DNA测序技术的发展进程

随着DNA测序技术的发展,生物信息学、分子遗传学、精准医学以及基因组学等新兴学科也随之涌现,推动着生命科学研究的不断深入。本文就DNA测序技术发展进程中的几代测序技术的原理及优缺点进行介绍,并对以后测序技术的发展进行展望。     

DNA测序技术比较

自从1953年,J.D.Watson和F.H.C.Crick发现DNA的双螺旋模型之后,DNA测序技术随着科学的进步得到了迅猛发展.1977年Sanger[1]发明DNA双脱氧末端终止测序技术,Maxam与Gilbert[2]发明利用化学降解法进行测序的技术,2种测序技术被誉为DNA测序技术的始祖.随后,在第1代DNA测序技术的基础上,相继出现了第2代测序技术、基因芯片技术以及第3代测序技术.总结并展望了每一代测序技术及基因芯片技术的诞生、原理及应用前景,为利用测序技术研究基因表达提供理论基础和实验依据.     

DNA测序技术概述

DNA测序技术作为现代生命科学研究的核心技术之一,自上世纪70年代中期DNA发明以来发展迅速。我们简要综述现有的几代DNA测序技术的原理及其发展历程,并对未来可能出现的第三代测序进行预测。     

DNA测序技术的发展历史与最新进展

DNA测序技术是现代分子生物学研究中最常用的技术。从1977年第一代测序技术的出现,经过30多年的发展,DNA测序技术取得重大进展,以高通量为特点的第二代测序技术逐步成熟并商业化,以单分子测序为特点的第三代测序技术也已经出现。介绍每一代测序技术的特点,并重点介绍了第二代测序技术及其应用。展望新的测序技术对于未来生物学研究及人们自身健康与人类疾病等方面研究的影响。     

四代DNA测序技术简述

DNA测序技术是现代分子生物学研究中最常用的技术,极大推动了生物学的发展。从20世纪70年代至今,DNA测序技术已历经4代。简介被称为DNA测序始祖的第1代测序技术、边合成边测序的第2代测序技术、不依赖于PCR扩增的第3代测序技术,以及处于研发中的第4代测序技术。     

杂交测序——DNA测序新策略

杂交测序──ＤＮＡ测序新策略陈尚武,马涧泉（中山医科大学生化教研室,广州５１００８９）关键词ＤＮＡ,测序,杂交人类基因组计划要求改进ＤＮＡ测序方法,促进了测序技术的发展,一种全新的测序方法──杂交测序（ｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｉｎｇｂｙｈｙｂｒｉｄｉｚａｔｉｏ...     

DNA测序技术的专利计量研究

DNA测序技术是现代生命科学研究的重要技术之一。本文对Derwent数据库中收录的,与DNA测序技术领域相关的专利申请数据进行了研究,分别从专利申请量及年度变化、生命周期、专利权人和专利发明人、专利的国际专利分类及德温特分类号等角度深入分析了DNA测序技术专利的整体产出情况、重点技术领域和主要申请机构的专利战略布局情况。通过研究发现DNA测序技术近年来发展迅速,但是主要推动者是经济发达国家。     

DNA测序技术的进展和挑战

基因是人类的遗传信息的载体,其遗传和表达影响人类的繁衍及各种生命活动;个体基因组DNA序列突变往往会导致疾病的发生,获取个体的基因组DNA序列将有助于疾病的诊断.DNA测序技术潜在的医学应用前景使其近几年有了飞速的发展.本文将介绍各代DNA测序技术已经取得的进展,目前尚待克服的挑战及可能的解决办法,并着重分析最新的单分子测序技术的发展潜能及临床应用前景.     

DNA 测序技术领域的相关政府投入分析

DNA测序技术是遗传工程的核心技术之一,发展快速和低成本的基因测序技术成为研究焦点。美国、欧盟等发达国家和地区大力支持DNA测序技术的创新研究,并投入了大量的科研经费。在美国,国家卫生研究院(NIH)下属的国家人类基因组研究院(NHGRI)、美国能源部(DOE)以及美国科学基金委(NSF)等机构是进行DNA测序技术相关项目经费分配的主要政府部门。DNA测序作为生命科学研究的关键技术也是欧盟框架计划资助的重要内容之一,其以多个欧洲国家间合作以及产学研合作的形式开展。中国在DNA测序技术领域也开展了一些研究。     

东方田鼠特异DNA片段的克隆及核苷酸序列分析

目的获得东方田鼠的特异DNA序列.方法Aβ基因使用PCR,基因克隆,斑点杂交,DNA序列分析,生物信息学技术.结果根据小鼠MHCⅡ外显子2及其两侧序列,合成引物并扩增东方田鼠基因组DNA,将PCR产物回收、测序后,分别设计内引物扩增东方田鼠基因组DNA,其中一对引物可得到特异性扩增带,将得到的DNA片段插入PGEM-Teasy载体,进行序列分析.用这对引物扩增人、昆明小鼠、BALB/c小鼠及C57BL/6J小鼠基因组DNA,均无扩增产物.以东方田鼠特异性扩增产物为探针进行斑点杂交,除东方田鼠基因组DNA外,其他几种动物基因组DNA均为阴性结果.进一步对该DNA片段进行了BLAST同源性搜索和外显子预测,在Genbank中没有发现高度同源序列,并且找到一个可能的外显子,该外显子由69个氨基酸组成.结论获得的DNA片段为东方田鼠的特异片段,这将为从分子水平深入研究东方田鼠的遗传背景、生物进化规律以及东方田鼠抗日本血吸虫的机理奠定基础.     

稻瘟病菌株的DNA指纹分析及小种鉴别

基于对稻瘟病菌(Pyricularia oryzae)基因文库的分析,我们找到了一套含重复顺序的克隆。其中POR6和POR7被证实具有高度的多态性并随机散布于稻瘟病菌生理小种的致病性时,可以获得可分辨的基因组特异的杂交带型。我们还分析了致病性与8个稻瘟病菌株DNA指纹图谱之间的关系,结果表明各个小种组合间的百分相似率S_xy,值与该小种组合间共同侵染的鉴别品种数目有正相关性。     

HRP-HBVDNA探针在临检应用中的研究

本文介绍了一种简便的检测血清ＨＢＶＤＮＡ的方法。参照Ｒｅｎｚ等人的标记方法,构建了直接酶标ＨＲＰ ＨＢＶＤＮＡ探针。此探针经与固定在硝酸纤维素滤膜上的血清靶ＤＮＡ杂交后,可通过化学发光自显影检测技术观察结果。敏感度可检测０－１ｐｇ靶ＤＮＡ,相当于同位素探针的灵敏度。对６３份ＨＢｓＡｇＨＢｅＡｇ和Ａｎｔｉ ＨＢｃＥＬＩＳＡ阳性血清以及２４份ＨＢｓＡｇＡｎｔｉ ＨＢｃ阳性,ＨｂｅＡｇ阴性血清用ＨＲＰ ＨＢＶＤＮＡ探针进行检测,结果探针ＨＢＶＤＮＡ阳性率分别为１００％（６３）和５８％（１４）;对５０份ＨＢｓＡｇ,ＥＬＩＳＡ阴性和ＡＬＴ正常的血清,探针ＨＢＶＤＮＡ全部阴性。实验结果表明本方法具有很大的推广应用价值。     

在大肠杆菌中具有启动功能的菠菜叶绿体DNA片段的克隆及序列分析

将经sau3A部分酶切过的菠菜叶绿体DNA(ct DNA),克隆到载体pGA46的BgⅢ位点,得到了具有启动功能的菠菜ct DNA片段,对其中的两个片段进行序列分析后观祭到有与原核生物启动区域相符的保守顺序。由此,本文对片段所具有的启动功能的强弱做了说明。     

The molecular basis of distinct aggregation pathways of islet amyloid polypeptide

Abnormal aggregation of islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) into amyloid fibrils is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes. In this study, we investigated the initial oligomerization and subsequent addition of monomers to growing aggregates of human IAPP at the residue-specific level using NMR, atomic force microscopy, mass spectroscopy, and computational simulations. We found that in solution IAPPs rapidly associate into transient low-order oligomers such as dimers and trimers via interactions between histidine 18 and tyrosine 37. This initial event is proceeded by slow aggregation into higher-order spherical oligomers and elongated fibrils. In these two morphologically distinct types of aggregates IAPPs adopt structures with markedly different residual flexibility. Here we show that the anti-amyloidogenic compound resveratrol inhibits oligomerization and amyloid formation via binding to histidine 18, supporting the finding that this residue is crucial for on-pathway oligomer formation.     

刺猬高重复顺序DNA的分子克隆及核苷酸顺序分析

为了分析比较食虫目高重复顺序的结构特征,我们将食虫目动物刺猬的高重复顺序DNA进行了分离、纯化、分子克隆,并测出了1186bp的核苷酸顺序。经分析发现在碱基组成上它与食虫目另一动物臭鼩有许多相似之处,如:G-C碱基对与A-T碱基对在整个片段中分布很不均衡;片段内部含有许多连续多次重复的短片段等,很可能为食虫目动物所特有。     

Comparative modeling and analysis of microfluidic and conventional DNA microarrays

A theoretical analysis was developed to predict molecular hybridization rates for microarrays where samples flow through microfluidic channels and for conventional microarrays where samples remain stationary during hybridization. The theory was validated by using a multiplexed microfluidic microarray where eight samples were hybridized simultaneously against eight probes using 60-mer DNA strands. Mass transfer coefficients ranged over three orders of magnitude where either kinetic reaction rates or molecular diffusion rates controlled overall hybridization rates. Probes were printed using microfluidic channels and also conventional spotting techniques. Consistent with the theoretical model, the microfluidic microarray demonstrated the ability to print DNA probes in less than 1 min and to detect 10-pM target concentrations with hybridization times in less than 5 min.     

Methylation-capture and Next-Generation Sequencing of free circulating DNA from human plasma

Background

Free circulating DNA (fcDNA) has many potential clinical applications, due to the non-invasive way in which it is collected. However, because of the low concentration of fcDNA in blood, genome-wide analysis carries many technical challenges that must be overcome before fcDNA studies can reach their full potential. There are currently no definitive standards for fcDNA collection, processing and whole-genome sequencing. We report novel detailed methodology for the capture of high-quality methylated fcDNA, library preparation and downstream genome-wide Next-Generation Sequencing. We also describe the effects of sample storage, processing and scaling on fcDNA recovery and quality.

Results

Use of serum versus plasma, and storage of blood prior to separation resulted in genomic DNA contamination, likely due to leukocyte lysis. Methylated fcDNA fragments were isolated from 5 donors using a methyl-binding protein-based protocol and appear as a discrete band of ~180 bases. This discrete band allows minimal sample loss at the size restriction step in library preparation for Next-Generation Sequencing, allowing for high-quality sequencing from minimal amounts of fcDNA. Following sequencing, we obtained 37×10⁶-86×10⁶ unique mappable reads, representing more than 50% of total mappable reads. The methylation status of 9 genomic regions as determined by DNA capture and sequencing was independently validated by clonal bisulphite sequencing.

Conclusions

Our optimized methods provide high-quality methylated fcDNA suitable for whole-genome sequencing, and allow good library complexity and accurate sequencing, despite using less than half of the recommended minimum input DNA.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-476) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

DNA sequencing by denaturation: principle and thermodynamic simulations

We describe a new DNA sequencing method called sequencing by denaturation (SBD). A Sanger dideoxy sequencing reaction is performed on the templates on a solid surface to generate a ladder of DNA fragments randomly terminated by fluorescently labeled dideoxyribonucleotides. The labeled DNA fragments are sequentially denatured from the templates and the process is monitored by measuring the change in fluorescence intensities from the surface. By analyzing the denaturation profiles, the base sequence of the template can be determined. Using thermodynamic principles, we simulated the denaturation profiles of a series of oligonucleotides ranging from 12 to 32 bases and developed a base-calling algorithm to decode the sequences. These simulations demonstrate that DNA molecules up to 20 bases can be sequenced by SBD. Experimental measurements of the melting profiles of DNA fragments in solution confirm that DNA sequences can be determined by SBD. The potential limitations and advantages of SBD are discussed. With SBD, millions of sequencing reactions can be performed on a small area on a surface in parallel with a very small amount of sequencing reagents. Therefore, DNA sequencing by SBD could potentially result in a significant increase in speed and reduction in cost in large-scale genome resequencing.