1985年以来黄河三角洲孤东海岸演变与生态损益分析

研究围填海前后的海岸带生态系统服务价值变化对促进海域管理和海洋资源可持续发展具有重要意义。以黄河三角洲孤东海岸为例,依据1985—2005年该地区剖面地形实测资料以及利津水文站的水沙资料,利用海岸地形演变方法对冲淤数据进行了处理,并结合生态系统服务价值理论方法,分析了围填海前后的生态系统服务价值变化。结果表明:孤东海岸剖面表现为严重侵蚀下切,其中海洋作用占主导地位。根据冲淤演变结论,孤东海域可被分为堤内区、堤根区、堤前区和远岸区,1985—2005年各区生态系统服务价值变化情况表明,孤东海域围堤后生态系统服务价值损失巨大,并且随建堤时间增长而日益增大,而丁坝的修建可以有效改善沉积环境,减少生态损失。     

The relationship between salinity, suspended particulate matter and water clarity in aquatic systems

This work presents and recommends 1) an empirically based new model quantifying the relationship between salinity, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and water clarity (as given by the Secchi depth) and (2) an empirical model for oxygen saturation in the deep-water zone for coastal areas (O₂Sat in %). This paper also discusses the many and important roles that SPM plays in aquatic ecosystems and presents comparisons between SPM concentrations in lakes, rivers and coastal areas. Such comparative studies are very informative but not so common. The empirical O₂Sat model explains (statistically) 80% of the variability in mean O₂Sat values among 23 Baltic coastal areas. The model is based on data on sedimentation of SPM, the percentage of ET areas (areas where erosion and transportation of fine sediments occur), the theoretical deep-water retention time and the mean coastal depth. These two new models have been incorporated into an existing dynamic model for SPM in coastal areas that quantifies all important fluxes of SPM into, within and from coastal areas, such as river inflow, primary production, resuspension, sedimentation, mixing, mineralisation and the SPM exchange between the given coastal area and the sea (or adjacent coastal areas). The modified dynamic SPM model with these two new sub-models has been validated (blind tested) with very good results; the model predictions for Secchi depth, O₂Sat and sedimentation are within the uncertainty bands of the empirical data.     

Distribution Characteristics of Phosphorus in the Sediments and Overlying Water of Poyang Lake

Phosphorus (P) is a key indicator of the aquatic organism growth and eutrophication in lakes. The distribution and speciation of P and its release characteristics from sediments were investigated by analyzing sediment and water samples collected during high flow and low flow periods. Results showed that the average concentrations (ranges) of total phosphorus (TP) in the surface and deep water were 0.06 mg L^-1 (0.03–0.13 mg L^-1) and 0.15 mg L^-1 (0.06–0.33 mg L^-1), respectively, while the average concentration (range) of TP in sediments was 709.17 mg kg^-1 (544.76–932.11 mg kg^-1). The concentrations of TP and different forms of P varied spatially in the surface sediments, displaying a decreasing trend from south to north. P also varied topographically from estuarine areas to lake areas. The vertical distribution of TP and different forms of P were observed to decrease as depth increased. The P concentrations during the low flow period were higher than those during the high flow period. Inorganic phosphorus (IP) was the dominant form of P, accounting for 61%–82% of TP. The concentration of bioavailable phosphorus in sediments was relatively large, indicating a high risk of release to overlying water. The simulation experiment of P release from sediments showed that the release was relatively fast in the first 0-5 min and then decreased to a plateau after 1 hr. Approximately 84–89% of the maximum amount of P was released during the first hour.     

Late Quaternary paleoproductivity and deep water circulation in the eastern South Atlantic Ocean: Evidence from benthic foraminifera

Two late Quaternary sediment cores from the northern Cape Basin in the eastern South Atlantic Ocean were analyzed for their benthic foraminiferal content and benthic stable carbon isotope composition. The locations of the cores were selected such that both of them presently are bathed by North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) and past changes in deep water circulation should be recorded simultaneously at both locations. However, the areas are different in terms of primary production. One core was recovered from the nutrient-depleted Walvis Ridge area, whereas the other one is from the continental slope just below the coastal upwelling mixing area where present day organic matter fluxes are shown to be moderately high. Recent data served as the basis for the interpretation of the late Quaternary faunal fluctuations and the paleoceanographic reconstruction.

During the last 450,000 years, NADW flux into the eastern South Atlantic Ocean has been restricted to interglacial periods, with the strongest dominance of a NADW-driven deep water circulation during interglacial stages 1, 9 and 11. At the continental margin, high productivity faunas and very low epibenthic δ¹³C values indicate enhanced fluxes of organic matter during glacial periods. This can be attributed to a glacial increase and lateral extension of coastal upwelling. The long term glacial-interglacial paleoproductivity cycles are superimposed by high-frequency variations with a period of about 23,000 yr. Enhanced productivity in surface waters above the Walvis Ridge, far from the coast, is indicated during glacial stages 8, 10 and 12. During these periods, cold, nutrient-rich filaments from the mixing area were probably driven as far as to the southeastern flank of the Walvis Ridge.     

基于陆海统筹的九龙江-厦门湾海岸生态过渡带综合监测体系构建

海岸带是陆地和海洋之间的生态过渡带,生态保护和开发利用矛盾突出。而生态与环境监测是海岸带环境污染治理与生态保护的重要基础,是海岸带可持续发展的关键。在分析目前海岸带监测存在的问题基础上,以九龙江-厦门湾为研究对象,通过遥感和生物监测、标准衔接、采样和分析仪器以及在线监测系统研发等技术集成,构建了从污染源、环境质量到生态系统以及景观层次的一体化综合生态监测体系。该体系基于常规监测,建立了基于生态系统的河流-河口（近海）生物、水体和沉积物的生态环境一体化监测;探索制定了适用于九龙江河口不同盐度区的营养盐基准/标准系列推荐值;基于营养盐污染入海总量控制目标,构建了河流入海污染物通量在线监测系统;通过遥感监测和实地调查相结合,实现了从关键生态系统到景观的海岸带综合生态监测。基于综合监测体系,构建了兼顾陆海的河口湾区域生态安全评价指标体系,实现区域生态系统可持续发展或生态安全的动态评价。因此,通过上述系统的集成,成功实现了从陆域（流域）到河口（近海）一体化综合生态监测,可为海岸带地区的生态质量改善、污染防治、主要污染物排放总量控制、生态安全评价、生态保护与修复等提供科学支撑。     

The chemical character and burial of phosphorus in shallow coastal sediments in the northeastern Baltic Sea

The chemical composition and vertical distribution of sediment phosphorus (P) in shallow coastal sediments of the northeastern Baltic Sea (BS) were characterized by sequential extraction. Different P forms were related to chemical and physical properties of the sediments and the chemistry of pore water and near-bottom water. Sediment P composition varied among the sampling sites located in the Archipelago Sea (AS) and along the northern coast of the Gulf of Finland (GoF): the organic rich sites were high in organic P (OP), while apatite-P dominated in the area affected by sediment transportation. Although the near-bottom water was oxic, the sediments released P. Release of P was most pronounced at the site with high sediment OP and reduced conditions in the sediment-water interface, indicating that P had its origins in organic sources as well as in reducible iron (Fe) oxyhydroxides. The results suggest that even though these coastal areas are shallow enough to lack salinity stratification typical for the brackish BS, they are vulnerable to seasonal oxygen (O₂) depletion and P release because of their patchy bottom topography, which restricts mixing of water. Furthermore, coastal basins accumulate organic matter (OM) and OP, degradation of which further diminishes O₂ and creates the potential for P release from the sediment. In these conditions, an abundance of labile OP may cause marked efflux of P from sediment reserves in the long-term.     

Groundwater and pore water inputs to the coastal zone

Both terrestrial and marine forces drive underground fluid flows in the coastal zone. Hydraulic gradients on land result in groundwater seepage near shore and may contribute to flows further out on the shelf from confined aquifers. Marine processes such as tidal pumping and current-induced pressure gradients may induce interfacial fluid flow anywhere on the shelf where permeable sediments are present. The terrestrial and oceanic forces overlap spatially so measured fluid advection through coastal sediments may be a result of composite forcing. We thus define “submarine groundwater discharge” (SGD) as any and all flow of water on continental margins from the seabed to the coastal ocean, regardless of fluid composition or driving force. SGD is typically characterized by low specific flow rates that make detection and quantification difficult. However, because such flows occur over very large areas, the total flux is significant. Discharging fluids, whether derived from land or composed of re-circulated seawater, will react with sediment components. These reactions may increase substantially the concentrations of nutrients, carbon, and metals in the fluids. These fluids are thus a source of biogeochemically important constituents to the coastal ocean. Terrestrially-derived fluids represent a pathway for new material fluxes to the coastal zone. This may result in diffuse pollution in areas where contaminated groundwaters occur. This paper presents an historical context of SGD studies, defines the process in a form that is consistent with our current understanding of the driving forces as well as our assessment techniques, and reviews the estimated global fluxes and biogeochemical implications. We conclude that to fully characterize marine geochemical budgets, one must give due consideration to SGD. New methodologies, technologies, and modeling approaches are required to discriminate among the various forces that drive SGD and to evaluate these fluxes more precisely.     

Patterns of benthic oxygen uptake in a hypertrophic lagoon: spatial variability and controlling factors

Water temperature, organic matter quality and quantity and macrofauna activity generally regulate the seasonal evolution of benthic oxygen uptake in coastal areas. We hypothesize that highly productive lagoons can represent an exception in this respect, due to alternating sequences of phytoplankton bloom, dystrophy and collapse events, coupled with water anoxia and azoic sediments. In order to verify this assumption, total oxygen uptake (TOU) and diffusive oxygen uptake (DOU) were determined during the ice-free period of 2009 in the sediments of a hypertrophic basin (the Curonian Lagoon, Baltic Sea). Seasonal measurements were carried out via sediment incubation and microprofiling in littoral and pelagic areas. TOU increased from spring to summer, but it remained elevated also in autumn likely due to accumulation of labile organic matter after algal blooms. TOU and DOU closely agreed in pelagic areas, while at littoral sites TOU exceeded DOU, suggesting temporal or local importance of bioturbating organisms. Water chlorophyll a and oxygen saturation were likely the most important driving factors for benthic respiration. Very limited oxygen penetration (<1?mm) over a 6-month period possibly enhances nitrogen removal via denitrification and reactive phosphorus efflux.     

基于土地利用变化和生态系统服务的海岸带生态安全综合评价——以胶州湾为例

以土地利用为主的陆域开发活动能改变近海环境质量,并影响和改变原有海岸带生态系统服务功能的供给模式,对海岸带生态安全产生一定的负面影响.目前在海岸带生态系统研究领域较多采用陆地生态系统研究模式,未能真正体现海岸带作为海陆结合的独立的环境体系的特点,并缺乏对陆域活动驱动与生态系统服务功能响应和生态安全实现之间复杂关系的科学解释.本研究基于海岸带生态系统服务的空间异质性和流动性特点,以“土地利用变化(LUCC)-生态系统服务(ES)-生态系统安全”为研究主线,构建海岸带生态安全评价模型,探讨以土地覆被变化为主的陆域活动对海岸带生态系统服务功能和区域生态安全的影响机理及其时空变异规律.从模型的评价结果上看,作为生态安全系统中主要压力表征的胶州湾陆域土地利用变化,与相应海域内的生态系统服务状况和生态安全状态呈现出一定的相关性和趋势性.随着环胶州湾地区城市化进程中大量用地流转为城乡建设用地,胶州湾中相应海域的生态系统服务状态下降,进而带来该海域生态安全状态恶化.本文所提出的基于压力-状态-响应(PSR)框架的海陆结合的生态安全评价模型,以探讨陆域活动对海岸带生态系统服务功能和区域生态安全的影响及其时空变异规律为目的,可以克服目前研究中只关注陆域部分而忽视陆域活动与海域部分之间的联系和相互影响的缺陷,对海岸带生态安全评价研究具有一定的改进作用.     

宁德水产养殖区水质状况及驱动力分析

水产养殖对海岸带生态系统的水环境有显著影响,研究水产养殖地区的水质动态及其驱动力对海洋牧场建设和海岸带生态系统管理有着重要意义。以宁德为研究区域,基于2017年夏季和冬季水质监测和遥感影像等数据,通过地理信息系统技术和统计分析软件,分析了水产养殖区域的水质现状、水质变化和驱动力。结果表明,该海域水质处于重污染状态,富营养化水平较高。除了悬浮物和总磷之外,其他水质指标都呈现出显著的季节性差异,不同季节影响水质的因素也不相同。水质的季节性变化是初始水质状况、养殖活动和自然因素共同作用的结果。基于研究结果,笔者建议结合高分遥感技术对养殖区水面覆盖和利用进行监测,对养殖类型和行为(如饵料类型和投放方式)进行调控,开展水质长期监测和风险应急管理,保障海洋牧场社会经济效益的同时降低生态环境影响、防控生态和人体健康风险。     

Modeling the foodweb in coastal areas: a case study of Ringkøbing Fjord,Denmark

This work utilizes the CoastWeb model, a foodweb model for coastal areas that also includes a mass-balance model (CoastMab) for phosphorus and many abiotic/biotic interactions, to study the development in Ringkøbing Fjord, Denmark, from 1985 to 2004. This shallow coastal lagoon has an area of 300 km² and a mean depth of 1.9 m. The water exchange between the lagoon and the North Sea is regulated by a sluice. In 1996 there was a major regime shift in this lagoon with drastic reductions in chlorophyll-a concentrations, significant increases in water clarity (Secchi depth) and major changes in the number and biomass of clams as well as in macrophyte cover. Regime shifts is a “hot” topic in aquatic ecology and in this work the CoastWeb model is used as a tool to understand and quantify the causes behind this regime shift. The CoastWeb model is general and can also be used for other coastal areas. The basic model calculates monthly production values and changes in biomasses of ten functional groups of organisms (phytoplankton, bacterioplankton, herbivorous, and predatory zooplankton, benthic algae, macrophytes, jellyfish, zoobenthos and prey and predatory fish) and in Ringkøbing Fjord, also for clams (Mya arenaria). In spite of its complexity, the model is relatively simple to use, since all driving variables may be readily accessed from maps or monitoring programs. The model includes much abiotic/biotic feedback and it can also be used to address other causes for regime shifts other than the changes in salinity and nutrient inflow, which have caused the changes in Ringkøbing Fjord. The model has previously been tested for more than 20 smaller coastal areas and was shown to predict variations in foodweb characteristics very well. The focus of this paper is on temporal variations within one well-studied coastal area. The paper compares modeled values to empirical data for Ringkøbing Fjord and discusses fundamental ecosystem features such as regime shifts and compensatory effects in a way that is not practically feasible without the use of quantitative models.     

Benthic phosphorus regeneration in the Potomac River Estuary

The flux of dissolved reactive phosphate from Potomac riverine and estuarine sediments is controlled by processes occurring at the water-sediment interface and within surficial sediment.In situ benthic fluxes (0.1 to 2.0 mmoles m⁻² day⁻¹) are generally five to ten times higher than calculated diffusive fluxes (0.020 to 0.30 mmoles m⁻² day⁻¹). The discrepancy between the two flux estimates is greatest in the transition zone (river mile 50 to 70) and is attributd to macrofaunal irrigation. Bothin situ and diffusive fluxes of dissolved reactive phosphate from Potomac tidal river sediments are low while those from anoxic lower estuarine sediments are high. The net accumulation rate of phosphorus in benthic sediment exhibits an inverse pattern. Thus a large fraction of phosphorus is retained by Potomac tidal river sediments, which contain a surficial oxidized layer and oligochaete worms tolerant of low oxygen conditions, and a large fraction of phosphorus is released from anoxic lower estuary sediments. Tidal river sediment pore waters are in equilibrium with amorphous Fe (OH)₃ while lower estuary pore waters are significantly undersaturated with respect to this phase. Benthic regeneration of dissolved reactive phosphorus is sufficient to supply all the phosphorus requirements for net primary production in the lower tidal river and transition-zone waters of the Potomac River Estuary. Benthic regeneration supplies approximately 25% as much phosphorus as inputs from sewage treatment plants and 10% of all phosphorus inputs to the tidal Potomac River. When all available point source phosphorus data are put into a steady-state conservation of mass model and reasonable coefficients for uptake of dissolved phosphorus, remineralization of particulate phosphorus, and sedimentation of particulate phosphorus are used in the model, a reasonably accurate simulation of dissolved and particulate phosphorus in the water column is obtained for the summer of 1980.     

Examination of the role of dreissenids and macrophytes in the phosphorus dynamics of Lake Simcoe,Ontario, Canada

Our study examines the relative importance of the causal linkages between exogenous total phosphorus (TP) loading and internal nutrient recycling with the water quality conditions in Lake Simcoe, Ontario, Canada. We enhance the mechanistic foundation of a simple TP mass-balance model, originally developed to guide the eutrophication management in the system. The structural improvements include the incorporation of macrophyte dynamics, the explicit representation of the role of dreissenids in the system, and the improved portrayal of the interplay between water column and sediments. Our model provides good agreement with the observed TP variability in the system during the study period (1999–2007). Consistent with empirical evidence, our model predicts that macrophyte uptake from the interstitial waters is responsible for a significant loss of P from the sediments. Our model also suggests that dreissenids filter a considerable amount of particulate P from the water column, but the effective clearance rate is significantly lower with a substantial amount of the filtered particles (> 85%) returned into the water column as faeces, pseudofeces or other metabolic excreta. P diffusive fluxes from the sediments account for about 30–35% of the exogenous P loading in Lake Simcoe. The sediments in the main basin are mostly driven by fast diagenetic processes of settling organic matter from the epilimnion, suggesting an internal P loading of 9.2 tonnes yr^− 1. Finally, our study attempts to explain the lack of distinct decreasing trends in ice-free TP concentrations after the invasion of dreissenid mussels, suggesting that the presence of active nutrient recycling pathways, potentially magnified by the particular morphological features and hydrodynamic patterns of Lake Simcoe, could counterbalance the direct effects of dreissenid filtration.     

海水富营养化对海洋细菌影响的研究进展

综述了海水富营养化对海洋细菌影响的研究进展。随着海水富营养化程度的增加,海洋细菌数量或生物量增加;反硝化细菌、大肠菌群尤其是厌氧性的硫酸盐还原菌和产甲烷菌等典型细菌生理群数量增加;浮游细菌群落结构随富营养化递增趋于简单,物种多样性降低;富营养化也明显导致细菌群落正常功能活性的紊乱。海水富营养化对细菌群落的结构和功能有着深远的影响。     

A dynamic model for suspended particulate matter (SPM) in rivers

Aim To present a general, process‐based river model for suspended particulate matter (SPM). Location General approach based on processes; data from Europe and Israel. Methods The model has been tested and calibrated using an empirical river model for SPM and validated (blind‐tested) using data from seven European sites. This modelling gives mean monthly SPM concentrations in water for defined river sites. The model is based on processes in the entire upstream river stretch (and not for given river segments) and calculates the transport of SPM from land to water, primary production of SPM (within the upstream river stretch), resuspension, mineralization and retention of SPM in the upstream river stretch (but not bed load of friction materials, such as sand). The catchment area is differentiated into inflow (～ dry land) areas and outflow area (～ wetland areas dominated by relatively fast horizontal SPM‐fluxes). The model is simple to apply in practice as all driving variables may be accessed readily from maps. The driving variables are: latitude, altitude, continentality, catchment area and mean annual precipitation. Results Modelled values have been compared to independent empirical data from sites covering a relatively wide domain (catchment areas from 93 to 5250 km², precipitation from 400 to 660 mm year^?1, altitudes from ?210 to 150 m a.s.l., latitudes from 47 to 59° N and continentalities from 200 to 1000 km from the ocean). When blind‐tested, the model predicts annual SPM‐fluxes well. Conclusion When modelled values are compared to empirical data, the slope is almost perfect (1.03) and the r²‐value is 0.9996. This is good, given the fact that there are several simplifications in the model structure. It must, however, be stressed that there are only seven validation cases and that this model has not been tested for small catchments.     

La pollution des Baies de Morlaix et de Lannion par les hydrocarbures de l' “Amoco Cadiz”: Répartition sur les fonds et évolution

Distribution of hydrocarbons from the “Amoco Cadiz” oil spill in sublittoral sediments, north of Brittany. The quantitative distribution of hydrocarbons in the sublittoral sediments, north of Brittany (France), was followed and recorded for the first year after the spill (March, 1978). Following preliminary observations in spring of 1978, 250 stations were sampled in August from the Bay of Lannion to Portsall at water depths down to 70 m. Subsequently, 40 stations were studied at three-month intervals. During the summer of 1978, the widest polluted sublittoral areas were localised in the Bays of Morlaix and Lannion down to depths of about 30 m and even deeper in some places. In these two bays, the distribution of hydrocarbons showed: (1) deposition near the coasts hit by the slicks, mostly after adsorption by fine sedimentary particles; (2) redistribution of particulate and adsorbed oil towards low hydrodynamic energy areas favourable to deposition of fine particles. In autumn and winter, the coarse sediments became progressively less polluted. Oil, often in significant quantities, remained or was reconcentrated in the fine sediments of the inner bay parts. Consequently, the hydrodynamic structure ot the area (waves, tidal currents) has played an important role in the deposition and redistribution of the hydrocarbons on sublittoral bottoms.      

Nutrient biogeochemistry in the water column (N,P, Si) and porewater (N) of sandy sediment of the Scheldt estuary (SW-Netherlands)

The Scheldt river drains a densely populated and industrialized area in northern France, western Belgium and the south-west Netherlands. Mineralization of the high organic load carried by the river leads to oxygen depletion in the water column and high concentrations of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus compounds. Upon estuarine mixing, dissolved oxygen concentrations are gradually restored due to reaeration and dilution with sea water. The longitudinal redox gradient present in the Scheldt estuary strongly affects the geochemistry of nutrients. Dissolved nutrients in the water column and dissolved nitrogen species in sediment porewaters were determined for a typical summer and winter situation. Water column concentration-salinity plots showed conservative behaviour of dissolved Si during winter. During summer (and spring) dissolved Si may be completely removed from solution due to uptake by diatoms. The geochemistry of phosphorus was governed by inorganic and biological processes. The behaviour of nitrogen was controlled by denitrification in the anoxic fluvial estuary, followed by nitrification in the upper estuary (prior to oxygen regeneration). In addition, nitrogen was taken up during phytoplankton blooms in the lower estuary. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen species in porewaters from the upper 20 cm of sediments were obtained from a subtidal site in the middle of the lower estuary. Dissolved nutrient concentrations were low in the upper 10–15 cm of the sandy and organic poor (<1% POC) sediments mainly as a result of strong sediment mixing. The porewater profiles of ammonium and nitrate were evaluated quantitatively, using a one-dimensional steady-state diagenetic model. This coupled ammonium-nitrate model showed ammonification of organic matter to be restricted to the upper 4 to 7 cm of the sediments. Total nitrification ranged from 3.7–18.1 mmol m^?2 d^?1, converting all ammonium produced by ammonification. The net balance between nitrification and denitrification depended on the season. Nitrate was released from the sediments during winter but is taken up from the water column during summer. These results are in good agreement with data obtained from the independently calibrated water column model for the Scheldt Estuary (VAN GILSet al., 1993).     

海岸草本植物细根、叶片功能性状及其与土壤因子的关系

植物根、叶是对环境敏感性最高的器官,探究根叶功能性状之间的相互关系以及对环境因子的响应,有助于揭示植物对资源的利用状况及其对环境的适生策略。为探讨沿海植物的适应策略,该文以平潭岛砂质海岸草本植物为研究对象,由海及陆设置了3个距离梯度,选取6个叶功能性状和5个细根功能性状指标,分析海岸植物叶片与细根功能性状及其对土壤因子的响应。结果表明:(1)根、叶功能性状变异系数幅度在潮间带最小,在距高海潮线30～60 m的梯度上最大。单叶面积、叶磷含量、根平均直径、根组织密度、根磷含量随着由海到陆的距离增加呈上升趋势; 叶干物质含量、叶组织密度、比根长、比根面积呈下降趋势。(2)植物通过性状组合,在生长与防御间进行资源分配的权衡,表现在叶性状间、根性状间以及根-叶性状间具不同程度的相关性。其中,在地上-地下对应性状中,叶厚与根平均直径、叶磷含量与根磷含量呈极显著正相关; 而比叶面积与比根面积、比根长,叶组织密度与根组织密度均未表现出显著的相关性。(3)土壤因子对海岸植物功能性状变化的解释度为52.05%,其中土壤含盐量的影响最大,其次是土壤含水量、电导率、pH值。总体而言,在恶劣的海岸环境下,由海向陆土壤含盐量、电导率、含水量及pH值逐渐下降,整体为低磷高盐碱,植物表现为不同的生存策略:距海近的植物采取“叶片资源保守型、根系资源获取型”策略; 距海远的植物则采取“叶片资源获取型、根系资源保守型”。该研究结果为了解海岸草本植物对环境梯度变化的响应机制和适应性提供了一定参考价值,同时也利于通过分析土壤等环境特性按梯度筛选栽种适宜的物种,促进海岸植物的恢复和保护。     

武汉南湖水体及沉积物不同形态磷的季节变化

在武汉南湖5个采样点分别采集了湖水和柱状沉积物样品,对水体、沉积物及其间隙水中磷的季节变化以及沉积物中的不同形态磷进行了研究.结果表明: 水体总磷（TP）和正磷酸盐磷（PO₄^3--P）的平均含量分别为0.240和0.033 mg·L^-1.TP和PO₄^3--P均在11月含量最高,但TP含量的最低值出现在2月,PO₄^3--P含量的最低值出现在8月.沉积物中TP的平均含量为1.005 mg·g^-1, 4—11月呈上升趋势,11月至次年2月趋于稳定;其垂直分布上随沉积深度增加逐渐降低.其间隙水PO₄^3--P的平均含量为0.209 mg·L^-1,11月最高,2月最低,其垂直分布规律与沉积物TP一致.沉积物中的不同形态磷以无机磷为主,占TP的61.4%～77.1%.沉积物中活性磷（BA-P）的含量很高,但BA-P随沉积深度增加显著降低.相关性分析表明,沉积物主要通过BA-P和自生钙磷（ACa-P）的释放向水体供给磷.