真姬菇液体发酵培养基筛选及硒富集条件优化

以真姬菇菌种为材料,采用液体摇瓶培养进行最适发酵培养基的优化,并探讨不同浓度亚硒酸钠和甘油的富硒效果。结果表明:真姬菇菌种最优液体发酵培养基为:马铃薯20%,麦麸滤液3%,可溶性淀粉3%,酵母粉0.15%,硫酸镁0.1%,磷酸二氢钾0.2%,最大生物量可达13.2 g/L;亚硒酸钠对菌丝生长有抑制作用,但可促进菌丝富硒,当其浓度为40μg/mL时,菌丝体的硒含量最大,达1.75μg/g,总体硒富集含量可达5.8μg/L发酵液;甘油对亚硒酸钠的总富硒含量有促进作用,当甘油浓度为50μg/mL时,菌丝总体硒富集含量最大,可达26.7μg/L发酵液。     

卫星灵芝液体发酵富集硒锌的研究

研究不同浓度的硒、锌对卫星灵芝菌丝体生长的影响,初步探讨卫星灵芝菌丝体生物富集硒、锌的效应。采用平板培养法及液体发酵法研究锌、硒对卫星灵芝菌丝体生长的影响及富集效应。培养基中不同浓度的亚硒酸钠对菌丝体生长均具有不同程度的抑制作用,但灵芝菌丝体的富硒量随着硒浓度的增加而提高,当亚硒酸钠浓度为40 mg/L时,菌丝体中的生物量、富硒量及富硒转化率最高,分别为1.54%、2 131.55 mg/kg、32.91%;培养基中硫酸锌浓度低于150 mg/L的范围内对卫星灵芝菌丝体生长有明显的促进作用,硫酸锌浓度为60 mg/L时菌丝体中的锌含量和富锌转化率最高,分别为1 142.91 mg/kg、1.76%。培养基中同时添加40 mg/L的亚硒酸钠和60 mg/L硫酸锌,菌丝体生长量1.60%,富硒量301.85 mg/kg,富硒率4.84%;富锌量为540.41 mg/kg,富锌率为5.72%。     

灵芝菌丝体富硒条件优化及其硒多糖抗氧化活性研究

利用正交试验对灵芝菌丝体液体发酵富硒条件进行优化,研究培养基中不同碳源、氮源和亚硒酸钠浓度对菌丝体生物量、硒含量、富硒率以及胞外酶活性的影响,此外还对硒多糖的抗氧化活性进行了初步研究。结果表明:当培养基中碳源为20%马铃薯、氮源为2%麸皮、Na₂SeO₃浓度为5 mg/L时,培养基中菌丝生物量最高达到3.86 g/L,硒含量最高为0.576 mg/g,富硒率也达到最高为44.47%。Na₂SeO₃对菌丝生长的影响大于碳源和氮源;同样的Na₂SeO₃对胞外酶活性的影响最大,最优组的POD和PPO酶活性都较其他组高,且随着Na₂SeO₃浓度的升高,其酶活性逐渐降低。富硒灵芝菌丝体粗多糖都具有较强的体外抗氧化活性,通过相关性分析发现,其粗多糖的抗氧化活性与硒含量、富硒率具有显著的正相关。显示硒多糖在食品和药品等领域具有良好的开发利用前景。     

灵芝液体发酵条件的优化研究

通过单因素和正交试验,优化灵芝5760深层培养的营养需求与环境条件对灵芝菌丝体生物量及次生代谢产物发酵液多糖的作用。结果表明,适宜灵芝液体菌种培养和液体发酵的培养基配方为麦麸粉5%,黄豆饼粉3%,KH2PO40.10%,MgSO40.09%;适宜的环境条件为初始pH5.5,装液量32%,生物量最大时为第8～9d;适宜接种的种龄为6d,接种量为10%;发酵周期6d,搅拌转速150r/min,消沫剂添加量可为0.20%。从硒对灵芝5760菌丝体生长及深层发酵生物量的影响,灵芝5760富硒培养适宜浓度为100μg/mL;从加硒时间对生物量的作用,在菌龄适宜时期加入即第1d。     

纳米硒对紫色马铃薯生长及其矿质元素含量和品质特性的影响

以紫色马铃薯品种‘黑美人’为试材,采用水培法,分别用不同浓度(0、0.38、0.19和0.095 mmol/L)纳米硒溶液对紫色马铃薯进行叶面喷施处理,研究纳米硒对紫色马铃薯生长、矿质元素含量及品质特性的影响。结果表明:(1)与对照相比,各硒处理马铃薯的生物量与单株结薯数均显著增加,其中喷施0.095 mmol/L硒处理的生物量最高且增幅达1.5倍,喷施0.19 mmol/L硒处理的单株结薯数显著增加2.2倍。(2)纳米硒能够显著提高紫色马铃薯叶片、根系、块茎硒含量,各器官硒含量大小呈现:根系>叶片>块茎的特点,且喷施0.095 mmol/L硒处理块茎总硒含量达0.106 mg/kg,较对照显著提高0.65倍,达到了马铃薯块茎的富硒标准;同时纳米硒可在不同程度上调控K、Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn在马铃薯各器官中的分配。(3)随施硒浓度的增加,紫色马铃薯块茎中淀粉、可溶性蛋白及游离氨基酸含量呈先增加后降低的变化趋势,均在喷施0.19 mmol/L硒处理下达到最大值,且较对照分别显著增加56.33%、26.91%和27.89%;块茎中花青素、可溶性糖含量呈下降趋势,均在喷施0.095 mmol/L硒处理下达到最大值,且较对照分别显著提高24.73%、25.33%;而块茎中硝态氮含量呈上升趋势,在喷施0.095 mmol/L硒处理下最低并较对照显著降低34.82%。研究表明,叶面喷施0.095~0.19 mmol/L纳米硒溶液能够显著促进紫色马铃薯生长和单株结薯数,提高硒元素含量,调控矿质元素含量在器官中分配,有效改善其块茎品质特性。     

高生物量富硒酵母的选育及培养条件初步优化

通过筛选、单倍体分离、诱变和原生质体融合,从融合子中选育了一株高生物量富硒酵母菌株（编号为ZFF-28）,其细胞硒总含量分别是原始亲株ZY-67和ZY-198的2.8倍和2.0倍。通过单因素实验和正交试验设计,确定了优化培养条件：6%糖浓度的蔗糖糖蜜,添加0.5% (NH4)2SO4、0.1% H3PO4、60μg/mL Se,pH60～6.5,装液量50mL/250mL三角瓶,接种量10%,培养时间25h。在优化培养条件下,菌株ZFF_28的生物量可达8.2g/L,细胞中硒的含量达2050μg/g,硒总含量达到了16810μg/L,是培养条件优化前的1.3倍。细胞硒含量的91%为有机硒。     

桦褐孔菌液体深层培养研究

研究了不同碳源、氮源、生长因子和无机盐对桦褐孔菌液体深层培养菌丝体产量的影响。采用“二次回归正交组合设计”对培养基进行优化,结果表明,当培养基配方为小麦淀粉水解糖100.83g/L(还原糖含量为24%)、酵母粉18.70g/L、玉米浆11.01g/L、KH2PO44.59g/L、MgSO4·7H2O1.5g/L、pH6.0,在30℃、160r/min的恒温培养振荡器上振荡培养120h,生物量可达19.80g/L。     

不同氮源对异养小球藻生物量和油脂积累的影响

小球藻因其快速生长和易培养等特性可用于制备生物能源。与传统的光自养相比,异养小球藻可获得更多的生物量和更高的油脂含量。低成本的马铃薯淀粉水解液可作为小球藻的理想碳源,在氮饥饿条件下可诱导产生更多的油脂。为了探讨不同氮源对异养小球藻生物量和油脂积累的影响,并筛选出异养条件下的最适氮源,实验研究了不同浓度无机氮源NaNO3以及有机氮源丙氨酸和酪氨酸对异养小球藻生物量和油脂积累的影响。以马铃薯淀粉水解液为唯一碳源,在SE培养基中分别添加不同氮源培养小球藻。设定的NaNO3和丙氨酸浓度均为1.5 mmol/L、3.0 mmol/L、6.0 mmol/L,酪氨酸浓度为0.75 mmol/L、1.5 mmol/L和3.0mmol/L。所有小球藻培养实验均为暗培养并持续10 d时间。实验过程测定的指标为:小球藻的细胞数目、比生长速率、叶绿素含量、中性脂含量和总脂含量。实验结果表明:(1)在异养条件下以硝酸盐为无机氮源时,氮源促进叶绿素积累从而促进小球藻的生长,减少硝态氮可以使小球藻快速进入稳定期积累油脂。在NaNO3中氮含量为1.5 mmol/L时,生物量和油脂含量分别为2.65 g/L和51.21%,总油脂含量为1.36 g/L。(2)在不添加其他氮源的异养培养基中,丙氨酸可促进小球藻的生物量增加,在稳定期仍促进单位细胞的叶绿素含量,但总油脂含量普遍偏低。(3)酪氨酸可抑制小球藻生物量增加,使细胞膨大从而促进单位细胞内叶绿素和油脂合成,油脂含量高达38.78%—47.02%。这些结果表明小球藻可通过诱导氨基酸转运系统适应氮源的变化,其中酪氨酸所在的第三个转运系统在葡萄糖诱导条件下可促进油脂的合成。     

高生物量富硒酵母的选育及发酵条件的研究

采用硒浓度耐性培养,从8株酿酒酵母中筛选驯化得到一株高生物量富硒酵母菌株NH-7,并对其发酵条件进了行优化。采取流加培养,在菌株稳定期,即18 h开始分批添加亚硒酸钠至总硒浓度为30μg/mL,控制乙醇浓度为0.4%和0.7%,分别得到20.14 g的高生物量(每升培养液中获得的酵母菌体干重)和82.52%的硒转化率。在60μg/mL总硒浓度的流加培养中,得到高达2 411μg/g的有机硒含量,每升发酵液菌体干重为18.83 g。     

厌氧氨氧化菌富集培养物对羟胺的转化研究

【目的】羟胺是厌氧氨氧化的重要中间产物,本研究旨在探明厌氧氨氧化菌对羟胺的转化特性。【方法】采用厌氧氨氧化菌富集培养物,以羟胺和亚硝酸盐为基质进行分批培养试验,检测反应液中基质和产物的消涨情况。【结果】不接种厌氧氨氧化富集培养物时,羟胺和亚硝酸盐具有化学稳定性,彼此不发生化学反应;接种厌氧氨氧化富集培养物后,羟胺和亚硝酸盐发生化学反应;反应过程中有中间产物氨的产生和转化,最大氨氮积累浓度为0.338mmol/L;液相中总氮浓度从起始的4.694mmol/L降至结束时的0.812mmol/L,转化率为82.7%。羟胺和亚硝氮浓度均为2.5mmol/L时,羟胺最大比污泥转化速率为0.535mmol/(gVSS.h),是厌氧氨氧化反应体系中氨氮最大比污泥转化速率的1.81倍。将羟胺浓度提高至5.0mmol/L时,羟胺和亚硝氮转化速率分别提高26.7%和120.7%,最大氨氮积累浓度为0.795mmol/L;将亚硝氮浓度提高至5.0mmol/L时,羟胺和亚硝氮转化速率分别提高6.9%和9.0%,最大氨氮积累浓度为1.810mmol/L。【结论】厌氧氨氧化富集培养物能够转化羟胺,其对羟胺的转化速率高于对氨的转化速率。羟胺相对过量可显著加快羟胺和亚硝酸盐的转化速率,亚硝酸盐相对过量对羟胺和亚硝氮转化速率影响不大,提高羟胺或亚硝氮浓度均会增大中间产物氨氮的积累。实验现象可用van de Graaf模型解释,对于进一步开发厌氧氨氧化工艺具有重要的理论意义。     

不同氮源及其浓度对标志链带藻合成淀粉和油脂的影响北大核心CSCD

【目的】以标志链带藻(Desmodesmus insignis)为实验材料,研究不同氮源及其浓度对该藻生长、总脂和淀粉(碳水化合物)含量的影响,为该藻在生物能源方面的应用提供一定的理论依据。【方法】以硝酸钠、碳酸氢铵或尿素为氮源,5个氮浓度(3、6、9、12和18 mmol/L)的BG-11培养基培养标志链带藻,采用干重法测定生物质浓度、重量法测定总脂、苯酚-硫酸法测定、总碳水化合物和淀粉的含量。【结果】标志链带藻在3种氮源下均能很好的生长。最高油脂含量出现在3 mmol/L硝酸钠实验组,达到32.61%(d.w)。当18 mmol/L碳酸氢铵作为氮源时,总碳水化合物与淀粉的含量以及产率都达到最高,分别为56.54%(d.w)和55.33%(d.w)、0.24和0.23 g/(L·d)。以尿素为氮源时,其生物质浓度和各组分含量与其它氮源实验组差别不大,均有利于该藻的生长及各生化组分含量的积累。【结论】以该藻种生产生物能源的成本等综合考虑,以18 mmol/L碳酸氢铵和尿素为氮源培养标志链带藻最优。     

Optimization of submerged culture conditions for exopolysaccharide production in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sarcodon aspratus</Emphasis> (Berk) S.lto TG-3

The effect of medium components (carbon, nitrogen, and mineral sources) and environmental factors (initial pH and temperature) for mycelial growth and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production in Sarcodon aspratus(Berk) S.lto TG-3 was investigated. The optimal temperature (25°C) and initial pH (5.0) for the EPS production in shake flask cultures of S. aspratus were determined using the two-dimensional contour plot. The most suitable carbon, nitrogen, and mineral sources for EPS production were glucose, yeast extract, CaCl₂ and KH₂PO₄, respectively. Notably, the EPS production was significantly enhanced by supplementation of calcium ion. Subsequently, the optimum concentration of glucose (30gl^–1), yeast extract (15gl^–1), CaCl₂ (1.1gl^–1), and KH₂PO₄ (1.2gl^–1) were determined using the orthogonal matrix method. The effects of nutritional requirement on the mycelial growth of S.aspratuswere in regular sequence of glucose>KH₂PO₄>yeast extract>CaCl₂, and those on EPS production were in the order of glucose>yeast extract>CaCl₂>KH₂PO₄. Under the optimal culture conditions, the maximum EPS concentration in a 5-l stirred-tank reactor was 2.68gl^–1 after 4days of fermentation, which was 6-fold higher than that at a basal medium. The two-dimensional contour plot and orthogonal matrix method allowed us to find the relationship between environmental factors and nutritional requirement by determining optimal operating conditions for maximum EPS production in S.asparatus. The statistical experiments used in this work can be useful strategies for optimization of submerged culture processes for other mushrooms.     

不同磷、硫及二氧化碳浓度对标志链带藻生长和碳水化合物积累的影响

【目的】为了研究不同磷、硫及二氧化碳浓度对标志链带藻(Desmodesmus insignis)生长与碳水化合物积累的影响,本实验以改良BG11培养基为基础,设计了8种不同初始K_2HPO_4浓度、8种不同初始MgSO_4浓度及4种二氧化碳浓度培养标志链带藻。【方法】采用干重法和苯酚-硫酸法分别测定其生物质浓度与总碳水化合物的含量。【结果】实验结果显示,在高磷浓度(0.460 mmol/L)下生物量达到最高为6.37 g/L,磷浓度为0.230 mmol/L (对照组)时总碳水化合物含量及单位体积产率达到最高,分别为45.40%(%干重)和0.20 g/(L·d)。不同初始MgSO_4浓度实验结果显示,高硫浓度有利于标志链带藻生长及碳水化合物的积累,生物量、总碳水化合物含量及单位体积产率分别在硫浓度为1.217 mmol/L、0.609 mmol/L和1.824 mmol/L时达到最高,分别为7.02 g/L、51.6%(%干重)及0.26 g/(L·d)。当二氧化碳浓度为3%(V/V)时,标志链带藻生物量、总碳水化合物含量及单位体积产率均达到最高,分别为6.81 g/L、44.03%和0.20 g/(L·d)。【结论】因此,磷浓度为0.230 mmol/L、硫浓度为1.824 mmol/L和二氧化碳浓度为3%时最有利于标志链带藻生长及碳水化合物的积累。     

不同生境盐地碱蓬对氮饥饿的响应

为了探讨不同生境盐地碱蓬对低氮生境的适应机制,测定了盐渍环境下(200 mmol/L Na Cl)不同浓度硝态氮(0.3、5 mmol/L NO~-_3-N)预处理两种生境盐地碱蓬经氮饥饿后的NO~-_3含量、硝酸还原酶(NR)活性、光合特性及生长状况。结果表明,0.3和5 mmol/L NO~-_3-N处理以及进行氮饥饿时,潮间带生境盐地碱蓬叶片NO~-_3含量均高于内陆生境盐地碱蓬。与内陆生境盐地碱蓬相比,氮饥饿后,潮间带生境盐地碱蓬叶绿素含量、NR活性和光合放氧速率下降幅度均小于内陆生境盐地碱蓬,在0.3mmol/L NO~-_3-N预处理进行氮饥饿时趋势更加明显。0.3 mmol/L NO~-_3-N预处理后氮饥饿对潮间带生境盐地碱蓬根冠比没有影响,却降低内陆生境盐地碱蓬根冠比。上述结果表明,低氮条件下潮间带生境盐地碱蓬具有较高的NO~-_3储存能力,在环境持续氮素缺乏时具有较高的NO~-_3-N再利用能力,能更好地维持氮代谢以及光合性能。说明潮间带生境盐地碱蓬能更好地适应低氮生境。     

Metabolic behaviour of aflatoxin producing strain and non-toxigenic strain of Aspergillus flavus to different sources of nitrogen and glucose concentration

The effect of different nitrogen sources and varying glucose concentration on aflatoxin production by a toxigenic and non-toxigenic strain of Aspergillus flavus was studied. Greatest production (3.8 ppm) of aflatoxin B₁ was produced in a synthetic medium when casamino acids were supplied as the nitrogen source. Optimum sugar concentration for aflatoxin B₁ production ranged between 3 and 10 g/100 ml. There was no appreciable difference in the metabolic behaviour between toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains of A. flavus when dry mycelial weight, total proteins, non-protein nitrogen and reducing sugar were the criteria.     

人工合成甘蓝型油菜早期世代及其亲本对盐胁迫的生理响应

以白菜‘矮抗青’(基因组AA)和‘中花芥蓝’(基因组CC)及其人工合成异源四倍体甘蓝型油菜(AACC)的早期世代(F1~F4)为实验材料,采用水培方法分别比较它们在100、200mmol/L NaCl处理下的生理指标差异。结果表明:(1)在盐胁迫条件下,‘中花芥蓝’植株的生物量、脯氨酸和叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性均最低,而相对电导率、MDA含量则最高。在100mmol/L NaCl处理下,F2代植株的生物量、叶绿素含量、SOD活性最大,MDA含量最低;在200mmol/L NaCl处理下,F4代的生物量、叶绿素含量、POD活性最大,MDA含量最低。研究发现,亲本‘矮抗青’的耐盐特性高于亲本‘中花芥蓝’,它们的杂种后代(异源四倍体)遗传了AA基因组的耐盐特性,从而比二倍体亲本具有更强的抵御盐胁迫的能力。     

Enhanced production of lutein in heterotrophic Chlorella protothecoides by oxidative stress

The fast growing unicellular green microalgae Chlorella protothecoides has attracted interest as a promising organism for commercial production of a high-value carotenoid, lutein, by heterotrophic fermentation. Effects of two oxidant-forming reactive oxygen species (ROS) on the biomass concentration, and yield and content of lutein in batch culture of heterotrophic Chlorella protothecoides were investigated in this study. The addition of 0.1 mmol/L H₂O₂ and 0.01 mmol/L NaClO plus 0.5 mmol/L Fe²⁺ to the culture led to the generation of ^·OH and enhanced the lutein content from 1.75 to 1.90 and 1.95 mg/g, respectively. The lutein content further increased to 1.98 mg/g when 0.01 mmol/L H₂O₂ and 0.5 mmol/L NaClO were added to generate ¹O₂. The maximum yield of lutein (28.5, 29.8 and 31.4 mg/L) and a high biomass concentration (15.0, 15.3 and 15.9 g/L) were also achieved through the above treatments. The results indicated that 1O2 could promote lutein formation and enhance lutein production in heterotrophic Chlorella protothecoides. Moreover, ¹O₂ produced from the reaction of H₂O₂ and NaClO was more effective in enhancing lutein production and reducing biomass loss than ^·OH from the reaction of H₂O₂ or NaClO plus Fe²⁺. Supported by the National Key Project of Sci & Tech Supporting Programs Funded by Ministry of Science & Technology of China (Grant No. 2006BAD27B03), Sci & Tech Project of Guangzhou (Grant No. 2005Z3-E0331) and Sci & Tech Project of Guangdong (Grant No. 20052050166)     

耐高浓度氨氮的异养硝化好氧反硝化菌株U1的鉴定及其脱氮特性

【背景】城市垃圾渗滤液是一种成分复杂的有机废水,含氮量高,如果未经处理直接排放到环境中会造成严重的环境污染。【目的】筛选可以耐受垃圾渗滤液中高浓度氨氮并高效去除污水中氮素的异养硝化好氧反硝化菌株,为解决垃圾渗滤液的氮素污染提供功能菌株。【方法】从垃圾渗滤液中筛选分离能耐受高氨氮浓度的菌株,通过测定各菌株的脱氮能力,筛选到一株脱氮能力最强的菌株,命名为U1,通过测定16S rRNA基因序列和生理生化特性确定该菌株为铜绿假单胞菌。进一步研究了菌株U1在不同初始氨氮浓度、碳源、转速、初始pH、碳氮比等单因素变量下的脱氮能力,并结合L₉（3⁴）正交试验研究了菌株U1的最佳脱氮条件。【结果】分离出一株铜绿假单胞菌并命名为U1。该菌株的最优脱氮条件为:初始氨氮浓度为1 000 mg/L,红糖和柠檬酸三钠的混合碳源,pH 6.0,C/N为10,转速为130 r/min,菌株U1的最大总氮去除率为64.37%,最大氨氮去除率为76.73%。对于总氮和氨氮含量分别是2 345 mg/L和1 473.8 mg/L的垃圾渗滤液,菌株U1最大总氮去除率为27.86%...     

Elicitation of thiophene production by cultured hairy roots of Tagetes patula

Hairy roots of Tagetes patula were initiated by infecting the seedlings with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. The hairy roots were grown in liquid medium MS (Murashige and Skoog 1962) supplemented with sucrose. The roots were treated with three different elicitors obtained from mycelial culture of Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus oligosporus and Pencillium notatum. Accumulation of biomass and the production of thiophenes were studied over a period of six weeks in culture. The HPLC separation profile of the thiophenes indicated the presence of several structurally different thiophenes. α-terthienyl being predominent. Maximum production of thiophene was recorded at the end of the fourth week in culture with a content of 0.138 % (w/w on dry weight basis). Treatment of hairy roots with mycelial extract of Aspergillus niger (1.5 % v/v) elicited an increase in thiophene content by 1.6 folds over the control.     

Photoproduction of H2 from acetate by syntrophic cocultures of green sulfur bacteria and sulfur-reducing bacteria

The marine green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium vibrioforme strain 1930 produced H₂ and elemental sulfur from sulfide or thiosulfate under N limitation in the light. H₂ production depended on nitrogenase and occurred only in the absence of ammonia. Methionine sulfoximine, an inhibitor of glutamine synthetase, prevented the switch-off by ammonia. In defined syntrophic cocultures of the acetate-oxidizing, sulfur-reducing bacterium Desulfuromonas acetoxidans with green sulfur bacteria, H₂ was produced from acetate via a light-driven sulfur cycle. The sulfur-reducing bacterium could not be replaced by sulfate-reducing bacteria in these experiments. In a coculture of the marine Chlorobium vibrioforme strain 1930 and the sulfur-reducing bacterium Desulfuromonas acetoxidans strain 5071, optimum long-term H₂ production from acetate was obtained with molecular nitrogen as N source, at low light intensity (110 mol · m^-2 · s^-1), in sulfide-reduced mineral medium (2 mM Na₂S) at pH 6.8. Traces of sulfide (10 M) were sufficient to keep the sulfur cycle running. The coculture formed no poly--hydroxyalkanoates (PHA), but 20%–40% polysaccharide per cell dry mass. Per mol acetate added, the coculture formed 3.1 mol of H₂ (78% of the theoretical maximum). Only 8% of the reducing equivalents was incorporated into biomass. The maximum rate of H₂ production was 1300 ml H₂ per day and g cell dry mass.Non-standard abbrevations MOPS 2-(N-morpholino) propane sulfonic acid - MSX Methionine sulfoximine - PHA poly--hydroxyalkanoates