云南昆明市双哨乡双桥村户级植物资源多样性保护与利用

以位于昆明城市饮用水保护区的双桥自然村为调查点,采用参与性生物多样性评估(Participatory biodiversity appraisal,简称PBA)方法,在当地村民参与下随机调查了100户农户种植管理和利用的植物种和品种多样性.结果表明,100户农户共种植管理和保存着70个植物物种,共有150个大田栽培植物、庭园观赏和绿化等植物品种.其中大田栽培物种31个、105个品种,庭园观赏、绿化等物种39个、45个品种,有着丰富的植物资源多样性.大田植物如玉米(Zea mays L.)、马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)、豌豆(Pisum sativam L.)、烟草(Nicotiana tabacum L.)、小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)、白菜(Brassica pekinesis Rupr.)和蚕豆(Vicia faha L.)等物种资源及其品种被广泛栽种和利用,而观赏和绿化植物种相对较少.户级水平间种植利用的植物资源数量和多样性存在明显差异,6%的农户栽种、管理和利用的植物种和品种的多样性和丰富程度高,因而对植物多样性保护有较大贡献.     

《中华人民共和国种子法》中种质资源保护相关条款解读

<正>种质资源保护的重要性体现在多个方面。种质资源是农业可持续发展的基石。农作物品种的遗传多样性为农业生产提供了广泛的选择和适应能力。通过保护和利用种质资源,我们能够培育出适应不同环境条件、抗病虫害能力强的作物品种,提高农作物的产量和质量,增加农业生产的稳定性和可持续性。种质资源保护对食品安全至关重要。种质资源的多样性使得我们能够选择高营养价值和抗病虫害的作物品种,从而提供更多的食物选择,减少对有限作物品种的过度依赖。这有助于降低食品供应中的风险,增加人们的膳食多样性和营养均衡性。种质资源保护还涉及到生物多样性的保护。     

陆稻和水稻苗期根系的比较研究

陆稻是指普通栽培稻(Oryza Sativa)中适于旱地栽培的稻作,种植面积约占世界稻作总面积的1/6。过去,国内外重视水稻而忽视陆稻,因此对陆稻的研究偏少。我国在60年代前后曾对陆稻的根系生长特性、水分对陆稻生长发育及产量的影响等作过一些观察,但从生理生化角度对陆稻的抗旱特性进行较系统的研究至今未见报道。本工作以朝鲜、日本、美国和我国的陆稻品种为材料,对陆稻和水稻苗期根系的形态特征和苗期根系中的MDH、POD、COD三种同工酶作了较仔细的比较,试图探讨陆稻抗旱的可能机理,为农业生产上扩大种植陆稻、选育抗旱陆稻品种提供依据。     

农作物遗传多样性农家保护的现状及前景

农作物地方品种的有效保护是农业生物多样性的可持续利用的基础。由于现代农业的集约化生产方式使大量农作物地方品种被少数高产改良品种所取代,造成农作物基因库的严重“基因流失”（genetic erosion)。农家保护是在农业生态系统中进行的动态保护,被保护的生物多亲性可在其生境中继续进化而产生新的遗传变异,在而是农业生物多样性就地保护的重要途径。然而,尽管人们对作物品种资源农家保护的兴趣不断增长,也有大量有关农家的保护的研究和案例分析,但目前为止还没有比较成功的农家保护实例报道。因此,对农家保护的机制及科学问题进行深入的研究,并寻求一条新的途径来充分发挥农家保护应有的作用,显得格外重要。利用生物多样性布局的水稻混合间栽的生产模式,不仅解决了病害控制的问题,而且也保护了水稻地方品种的多样性。这种混合间栽的生物多样性布局和生产方式可能成为农保护的一条新途径。     

陆稻根蚜发生和为害情况的调查

<正> 文山州位于云南省东南部。山区、半山区约占全州总面积的94％左右。农作物以玉米为主;近年陆稻栽种面积不断扩大,但从分蘖到抽穗的各生育阶段,由于红腹缢管蚜Rhopalosi-phum rufiabdominalis(Sasaki)及黑腹四脉绵蚜Tetraneura nigriabdominalis Sasaki等陆稻根蚜的为害,导致稻苗呈现半死半黄,稻丛坐蔸落塘等现象的出现,严重地影响陆稻生产。为了明确其发生和为害情况,从1983年6—7月进行了调查。现将调查结果分述如下。     

盐城滩涂生物多样性保护及其可持续利用

论述了盐城滩涂的自然概况和动植物资源,分析了生物多样性保护和利用过程中取得的成绩和存在的不足,针对所存在的问题提出了盐城滩涂生物多样性保护及其可持续利用的对策,包括深入开展生物多样性资源的调查和研究,注重滩涂湿地生态环境的保护和改造,加强自然保护区的建设和管理,以科技进步促进生物多样性的保护和利用,围绕资源保护和持续利用实施滩涂开发。     

农业部门保护生物多样性的责任

中国农业部门利用的国土面积达50％,农业生态系统是由古代生物多样性丰富的自然生态系统开发出来的,在农业生态系统中仍残存生物多样性富集的岛状野生生境和大量珍稀、濒危物种。农业上栽培和养殖利用1200多个动植物品种也是宝贵的种质资源,农业部门在保护生物多样性行动中责任重大。生物多样性是农业发展的潜在资源,开发不当会带来对农业再发展的危害。农业部门已开始了生物多样性保护行动,但存在许多需要改善与加强的环节,如国家首先要明确落实农业部门在保护生物多样性中的责任,保护农业生物多样性要列入国家和部门的发展计划,完善法规、政策、加强宣传教育,加强国内外合作交流等。     

西双版纳社区旱稻品种多样性与就地保护初探

应用户级水平农业生物多样性评价方法,对云南省西双版纳州3个少数民族村寨(哈尼族大卡老寨、基诺族巴卡小寨和傣族曼那龙寨)的旱稻(Oryza sativa)品种进行收集,就旱稻品种的管理和利用等问题进行了问卷调查和农户访谈,并基于农艺性状的统计分析,初步探讨了社区旱稻品种多样性的就地保护措施。结果如下：(1)在3个调查村寨共记载收集到31个旱稻品种,多样的旱稻品种满足了人们的不同需求;(2)主成分分析结果表明,旱稻品种农艺性状多样性主要表现在产量性状和剑叶形态两个方面,其中巴卡小寨和大卡老寨的品种多样性均高于曼那龙寨,并且这些早稻品种中存在具优良性状的稻种资源;(3)3个少数民族村寨具有不同的民族文化背景,不同民族间或不同村寨农户间自发的种子交换以及他们传统的轮作、间作耕作方式,维持和提高了旱稻品种多样性;(4)通过保护民族文化和传统习俗,充分利用当地民族的旱稻种植管理知识,促进民间自发的种子交换,由政府、科研机构和农户共同参与,通过示范和培训加强科学指导,是对西双版纳社区旱稻品种资源多样性进行就地保护的有效措施。     

云南稻种资源多样性的生态地理分布研究

采用GIS、BioDiversity等技术,基于云南丰富的气候类型、特异的民族生境和多样的稻种资源条件,分析与观察了6081份云南地方稻种资源多样性在不同气候类型和各类稻区中的表现,结果表明：①不同气候环境对稻种资源的资源量和多样性的形成有显著作用。②稻种多样性从北热带→南亚热带→中亚热带→北亚热带→南温带→中温带→北温带逐渐减小。反之增大,结合各气候带的海拔和温度变化规律看,随海拔升高、温度降低而减小,反之亦然。籼粳亚种的多样性与稻种多样性呈现同样趋势。早、中、晚稻多样性在南温带、北热带和中亚热带相对较大;水、陆稻多样性在北热带、南亚热带和北亚热带相对较大;而与饮食文化相关的粘糯、特种稻多样性富聚区主要集中在北热带地区。③根据稻种多样性在各气候带中的分布可分为：低富聚气候带（指中温带和北温带）和富聚气候带（指北热带、南亚热带、中亚热带、北亚热带和南温带）。④稻种多样性在各类稻区中呈现：水、陆稻区〉单、双季籼稻区〉一季粳、籼稻区〉一季粳稻区。     

中国绵羊起源、进化和遗传多样性研究进展

中国地方绵羊品种资源丰富,部分品种具有繁殖力高、毛皮品质好、多角、多乳头、大尾脂、抗逆性强等独特性状,这些遗传资源引起了学者们对其进行深入研究的兴趣,但目前仍然存在绵羊起源问题的争议,缺乏对我国绵羊的遗传多样性进行全面系统研究等问题。本文综述了绵羊起源、品种分化等方面的研究进展,并从父系、母系、常染色体分子标记等不同层面介绍了中国绵羊遗传多样性的研究概况,为中国绵羊遗传资源的保护和利用、绵羊新品种(系)的培育以及我国绵羊产业良性发展提供参考。     

广西地方稻种资源核心种质构建和遗传多样性分析

以丁颖分类体系分组原则与组内逐层聚类取样方法,对8609份广西地方栽培稻资源表型数据信息进行分析,通过对表型保留比例等评价指标的多重比较确定核心种质总体取样比例,构建出占总体样本5%(414份)的广西地方栽培稻资源初级核心种质。初级核心种质能代表总体遗传变异的89%。用34对SSR分子标记对初级核心种质进行遗传多样性分析,结果表明:广西地方栽培稻资源有较高的遗传多样性(等位基因数A为4.91,Nei’s多样性指数为0.574)。就Nei’s遗传多样性指数而言,粳稻高于籼稻,晚稻高于早稻,水稻高于陆稻,糯稻高于粘稻;来自桂中的稻种资源具有最高的遗传多样性。研究最终利用SSR数据,把414份初级核心种质压缩50%后形成209份核心种质,核心种质基因保留比例达到98%以上,有效代表了广西地方栽培稻资源多样性水平。     

The genotype of the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase gene (CCaMK) determines bacterial community diversity in rice roots under paddy and upland field conditions

The effects of the Oryza sativa calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase OsCCaMK genotype (dominant homozygous [D], heterozygous [H], recessive homozygous [R]) on rice root-associated bacteria, including endophytes and epiphytes, were examined by using a Tos17 rice mutant line under paddy and upland field conditions. Roots were sampled at the flowering stage and were subjected to clone library analyses. The relative abundance of Alphaproteobacteria was noticeably decreased in R plants under both paddy and upland conditions (0.8% and 3.0%, respectively) relative to those in D plants (10.3% and 17.4%, respectively). Population shifts of the Sphingomonadales and Rhizobiales were mainly responsible for this low abundance in R plants. The abundance of Anaerolineae (Chloroflexi) and Clostridia (Firmicutes) was increased in R plants under paddy conditions. The abundance of a subpopulation of Actinobacteria (Saccharothrix spp. and unclassified Actinosynnemataceae) was increased in R plants under upland conditions. Principal coordinate analysis revealed unidirectional community shifts in relation to OsCCaMK gene dosage under both conditions. In addition, shoot length, tiller number, and plant weight decreased as the OsCCaMK gene dosage decreased under upland conditions. These results suggest significant impacts of OsCCaMK on both the diversity of root-associated bacteria and rice plant growth under both paddy and upland field conditions.     

Genetic differentiation among Sri Lankan traditional rice (Oryza sativa) varieties and wild rice species by AFLP markers

Traditional rice varieties are one important component of the biodiversity of Sri Lanka. However, no proper studies have been performed on genetic diversity of the Sri Lankan traditional rice varieties used in our breeding programs. In the present study, the genetic diversity of 46 traditional rice (Oryza sativa) varieties and 5 wild rice species is assesed using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Ten primer combinations generated a total of 784 fragments. Of these, 772 fragments were polymorphic (98.4%). UPGMA analysis based on Jaccard's similarity separated the accessions into four major clusters. A cophenetic correlation with r=0.786 strongly supported the clustering pattern of UPGMA dendrogram. A principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) also confirmed the UPGMA clusters. Accessions referred to the same cluster showed similar morphological characteristics (e.g. height, grain colour etc.) while accessions which are known to be morphologically distinct appeared genetically separated. In addition, the clustering pattern distinctly separated lowland and upland rice varieties. This genetic diversity assessment at the molecular level provides reliable information for selection of germplasm in the development of new rice varieties and in conservation of traditional rice genetic resources.     

旱作条件下水陆稻资源的生物量与结实率的差异分析

在旱作条件下对288份水陆稻种资源进行了生物量与结实率鉴定。结果表明：在旱作条件下的营养生长过程中,绝大部分的陆稻材料较水稻材料具有更好的适应性,表现在成熟期具有较大的生物量,但水稻种质资源中也存在一定数量种质成熟期具有较大的生物量。水稻和陆稻的结实率无显著差异。生物量和结实率的相关系数（r）为0．0578,表明在旱作条件下生物量的大小与结实率高低无关。     

广西野稻考察图像采集与图像信息库建设探讨

经过8年的努力完成了广西野生稻原生境考察收集和图像采集的任务。全面弄清广西14个市58个县139个乡镇350个村委野生稻分布现状,抢救收集野生稻种质资源466个居群1.1万多份,有效地保存了广西野生稻种质资源遗传多样性和完整性。用500万像素的数码相机采集到3.0万多幅野生稻资源图像,瞬间闪光真实地记录了广西野生稻原生境考察收集现场,也记录了广西野生稻研究的历史。目前,已完成图像信息库的建设,为今后野生稻资源考察和遗传多样性研究提供精准的科学依据。     

The role of aquaporin RWC3 in drought avoidance in rice

Although the discovery of aquaporins in plants has resulted in a paradigm shift in the understanding of plant water relations, the relationship between aquaporins and drought resistance still remains elusive. From an agronomic viewpoint, upland rice is traditionally considered as showing drought avoidance. In the investigation of different morphological and physiological responses of upland rice (Oryza sativa L. spp indica cv. Zhonghan 3) and lowland rice (O. sativa L. spp japonica cv. Xiushui 63) to water deficit, we observed young leaf rolling and the remarkable decline of cumulative transpiration in the upland rice. The expression of water channel protein RWC3 mRNA was increased in upland rice at the early response (up to 4 h) to the 20% polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 treatment, whereas there was no significant expression changes in lowland rice. Protein levels were increased in upland rice and decreased in lowland rice at 10 h after the water deficit. The up-regulation of RWC3 in upland rice fits well with the knowledge that upland rice adopts the mechanism of drought avoidance. The physiological significance of this RWC3 up-regulation was then explored with the over-expression of RWC3 in transgenic lowland rice (O. sativa L. spp japonica cv. Zhonghua 11) controlled by a stress-inducible SWPA2 promoter. Compared to the wild-type plant, the transgenic lowland rice exhibited higher root osmotic hydraulic conductivity (Lp), leaf water potential and relative cumulative transpiration at the end of 10 h PEG treatment. These results indicated that RWC3 probably played a role in drought avoidance in rice.     

Population structure of rice (Oryza sativa) landraces under farmer management

Greater insight into the dynamics of genetic resources of crop plants is needed in order to pinpoint detrimental evolutionary patterns and draw up conservation priorities. The present study demonstrated farmer management of crop population structure and temporal evolution of rice genetic diversity in traditional production systems. The 16 STMS primers analysed for 11 rice landrace populations indicated enough polymorphism to fully differentiate the inter- and intrapopulation diversity. A total number of 98 alleles were recorded, of which 91 were common and seven were rare. The mean number of alleles per locus was 6.13 and for different groups of rice landrace populations, namely five populations of upland common landrace Jaulia, three populations of irrigated common landrace Thapachini and one population each of three distinct rare landraces were 4.37, 2.75 and 4.37, respectively. The study also compared genebank-conserved ( ex situ ) populations and on-farm-managed ( in situ ) landrace populations of same named landraces Jaulia and Thapachini, and revealed greater number of alleles per locus for on-farm-managed populations as compared to the populations under static management. A substantial number of alleles specific to populations under dynamic management could also be recorded. Further, the rare landrace populations included in the present study were more diverse than the common landrace populations. The rare landraces were distinct genetic entities largely representing locally common alleles. Investigating the population genetic structure is therefore helpful in monitoring change in diversity over time and space, and also for devising a rational plan for management of farmer landraces on-farm.     

海南山栏稻稻米品质分析及优异资源筛选

海南山栏稻是一类地方特有旱稻,是海南中部山区少数民族赖以生存的粮食作物,已深深植根于黎苗文化之中。本研究检测了17个海南山栏稻品种的稻米品质,并对品质性状进行了差异性和相关性分析,对供测品种进行了聚类分析。结果表明,大部分山栏稻米的糊化温度较低,属于中、软胶稠度和低直链淀粉含量稻米,蒸煮和食味品质较好。17个海南山栏稻品种被初步分成2类,其中2个品种被鉴定为优质糯米,而且发现了独特的黑尾山栏稻,其稻米加工品质、外观品质和食味品质较好。本研究为海南山栏稻品种改良和育种利用提供了参考。     

Panicle Water Potential, a Physiological Trait to Identify Drought Tolerance in Rice

Two upland rice varieties （IRAT109, IAPAR9） and one lowland rice variety （Zhenshan 97B） were planted in summer and treated with both normal （full water） and drought stress in the reproductive stage. Panicle water potential （PWP） and leaf water potential （LWP） were measured every 1.0-1.5 h over 24 h on sunny days. Both PWP and LWP of upland varieties started to decrease later, maintained a higher level and recovered more quickly than that of the lowland variety. The results show that PWP can be used as an indicator of plant water status based on the parallel daily changes, and the high correlation between PWP and LWP. Similar correlations were also observed between PWP, LWP and eight traits related to plant growth and grain yield formation. PWP seemed to be more effective for distinguishing the upland rice varieties with different drought-tolerant ability. Differences in PWP and LWP between upland and lowland rice varieties were also observed at noon even under normal water conditions, implying the incorporation of the drought-tolerant mechanism to improve the photosynthesis and yield of traditional paddy rice.