哈尔滨市不同类型人工林土壤重金属含量

以东北林业大学城市林业示范研究基地9种人工林(兴安落叶松林、樟子松林、黑皮油松林、黄波罗林、胡桃楸林、水曲柳林、白桦林、蒙古栎林和针阔混交人工林)为对象,分析林地土壤不同层次(0～10 cm和10-30 cm)A8、Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn 6种重金属含量,并以哈尔滨市土壤背景值为标准,采用综合污染指数法评价各林型土壤重金属污染状况.结果表明:不同类型人工林同一土层重金属含量差异显著;除了As和Ni,同一人工林土壤重金属含量均随土壤深度增加呈下降趋势.各类型人工林同一土层重金属含量以Zn最高(62.29～126.35mg·kg-1),Cd最低(0.06～0.47 mg·kg-1).6种重金属含量由高到低顺序为:Zn＞Pb＞Cu(Ni)＞Ni(Cu)＞As＞Cd,累积程度为:Cd＞Pb＞Zn＞Cu＞Ni＞As.林地土壤Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn间(除水曲柳林)及其与土壤有机质、N、P、K(除水曲柳林和蒙古栎林)显著相关,且以上4种重金属含量高于背景值,为人为输入;Ni和As含量与本地背景值相当,为自然因素,不同林型土壤内梅罗综合污染指数依次为:水曲柳林＞黄波罗林＞针阔混交林＞胡桃楸林＞樟子松林＞黑皮油松林＞兴安落叶松林＞白桦林＞蒙古栎林.     

黄河口盐地碱蓬湿地土壤-植物系统重金属污染评价

以黄河口盐地碱蓬湿地为例,评价了淹水和非淹水区湿地表层土壤As、Cd、Cu、Cr、Pb和Zn 6种重金属的污染程度及其在土壤-植物系统中的迁移、富集特征,分析了不同积水深度和土壤理化性质对研究区土壤重金属含量的影响.研究结果表明,与土壤或沉积物质量标准相比,黄河口盐地碱蓬湿地土壤受As和Cd污染最严重,而其它重金属污染较轻;非淹水土壤Cd、Cr和Zn含量高于淹水湿地,而As、Cu和Pb则较低;而且淹水土壤As含量随积水深度增加而呈下降趋势,但积水深度对其他重金属含量的影响不明显.相关性分析结果表明,按照受土壤关键影响因子的不同重金属(除As外)可以分为两类:第一类为Cd、Cr和Zn,这些重金属含量受土壤pH值和盐分影响较大,且相互间存在显著正相关关系,表明它们可能有相同的来源;第二类为Pb和Cu,它们受土壤pH值、盐分和有机质的影响,且Pb和Cu之间存在显著正相关关系.除Cr、Cu和Zn外,重金属在盐地碱蓬的根系内一般不发生显著富集,但绝大多数重金属都表现出地上部分的含量比根系更高的现象.     

天津市武清区农田土壤和蔬菜中重金属污染特征及来源解析

为评价中国北方典型农田土壤和蔬菜重金属污染特征,从天津市武清区分别采集45个农田表层土壤及对应的叶类蔬菜、32个农用畜禽粪便样品和4组土壤剖面,测定了Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn共6种重金属的含量和形态,并利用相关性分析和主成分分析判断土壤中重金属污染的可能来源。结果表明:表层土壤6种重金属的累积程度依次为CdCrCuZnPbNi,其中26.7%的Cd超过了土壤环境质量二级标准(GB 15618—2018);叶类蔬菜根部存在重金属累积(尤其是Cd),但蔬菜叶片中并不存在重金属超标;研究区所施用的畜禽粪便中Cd的超标率为16%(参照NY 525—2012),其长期施用会造成表层土壤中重金属的累积;同时,表层土壤中高的可交换态Cd、Cu和Zn会增加作物吸收土壤中重金属的风险,是造成当地叶类蔬菜根部和叶片中重金属累积的原因之一。结合主成分分析结果:Cr和Ni主要来自于成土母质; Zn主要受农业活动影响,如畜禽粪便的施用; Cd和Pb主要受工业活动影响; Cu为复合污染,受工业和农业活动共同影响。综上所述,研究区土壤和畜禽粪便中存在Cd超标现象,虽然目前蔬菜叶片中重金属未超标,但应该注意控制或减少农业和工业污染对蔬菜地重金属的影响,以确保农田土壤和蔬菜的安全。     

模拟酸雨对污泥堆肥中重金属形态转化及其环境行为的影响

通过模拟酸雨淋溶土柱的方法,研究了酸雨（pH=5．0和2．9）作用下污泥堆肥中Zn、Cu和Ni的溶出和迁移性。分析了酸雨对重金属形态分布规律的影响。结果表明,在相同酸雨强度下,淋出液中重金属含量与其在土柱中迁移距离大小次序为Zn〉Cu〉Ni;重金属在相同深度的土层中含量大小次序为Zn〉Ni〉Cu。淋溶液pH的降低和污泥堆肥施加比例的提高均会增加重金属在淋出液和土柱中的含量,但不影响重金属在土柱中的迁移距离。土壤酸化会促使土壤中重金属形态向活性形态转化,而且迁移距离增加。     

模拟酸雨对污染土壤中Cd、Cu和Zn释放及其形态转化的影响

研究了模拟酸雨连续浸泡下污染红壤和黄红壤中重金属释放及形态转化．结果表明。随着模拟酸雨pH值下降,污染土壤中重金属释放强度明显增大;Cd、Zn释放量与酸雨pH值呈线性极显著负相关．Cu与酸雨pH值呈线性显著负相关．模拟酸雨作用下,污染红壤和黄红壤中Cd均以交换态为主;Cu则以有机结合态和氧化锰结合态为主;Zn在污染红壤中以残留态和交换态为主．在污染黄红壤中以残留态和有机结合态为主．土壤有机质含量和阳离子交换量对Cd、Cu、Zn的释放产生一定的影响并影响Cd、Zn的形态转化,但对Cu形态转化影响不明显,随着模拟酸雨酸度增大,污染红壤和黄红壤中重金属Cd、Cu的生物可利用态明显增多,但难解吸态Zn向生物有效态转化效应不明显．     

大气O3浓度升高对稻田土壤有效态微量元素的影响

利用中国稻/麦轮作系统O3-FACE(Ozone-Free Air Concentration Enrichment)试验平台,研究大气O3浓度升高(比周围大气高50%)对2009年稻季各生育期不同深度(0-5 cm,5-10 cm和10-15 cm)耕层土壤微量元素有效性的影响。结果表明,大气O3浓度增加对0-15 cm耕层土壤有效性-Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn的提高幅度分别为10.0%、8.1%、5.4%、40.3%,其中对Cu的提高幅度达显著水平;不同土壤有效态微量元素在土壤垂直分布规律不同,土壤有效态Fe、Zn含量随土壤深度增加而降低,土壤有效态Mn含量随深度增加而增加,而土壤有效态Cu含量在不同深度土层中基本稳定;大气O3浓度升高对土壤DTPA提取态Fe的提高幅度随土壤深度的增加而增大,而对土壤DTPA提取态Mn、Cu、Zn的提高幅度均随土壤深度的增加而降低;大气O3浓度升高对0-5cm、5-10cm处土壤DTPA-Cu和0-5cm处Mn含量增加幅度分别为13.2%、8.9%和30.2%,且分别达显著和极显著水平。文章指出大气O3浓度升高会对稻田生态系统土壤微量元素地球化学循环产生重要影响,应针对不同层次土壤有效态微量元素含量情况,从土壤性质和水稻生长两个方面进一步明确其影响机制。     

不同植被恢复模式下中亚热带黄壤坡地土壤微量元素效应

以武陵山区女儿寨小流域为例,研究了中亚热带黄壤坡地7种典型植被恢复模式下土壤微量元素有效性及其与土壤有机质、pH值之间的关系.结果表明： 0～20 cm土层荒草灌丛的B、Mn含量、油桐人工林Mo、Cu含量、杜仲人工林Zn含量和毛竹 杉木混交林Fe含量最高;20～40 cm土层润楠次生林B、Fe、Mn含量、荒草灌丛模式Mo含量、油桐人工林Zn含量和杜仲人工林Cu含量最高;毛竹 杉木混交林B、Mo、Cu、Mn含量在各层土壤均最低.各元素有效性指数以Mn最高,Cu最低,排序为Mn>Zn>Fe>Mo>B>Cu;土壤微量元素有效性综合指数以荒草灌丛模式最高(12.28),毛竹 杉木混交林最低(2.95),排序为Ⅶ>Ⅴ>Ⅲ>Ⅳ＞Ⅰ＞Ⅱ＞Ⅵ.土壤有机质含量与B、Zn有效态含量之间线性关系显著,二次多项式亦可较好地描述有机质与有效态Mn之间的关系,而有机质与Mo、Fe、Cu之间曲线回归关系不显著.土壤pH值与土壤Zn、Cu呈显著正相关,与Mn、Mo也有较好的相关性,而与B相关性较低,与Fe为弱负相关.     

根瘤菌对土壤铜、锌和镉形态分配的影响

以湖南郴州红壤和河北巩义褐土为供试土壤。制备Cu、Zn、Cd污染土壤。接种大豆根瘤菌(Rhi-zobium fredii)HN01,用连续提取法浸提土壤中不同形态的重金属．结果表明。褐土接种根瘤菌后固相结合态Zn总量降低10％。专性吸附态、氧化锰结合态和有机结合态Zn减少达9％～26％．红壤中结合态Zn的总量变化不显著,但专性吸附态和氧化锰结合态Zn含量显著减少。交换态Zn含量显著增加．褐土中接种根瘤菌抑制了Cu向土壤溶液的释放,固相结合态Cu总量增加18％,可交换态、专性吸附态、氧化锰结合态和有机结合态的Cu增加20％～54％．接种根瘤菌对土壤中Cd的溶解没有明显的抑制或促进作用,但改变了红壤中各形态Cd的含量高低顺序．Cd污染红壤中可交换态和有机结合态Cd含量分别增加22％和11％,专性吸附态和氧化锰结合态Cd分别减少14％和29％．根瘤菌对不同类型重金属及不同土壤中重金属形态影响的差异主要与土壤pH降低有关．     

贵州省某土法炼锌点土壤重金属污染现状

对贵州省赫章县新官寨土法炼锌点的土壤重金属含量及空间分布进行了研究,以了解土法炼锌活动停止以后土壤重金属的污染状况.结果表明,当地农业土壤重金属的平均含量分别为Pb 337、Zn 648、Cd 9.0、Hg 0.44、Cu 121和As 17 mg·kg-1,分别是贵州省农业土壤背景值的7.5、7.9、26.4、2.2、4.7和0.8倍.单项污染指数显示,土壤Cd的污染最重,依次为Zn、Pb、As、Hg和Cu.综合污染指数揭示,该土法炼锌点4 km范围内的表层农业土壤严重污染.土壤中的污染物主要累积于表层30 am内,30 cm以下浓度较低.土壤Zn和Cd具有较高的活性和迁移性,峰值已向下迁移15～20 cm.     

铜尾矿区土壤与凤丹植株重金属富集研究

对安徽铜陵铜尾矿区凤丹种植地的土壤和凤丹中重金属污染状况进行了研究,结果表明,尾矿库区种植地极端贫瘠,有机质含量仅1．1～3．4g·kg^-1,而土壤Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn含量皆高于对照土壤,其中Cu含量达587．43～1176．44mg·kg^-1,Cd含量达3．08～5．16mg·kg^-1,约达国家土壤二级标准的10倍,凤丹各部位的Cu、CA和Pb含量均超过了药用植物的限量标准,尤其是根皮部位Cu含量达31．50～64．00mg·kg^-1,Cd含量达0．98～1．45mg·kg^-1,超出标准1．6～3．6倍,表明种植地和凤丹都受到严重污染．凤丹不同部位中的Zn、Cd、Pb和Cu分别以茎、叶、叶和根皮中的含量最高．凤丹对Cd、Zn的富集比Cu和Pb高,但在根皮中的富集系数均较小。     

设施菜地重金属的剖面分布特征

以山东省寿光市种植1～12年的蔬菜大棚及相邻的小麦地为对象,研究了设施菜地中As、Cd、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni 6种重金属在土壤剖面中的分布特征.结果表明：在0～150 cm土层内,随着土层深度的增加,设施菜地与小麦地中6种重金属含量均呈下降趋势;与小麦地相比,相同土层设施菜地中6种重金属的含量均明显较高,设施菜地0～20 cm土层中As、Cd、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni的含量分别比小麦地相同土层高出35.0%、146.2%、65.6%、36.4%、21.5%和14.0%,120～150 cm土层分别高出10.6%、.5%、19.4%、20.2%、15.2%和9.3%,20～120 cm各土层中的含量亦高于小麦地.设施菜地0～20 cm土层中,Cd、Cu、Zn含量与种植年限呈显著正相关,随着种植年限的增加,其累积速率分别为0.027、1.153和2.830 mg·kg^-1·a^-1;设施菜地中6种重金属的含量与土壤有机碳、全氮含量呈正相关,除Ni和As外的4种重金属含量亦与土壤全磷含量呈极显著相关,有机肥等的施用可能在一定程度上导致设施菜地中重金属的累积.     

Comparative role of animal manure and vegetable waste induced compost for polluted soil restoration and maize growth

Soil amendment with two types of composts: animal manure (AC) and vegetable waste (VC) induced composts have potential to alleviate Cd toxicity to maize in contaminated soil. Therefore, Cd mobility in waste water irrigated soil can be addressed through eco-friendly and cost effective organic soil amendments AC and VC that eventually reduces its translocation from polluted soil to maize plant tissues. The comparative effectiveness of AC and VC at 3% rate were evaluated on Cd solubility, its accumulation in maize tissues, translocation from root to shoot, chlorophyll contents, plant biomass, yield and soil properties (pH, NPK, OM). Results revealed that the addition of organic soil amendments significantly minimized Cd mobility and leachability in soil by 58.6% and 47%, respectively in VC-amended soil over control. While, the reduction was observed by 61.7% and 57%, respectively when AC was added at 3% over control. Comparing the control soil, Cd uptake effectively reduced via plants shoots and roots by 50%, 46% respectively when VC was added in polluted soil. However, Cd uptake was decreased in maize shoot and roots by 58% and 52.4% in AC amended soil at 3% rate, respectively. Additionally, NPK contents were significantly improved in polluted soil as well as in plant tissues in both composts amended soil Comparative to control, the addition of composts significantly improved the maize dry biomass and chlorophyll contents at 3% rate. Thus, present study confirmed that the addition of animal manure derived compost (AC) at 3% rate performed well and might be consider the suitable approach relative to vegetable compost for maize growth in polluted soil.     

Heavy Metal Contamination in Roadside Soil and Their Mobility in Relations to pH and Organic Carbon

Concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cu, Cr, and Mn were determined to assess the impact of automobiles on heavy metal contamination of roadside soil. Soil samples at four polluted sites and a control site were collected at a depth of 0, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30?cm. A comparison of elemental levels between polluted and control sites exhibited exceptionally higher concentrations at the former sites. The Pb levels in polluted sites varied from 70 to 280.5?µgg^?1and it rapidly decreased with depth. Similarly, mean concentrations of Zn, Cd, Ni, Cu, Cr, and Mn were significantly higher at polluted sites and followed a decreasing trend with the increase in depth. Correlation coefficients between heavy metals and traffic density were positively significant except for nickel. Profile samples showed that Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, and Mn were largely concentrated in the top 5?cm confirming airborne contamination. The vertical movement and partitioning of metals, except Ni and Cr, exhibited predominant association with soil pH and organic carbon. The results have been presented using Heavy Metal Index.     

Distribution of Heavy Metals and Arsenic in Greenbelt Roadside Soils of Pudong New District in Shanghai

We studied the distribution of seven heavy metals and As in typical municipal greenbelt roadside soils in Pudong New District, Shanghai, China. As and Ni showed no significant accumulation compared with the background values of the local soils, but there was strong evidence of accumulation of Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn in the roadside soils. However, only Zn and Cd contents were higher than the pollution thresholds of the Chinese National Soil Quality standard. The concentrations of heavy metal(loid)s in the soils were significantly affected by the length of time since the roads were constructed. Soils from areas adjacent to an older road had higher levels of Cu, Pb, Cd and Zn. In terms of spatial distribution, more Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were found in the soil from the green areas of median between carriageways than from those of the roadside verges. Vertical distribution analysis shows that the contents of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn had maximum values in the topsoil and were substantially lower in the deeper layers of the soil profile. Moreover, correlation analysis reveals that these four heavy metals originated from the same pollution sources and their contents were directly associated with the traffic density.     

上海世博会规划区不同土地利用方式下附属绿地的重金属分布

上海世博会规划区是工厂和居民区混杂的典型老城区.对其主要土地利用方式下附属绿地土壤的重金属进行调查分析.结果表明:部分样点的Ni、Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd含量超标,Hg和As的含量均没有超标;大部分绿地土壤没有出现重金属的污染,其中清洁安全和尚清洁占了69.83%和6.94%,轻度污染、中度污染和重度污染的分别占了12.87%、2.56%和7.81%;周边利用类型不同的附属绿地土壤重金属含量差别很大,居民办公区的绿地土壤没有出现重金属污染,试剂溶剂类工厂局部有重金属污染,重金属污染主要集中在造船厂、机械厂、钢铁厂等重型工厂的附属绿地;利用类型不同绿地土壤重金属的相关性也不同,重金属的相关性基本与产生污染的土地利用类型一致;污染源的距离以及对污染源保护不当是导致绿地土壤重金属污染的主要因素,注意对污染源的集中堆置或采取隔离措施,能有效减少重金属对绿地的污染.     

某农药工业园区周边土壤重金属含量与风险评价

以苏南某农药工业园区周边30km2区域为研究区,采用同心圆法采集土壤样品183个,分析了农药工业园区周边土壤Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn、Hg和As8种重金属含量、空间变异性、来源及潜在风险.结果表明:以自然背景值为评价标准,研究区表层土壤Hg、Cu、Cd和Pb平均含量超过自然背景值,其中Hg和Cu含量最高;以国标二级标准为评价标准,土壤Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb、Zn、As6种重金属的单项污染指数平均值均小于1,Hg和Cu分别为1.59和1.05.在农药工业园区周边土壤重金属污染较重的东南方向和西北方向,随着与园区距离的增加,土壤Cd、Ni、Pb、Cr、As、Hg、Zn和Cu含量先上升、后下降、再趋于平稳.通过分析农药工业园区周边土壤重金属综合污染指数发现,距离园区约200～1000m周边土壤污染的风险较大,而1000m以外逐渐达到安全范围.利用地统计学和GIS相结合进行分析发现,8种重金属污染指数有明显的空间变异.依据相关分析与主成分分析结果推测,Zn、Ni、Cr、Pb和As主要来源于成土母质,而Hg、Cu和Cd主要与人类活动有关.     

Evaluation of Environmental Quality of Atmosphere by Determination of Element content in Plants and Soils in Tianjin

165 plants and 40 soil samples were collected at seven areas in Tianjin. The analysis of sulphur and heavy metals in these samples showed the polluted degree of the air. It is indicated that the plants at smeltery (polluted industry area) contain Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb highest and NJ, S higher. The content of heavy metals in these plants were 3 to 11 times higher than that of the background value. In business-traffic area and park, the amount of Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd in the plants were 1.5 to 3.5 times higher than the background value. In the other area, such as culture-education area, road and suburbs, the pollution is not significant, and in the clean area (Panshan), all elements in the plants are the lowest. As to the soils in polluted industry area (Smeltery), the amount of Ph, Cu, Cd, Zn and S was 725, 348, 9, 3 and 14 times higher than that of the background value respectively. Among them, most of Pb, Cu were deposited in surface layer. In soil of business-traffic area, Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn and S were 2 to 10 times higher than the background value, and in the soil of clean area, all elements are also the lowest. The stomata of plants which were blocked by the particles going down from the air resulted in increase in the stamotal diffusive resistance and the order of the resistance in the different places are as follows: polluted industry areas > parks > business-traffic areas > road > clean areas. These results are in agreement with the polluted state of the plants and soils in above mentioned areas.     

不同有机肥对土壤镉锌生物有效性的影响

在南方典型稻田设置连续4年施用猪粪、鸡粪、稻草的定位试验,监测施用不同有机肥条件下土壤及水稻植株镉(Cd)、锌(Zn)含量的变化,研究有机肥对土壤Cd、Zn活性及其交互作用的影响.结果表明: 施用有机肥(猪粪、鸡粪、稻草)对土壤全Cd、有效态Cd含量及Cd活性皆无显著影响,但有增加土壤Cd全量的趋势,且显著增加土壤全Zn、有效态Zn含量及Zn活性.施用猪粪、鸡粪、稻草皆可降低稻米Cd含量,降Cd效果为猪粪>鸡粪>稻草,猪粪处理水稻稻米、茎、叶Cd含量分别比对照下降37.5%、44.0%、36.4%;鸡粪处理水稻米、茎、叶Cd含量分别比对照下降22.5%、33.8%、22.7%;而稻草处理水稻米Cd含量比对照下降7.5%,但茎、叶Cd含量比对照分别增加8.2%、22.7%;施用猪粪、鸡粪降低稻米Cd含量主要是降低了水稻植株对土壤Cd的富集,而施用稻草则主要是降低了水稻茎Cd向稻米的转运.施用有机肥还增加了水稻茎Zn含量,施用猪粪、鸡粪、稻草的水稻茎Zn含量比单施化肥分别增加53.4%、41.2%、13.9%,但对水稻稻米、叶Zn含量无显著影响.Zn、Cd在土壤、植株茎中皆表现出显著的拮抗作用,土壤及水稻茎Zn含量的增加显著抑制了水稻米、茎、叶对Cd的吸收积累,且随土壤有效态Zn/Cd含量比值的增加,Zn、Cd竞争土壤吸附不是抑制水稻吸收积累Cd的主控因子,而Zn、Cd竞争吸收才是影响水稻吸收积累Cd的主控因子.