higher densities and fewer food resources increased diet breadths but decreased the diet overlap in both types of carps. It can be predicted that silver and bighead carps would be released from diet competition and shift to feed mainly on zooplankton at low densities, decreasing the efficiency of controlling cyanobacterial blooms. Conclusively, when silver and bighead carps are used to control cyanobacterial blooms, a sufficiently high stocking density is very important for a successful practice.     

Effect of thyroxin on the functional state of the respiratory chain in liver mitochondria of the carp Cyprinus carpio during acclimatization to changes in water temperature

It has been demonstrated that oxidative phosphorylation in liver mitochondria of the carps which were kept within a week at 5 and 25 degrees C remains unaffected by the addition of 0.5 micron thyroxin to the incubation medium. Addition of thyroxin (0.5 micron) to mitochondrial suspension prepared from the liver of carps acclimated within a week at 20 and especially 25 degrees C, resulted in uncoupling of respiration and phosphorylation. Daily injections of thyroxin within a week (2 mu kg per 1 g of body weight) to carps at 20 and 25 degrees C resulted in the increase of the rate of non-phosphorylating oxidation and the decrease of oxidative phosphorylation in liver mitochondria. The increase of temperature of water from 5 to 30 degrees C decreases triiodthyronine content of the blood serum in the carp.     

Prophylactic and therapeutic studies on intestinal giant-cystic disease of the Israel carp caused by Thelohanellus kitauei. I. Course of formation and vanishment of the cyst

In an attempt to develop prophylactic and therapeutic measures of the intestinal giant-cystic disease caused by Thelohanellus kitauei in the Israel carp, Cyprinus carpio nudus, pathological observations were conducted upon the carps which were hatched in May 1988 and raised in a net cage fish farm at the Soyang lake, managed by Horim Fisheries for the period of 21 months with 1-2 months interval. After a gross inspection of the carps, necropsy was carried out periodically in order to clarify the pathological changes in various internal organs and muscular tissues. Also, the prevalence of the disease was checked during the period from 1988 to 1990. Gross inspections revealed that the infected carps showed some degree of fading in body and gill color, back-emaciation symptoms, reddish anus accompanying erosion and relaxation and pot-belly, as well as discharge of yellowish white mucoid material from the anus. However, most carps died eventually of intestinal obstruction. Other significant necropsy findings included cyst formation of various size in the intestinal mucosa, ascites, anemic condition through internal organs and muscular tissues, hyperemia and dilation of intestines with decreased tension, thinness and fragility, and full contents of semi-fluid or yellowish white mucoid material in the intestinal canals. Based on the morphological characteristics of the spores found in the cysts, parasitic location in the intestines, macro- and microscopic findings of the lesions, the parasites were identified as Thelohanellus kitauei Egusa et Nakajima, 1981. Although monthly changes of water temperature were distinct, the extrusion rates of the polar filaments of the spores stayed constant throughout the year with an exception of a lower rate in July. The lesions initiated from mucosa and submucosa in early July became large swellings and then complete mature forms following the peracute course. From late August the upper cysts were gradually opened and most of the spores were dispersed from anus into the surrounding water through December but only a few lasted until next April. The cysts were completely recovered until next September. Comparing the incidence and prevalence of the disease by year tremendous infection and death rates were checked in the first prevalent year, 1988, but the rates were significantly decreased in the second year, and showed an almost normal status in the third year, 1990. As the above summarized results showed, the disease entity might come to an end in three years after the first prevalent year, however, the spores must be strictly prevented because they could be infective in the water for one year.     

Morphological variation in the Weberian apparatus of Cypriniformes

Cypriniformes (which includes the minnows, carps, loaches, algae-eaters, stone loaches, and suckers) is a morphologically diverse and incredibly speciose order of teleosts. It has been suggested that a number of evolutionary innovations, key to improved hearing and feeding, have played an important role in cypriniform fishes' success. One such innovation, the Weberian apparatus, is a novel assemblage of vertebral elements and modified ribs that relay and amplify sound pressure changes from the gas bladder to the inner ear. The Weberian apparatus unites Cypriniformes with other major orders into an extremely species-rich group of fishes, the Otophysi. Together, otophysan fishes comprise one of the largest groups of fishes in the world, as well as the majority of freshwater fishes. Here we present a detailed comparison of the Weberian apparatus in a number of cypriniform families using cleared and stained specimens. We present data regarding inter- and intrafamilial morphological variation within Cypriniformes. With few, but evolutionarily important, exceptions we find that diagnostic features of the Weberian apparatus characterize each family. Interspecific variation within each of the families Balitoridae, Gyrinocheilidae, and Catostomidae is only slight, whereas variation among subfamilies within Cyprinidae and Cobitidae is far more significant. This comparative study identifies a number of distinct morphologies, some of which appear highly correlated with ecological niche. For example, inhabiting swift-moving waters appears to be a key factor in the encapsulation of the anterior gas bladder in some cobitids, balitorids, and gobionin cyprinids.     

长江中游宜昌江段鱼类早期资源现状及水文影响条件

为了解长江中游鱼类的早期资源现状, 2017年和2018年5—7月在长江干流宜都断面开展鱼类早期资源调查,采样网具包括弶网和圆锥网。调查期间共采集鱼卵21120粒和仔鱼2123尾。利用形态学和分子生物学等方法,鉴定鱼类5目9科37种。其中,鱼卵有29种,仔鱼有27种。2017年和2018年通过宜都断面的鱼卵径流量分别为124.45×10⁸粒和101.07×10⁸粒,优势种为四大家鱼和贝氏?(Hemiculter bleekeri);仔鱼径流量分别为16.43×10⁸尾和8.29×10⁸尾,优势种为贝氏?和寡鳞飘鱼(Pseudolanbuca engraulis)。根据发育期和流速分析,四大家鱼鱼卵来源于三峡大坝下游至宜都断面之间的产卵场,仔鱼来源于三峡大坝以上的产卵场。与2009—2010年相比, 2017—2018年通过宜都断面的鱼卵径流量增大了85.3%,尤其是四大家鱼的鱼卵径流量与2005—2012年相比增加了约13倍。冗余分析(Redundancy Analysis, RDA)结果显示,流量...     

长江中游不同江段四大家鱼幼鱼孵化日期和早期生长的比较研究

2008年和2009年从东洞庭湖区和长江、监利、鄂州和武穴江段采集青鱼Mylopharyngodon piceus (178尾)、草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idella (341尾)、鳙Aristichthys nobili (6尾)和鲢Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (390尾)幼鱼, 通过耳石日轮分析确定2008年和2009年这些幼鱼的孵化日期分别为5月16日至8月20日和5月14日至8月9日。与三峡建坝前相比, 四大家鱼的繁殖时间明显推迟。洞庭湖和监利江段幼鱼在仔鱼阶段形成的耳石日轮宽度较鄂州和武穴江段幼鱼同期形成的日轮宽度窄, 表明前者仔鱼阶段的生长速度小于后者, 这可能是前者离三峡大坝距离较近、受大坝影响更加显著造成的。三峡大坝下泄水温较低、营养物质较少是影响坝下四大家鱼繁殖和早期生长的重要因素。繁殖季节推迟和早期生长速度下降可能导致坝下四大家鱼早期生活史阶段死亡率增大, 从而影响其资源补充和种群数量变动。       

Reproductive condition and occurrence of intersex in bighead carp and silver carp in the Missouri River

Little is known about the reproductive biology of the exotic bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix in the Missouri River. In order to fill this gap in understanding, herein is described the reproductive condition of these Asian carps. Evidence is presented which indicates that bighead and silver carp in the Missouri River have a protracted spawning period that extends from early spring through fall and some individual bighead and silver carp are spawning multiple times during a reproductive season. Although bighead and silver carps are successfully maturing and spawning in the Missouri River some reproductive abnormalities such as intersex, atresia, and sterility were observed. Knowledge of the reproductive activity of these invasive carps may be useful to resource managers tasked with their control. Furthermore, the reproductive abnormalities observed should be considered when evaluating the environmental condition of the Missouri River relative to supporting a healthy fish fauna.     

长江荆江段的渔业生态环境评价

1997—2002年,对长江荆江段青、草、鲢、鳙产卵场的水环境质量和浮游生物状况进行了调查,并用河流水质综合评价方法和Kolkwitz&Marsson体系法进行了评价。结果表明:在每年5—6月份的青、草、鲢、鳙繁殖季节,仅个别采样点铜或石油类超过渔业水质标准,该江段水质基本符合渔业水质标准和地表水环境质量Ⅱ类标准,能满足青、草、鲢、鳙繁殖对水质质量的要求。浮游生物的指示性表明其水体属于β中污带。       

老江河故道四大家鱼天然资源库研究

扼要介绍了老江河故道四大家鱼天然资源库的结构,并根据老江河故道水域生态系统的结构和功能特点,提出了四大家鱼的放养量应在重视种质质量的基础上,合理调控其放养结构和密度,此外文中还就保护和合理利用长江四大家鱼种质资源的有效途径以及维持老江河四大家鱼天然资源库健康运行的关键进行了分析探讨。