马鞍菌属新种和新记录(一)

有关马鞍菌属 Helvella 的历史,属种概念以及中国已知种的检索表已作过报道(刘波等,1985)。本文描述了近年来采到的两个新种:粘马鞍菌 Helvella glutinosa sp.nov.和伞形马鞍菌 H.galeriformis sp.nov.;四个新记录:白柄马鞍菌 H.albellu Quél.,小马鞍菌H.helvellula(Dur.et Mont.)Dissing,乳白马鞍菌 H.lactea Boud.和脉马鞍菌 H.phlebo-phora Pat.et Doass.。此外,斑点马鞍菌 H.maculata Weber 虽已作过报道和描述(李静丽等,1986),然而由于它是一个非常具特征性的种,而且有一限制的地理分布,因此本文也对它进行了更充分的描述和讨论。     

中国鹿花菌属志略

近年来,国外许多学者对鹿花菌属 Gyromitra Fr.的一系列研究导致该属传统的概念、范围发生了很大的变动。本文在接受了 Harmaja 将 Discina 和 Neogyromitra 合并在Gyromitra 名下的观点的基础上,报道了近年来作者在我国鹿花菌属研究中所确认的8个种。其中乳白鹿花菌 Gyromitra lactea 和新疆鹿花菌G.xinjiangensis 为新种,含糊鹿花菌G.ambigua、帚状鹿花菌 G.fastigiata 和亮鹿花菌 G.splendida 为我国首次报道。我国文献中所记载的鹿花菌 G.esculenta 在我国是否存在,尚需进一步调查。     

马鞍菌属新种和新记录Ⅱ.

本文报道了近年来在中国发现的马鞍菌属 Heluella 的3个新种,即蛟河马鞍菌H.Jiaohensis,吉林马鞍菌 H.jilinensis 和新疆马鞍菌 H.xinjiangensis;3个新记录种即肋盖马鞍菌 H.costifera,长孢马鞍菌 H.oblongispora 和灰黑马鞍菌 H.rivularis。此外由于亚梭孢马鞍菌 H.subfusispora 的模式标本于1984年在火中被毁,因此作者在另一份标本(HMAS 30483)的基础上为其标定了新模式(Neotype)。     

中国干酪菌属的新种

作者通过鉴定大量标本和对已定名标本的研究,根据菌肉菌丝体的类型及子实体的形态特征,重新修订了中国干酪菌属。该属共有22个种,其中包括3个新种(Tytomycesarmeniacus Zhao et Zhang. T. imbricatus Zhao et Zhang. T.tibeicus Zhao et Zhang ) 和6个新记录[T．Duracinus (Pat．) Murr.,T．Delectans(Pcck) Lowe,T. pelliculsus (Berk．)Cunn.,T．Carpatorossicus (Pilat ex Pilat) Bond.,T．Semisupinus (Berk. ＆ Curt.)Murr.,T. trichrous(Berk．＆ Curt．)Lowe]。     

马鞍菌属新种和新组合

本文报道了产于我国的马鞍菌属Helvella的三个新种及一新组合,它们是亚梭孢马鞍菌H.subfusispora Liu et Cao,太原马鞍菌H·taiyuanensis Liu,Du et Cao中国马鞍菌H.sinensis Liu et Cao以及紫棱柄马鞍菌H.purpurea(Zang)Liu et Cao。并附有我国马鞍菌种的检索表。     

马鞍菌属新种和新记录II．

本文报道了近年来在中国发现的马鞍菌属 Helvella的3个新种,即蚊河马鞍菌H. jiaohensis, 吉林马鞍菌 H. jilinensis 和新疆马鞍菌 H. xinjiangensis; 3个新记录种即肋盖马鞍菌 H. costifera, 长孢马鞍菌 H. oblongispora和灰黑马鞍菌H．Rivularis。 此外由于亚梭孢马鞍菌 H. subfusispora 的模式标本于1984年在火中被毁,因此作者在另一份标本(HMAS 30483)的基础上为其标定了新模式(Neotype)。     

我国垫盘菌属两新种

本文报道我国贵州垫盘菌属Pulvinula的两个新种:微小垫盘菌P.minor M.H.Liu和贵州垫盘菌P.guizhouensis M.H.Liu。微小垫盘菌具有白色至乳白色的子囊盘、子囊216—286×15.6—23.4μm,子囊孢子13—15.6μm,易与近缘种区别,特别是它的极小的子囊盘(成熟时仅0.3-1.5 mm宽)在该属已知种中是少见的。贵州垫盘菌的子囊基部无产囊丝钩(croziers)结构,它与该属中缺乏产囊丝钩结构的另外3个承认种有明显的区别。模式标本存放于作者工作单位。     

栓菌属和它的亲缘属属界划分的研究

栓菌属(Trametes) 自Fries(1835)建立迄今已有近150年的历史。Fries(1835),Patouillard(1900),Kotlaba & Pouzar(1957),的工作代表了对本属研究的三个比较重要的发展阶段。许多分类学家都认为栓菌属是多孔菌科(Polyporaceae,Basidiomycetes)中最混乱、最不易划清属间界限的一个类群。研究清楚这一属和它的亲缘属的属界以及它们之间的相互关系是研究多孔菌科分类中十分重要的课题。作者多年来在研究这一类群的过程中,常常遇到属界不清,它们之间的相互关系也不易搞清楚等问题。从文献中可以看出,有的种类似乎可以随便地从一个属转移到另一个属,正确与否不易确定。因此,感到搞清楚本属的属界是十分重要的。作者即是在这一情况下进行这一课题研究的。首先搞清楚栓菌属的发展历史,各分类学家对它的不同概念,最后提出作者对本属的概念。然后再搞清楚各亲缘属的属界与其相互关系。凡是作者承认的属都提出自己的概念。     

中国多孔菌科四新种

作者在研究和编写中国多孔菌科志的过程中,发现四个新种。它们是:河南地花菌(Albatrellus henanensis Zhao et X.Q.Zhang);近木质多孔菌(Polyporus sublignosusZhao);海南硬孔菌(Rigidoporus hainanicus Zhao et X.Q.Zhang);柏树栓菌(Trametesthujae Zhao)。以上引证的主模式都保藏于中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室。     

肠道中Akkermansia muciniphila 数量影响因素的研究进展

Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK菌)是在人体粪便样品中分离的一种细菌,也是目前唯一可培养的疣微菌门肠道微生物。因它在黏蛋白降解过程中的特殊性能而成为肠腔与宿主细胞间黏膜界面的关键生物,和炎症性肠病、肥胖、酒精肝、孤独症、结肠炎、2型糖尿病、1型糖尿病及其他代谢紊乱等密切相关。作为宿主肠道微生物的一员,AKK菌的数量必然受到体内、体外多种因素的影响,其中,饮食、抗生素及其他药物、益生菌和益生元、天然产物、温度、体内免疫蛋白等均是目前已知的影响因素。这篇文章从AKK菌的生理特性、与宿主的关系及其数量的影响因素等3个方面对现有研究进行综述。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.