Siderophore and chitinase producing isolates from the rhizosphere of Nicotiana glauca Graham enhance growth and induce systemic resistance in Solanum lycopersicum L.

A screening for Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) was carried out in the rhizosphere of wild populations of Nicotiana glauca Graham in south-eastern Spain. Nine hundred and sixty strains were isolated and grouped in four parataxonomic groups: Gram positive endospore forming bacilli, Gram positive non-endospore forming bacilli, Gram negative bacilli and others. Two groups were selected to continue the study: Gram negative bacilli since it was the most abundant, and Gram positive sporulated bacilli, seeking their sporulating capacity as an advantage for inoculants formulation. The ability of these to release siderophores and chitinases in vitro was evaluated. Ninety six isolates were siderophore producers, and 56 of them were also able to produce chitinases. Fifty percent of these were tested for growth promotion in tomato. The best results were obtained with 5 Gram negative bacilli and one Gram positive sporulated bacilli; 5 strains increased all growth parameters while one of them, N21.4, severely compromised plant growth. The ability of these 6 strains to induce systemic resistance against the leaf pathogen Xanthomonas campestris in tomato was evaluated. Five of them effectively reduced disease symptoms (up to 50%). The six strains were identified by 16s rDNA sequencing resulting in 3 Pseudomonas, 1 Bacillus and 2 Stenotrophomonas; it’s striking that 2 Pseudomonas protected up to 50% while the other increased disease incidence. This indicates that systemic induction is strain specific and not necessarily related to production of siderophores and chitinases.     

The Hydrolysis of Dextran by Gram Negative Non-sporing Anaerobic Bacilli

The ability of Gram negative anaerobic bacilli to hydrolyse dextran was determined in liquid and solid media containing Blue Dextran 2000. Released blue chromophore in the liquid medium was detected spectrophotometrically. Results obtained with 334 strains of Bacteroidaceae grown on the solid medium indicated that most strains did not hydrolyse the substrate. Hydrolysis of Blue Dextran 2000 occurred with certain strains of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron , B. melaninogenicus ss. melaninogenicus, B. oralis, B. ovatus and B. ochraceus.     

Bio-histopathological studies of endometrium in repeat breeding buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)

A total of 24 uterine biopsies were successfully obtained from 40 repeat-breeding buffaloes. The endometrium of 15 buffaloes showed marked neutrophilic infiltration in the epithelium, stroma and uterine glands. In some cases, lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration, cystic dilatation of the glands and periglandular fibrosis indicated chronicity of the endometritis. Most of the animals (85.0%) had uterine cultures positive for Streptococci, Staphylococci, Gram positive variable cocci, Gram negative bacilli, Anthracoids, and Gram positive bacilli with a predominance of Corynebacteria. With the treatment based on in vitro drug sensitivity tests, 57.1% repeat-breeding buffaloes conceived.     

烧伤病区感染常见病原菌及抗生素的选择

目的探讨内江市第一人民医院烧伤病区感染的常见病原菌及其对常用抗生素的耐药性．以指导临床抗生素的选择,提出防治措施。方法对1999年1月～2003年12月该院烧伤病区患者因感染而分离出的658株病原菌进行回顾性分析。结果分离出的658株病原菌中．革兰阴性菌425株(64．6％),革兰阳性菌209株(31．8％)．真菌24株(3．6％)。主要病原菌分别为铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和阴沟肠杆菌。药敏提示除真菌外的大多数病原菌出现多重耐药性。革兰阴性菌对亚胺培南、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦、头孢西丁和妥布霉素较为敏感。革兰阳性球菌对替考拉丁和万古霉素高度敏感。结论烧伤感染中以铜绿假单胞菌为主．其次为金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌。了解病原菌的结构及其变化趋势．对于加强抗感染治疗的针对性和主动性,取得最佳的感染防治效果具有重要意义。     

The Characterization of Clinically Important Gram Negative Anaerobic Bacilli by Conventional Bacteriological Tests

One hundred and sixty-five reference strains and laboratory isolates of Gram negative, non-sporing, anaerobic bacilli were subjected to a series of simple laboratory tests that were initially selected for their discriminatory value. Conventional biochemical tests, tests of resistance to antibiotics, and tolerance to dyes and bile salts were included. These tests allowed a clear separation of strains into three main groups: Bacteroides fragilis, B. melaninogenicus and Fusobacterium spp. Certain tests were found useful for identifying recognized subspecies of B. fragilis and B. melaninogenicus . A scheme for the identification of unknown laboratory isolates of Gram negative anaerobic bacilli is presented.     

Characterization and Identification of Caprine,Genital Mycoplasmas

A total of 55 mycoplasma strains, isolated from the vagina of goats, were examined. Three strains, being arginine positive and glucose negative, could not be finally classified. Five isolates were identified as Acholeplasma laidlawii. Fourty-seven strains were phosphatase positive, glucose and arginine negative. Nine of these formed “film and spots” on standard growth medium, and reduced tetrazolium aerobically. Serological examination identified 7 as M. agalactiae, while 2 were M. bovis. The remaining 38 isolates did not reduce tetrazolium aerobically, and did not produce “film and spots.” on standard growth medium. All these except one were identified as M. bovigenitalium by immunofluorescence. Their relationship to group 11 otf Al-Aubaidi is discussed.     

革兰氏阴性杆菌对14种抗生素的MIC范围及耐药性分析

利用全自动微生物分析仪VITEKAMS 3 2鉴定G-杆菌及进行药敏试验。分离率依高至低依次是大肠埃希菌 (E .coli) (esccol) 3 1 .1 %、肺炎克雷伯菌 (Klebsiellapneumoniae) (klepne) 1 8.6%、铜绿假单胞菌 (Pseudomonasaeruginosa) (pneaer) 1 4 .5%、醋酸钙不动杆菌 (Acinetobactercalcoacetieus) (acicba) 1 2 .9%、阴沟肠杆菌 (Enterobactercloacae) (entclo) 1 0 .3 %、普通和奇异变形杆菌 (Proteusvulgaris和Proteusmirabilis) (pro .pp) 9.3 %、费劳地枸橼酸杆菌 (Citrobacterfreundii) (citfre) 3 .4 %。esccol和klepne对头孢一、二代 ,青霉素类耐药率达 4 1 %～ 1 0 0 % ,MIC90 3 2～ 2 56mg/L ,显示了较高耐药性。pneaer对亚胺硫霉素 (IMP)的耐药率达3 6% ,MIC90 1 6mg/L ,对氧哌嗪青霉素耐药率较低( 1 2 % )。82 % pneaer显示六重或以上耐药。entclo、citfre、pro .pp中尚未发现 1株entclo对IMP耐药 ,但后 2种细菌对IMP的耐药率分别是 1 7% ,1 8% ;不动杆菌对所测抗生素广谱耐药 ,IMP较有效 (耐药率 8% )。肠杆菌科细菌已出现对IMP耐药菌株。铜绿假单胞菌对IMP的耐药率达 3 6%。     

肿瘤患者感染三种常见革兰阴性杆菌耐药性分析

目的分析肿瘤患者临床分离的革兰阴性杆菌分布及其主要菌株的耐药性,为指导临床合理用药提供依据。方法对2014年1月~2015年12月恶性肿瘤患者感染分离的1478株革兰阴性杆菌及其主要菌株的耐药性进行回顾性分析。结果分离的1478株革兰阴性杆菌中,以大肠埃希菌(568/1478)38.43%、肺炎克雷伯菌(338/1478)22.87%、铜绿假单胞菌(216/1478)14.61%3种为主。这3种革兰阴性杆菌均呈多药耐药性;除亚胺培南对革兰阴性杆菌有较好的抗菌活性外,其它药物均显示有一定的耐药性,其中对派拉西林的耐药率在91%以上,头孢他啶、头孢噻肟、复方新诺明等药物的耐药率在70%以上。结论肿瘤患者感染革兰阴性杆菌耐药现象严重,尤其是感染产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌呈多重耐药,实验室应加强对革兰阴性杆菌耐药性的监测,以指导临床合理选用抗菌药物。     

Antilysozyme activity and antibiotic resistance of periulcerous zone microflora in patients with gastric and duodenal ulcer

Antilysozyme activity (ALA) as well as antibiotic resistance were detected in 133 microbial cultures isolated from bioptic specimens of the mucous membrane of the ulcerous and periulcerous zones, taken from patients with gastric and duodenal ulcer. In 85.7-94.7% of cases Gram positive cocci and in 62.5% of cases Gram-positive bacilli showed no ALA. 50% of Gram negative bacteria cultures lacked ALA, while the remaining 50% exhibited this activity, on the average, 2.36 +/- 1.40 mkg/ml. Lysozyme activity was determined in 33.3% of the isolated staphylococci strains both with and without ALA. Staphylococci isolated from the gastric mucosa of healthy controls had no ALA in 33.3% of cases, and in 66.7% of cases ALA was equal to 2 mkg/ml. Gram positive coccal microflora showed, mainly, high sensitivity to antibiotics. In Gram negative bacteria antibiotic resistance was determined in 44.3 +/- 21.2% of the isolates. In Gram negative microorganisms correlation between ALA and antibiotic resistance was observed. From the periulcerous zone of patients with gastric and duodenal ulcer persistence associated Gram negative microorganisms were mainly isolated.     

Seasonal Occurrence of Several Groups of Heterotrophic Bacteria in Two Reservoirs

75% of the isolated strains were Gram negative, asporogenous bacteria. Almost a half of them fermented glucose, which was probably caused by a selectivity of the agar medium for the particular types. The groups tentatively classified as Enterobacteriaceae and Aeromonas, prevailed during summer, whereas pseudomonads and Acinetobacter were more common in winter.     

Clinical significance on MicroScan Rapid plus series using various antibiotic-resistant bacteria

MicroScan Rapid plus Neg II Series and MicroScan Rapid plus Pos Series by Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics K.K. are the panels which enable to measure identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing quickly and we have confirmed that it is useful for detecting drug resistance bacteria. As the identification result of comparing Rapid plus series with the current panel by using 143 strains of various drug resistance bacteria, Gram positive cocci was 87. 7%, glucose fermenter was 100% and glucose non-fermenter was 77.3 in Gram negative bacilli. On the evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibility testing, Rapid plus series, in comparison with the current panel, confirmed the lower tendency of MIC value on some drugs, but it basically presented the good concordance rate. In terms of the reporting time of antimicrobial agent, non-fermenter or MRCNS reported the result as needed after 8 hours and it took a little longer time for the report of antimicrobial agent. On the other hand, 80% or higher of antimicrobial agent on panel was reported for intestinal bacteria in 4.5 hours and for MRSA in 6.5 hours. It enabled to report the testing result on the same day. Due to the results above, Rapid plus series was highly valued on the usability, such as the early detection of drug resistance bacteria and the selection of therapeutic agents.     

南京儿童医院PICU病原菌流行分布与耐药性分析

目的了解南京地区儿童重症监护病房（PICU）临床分离病原菌的流行分布与其对抗生素的耐药趋势,指导临床诊断及用药。方法回顾性分析2011年1月至2013年12月南京医科大学附属南京儿童医院PICU住院患儿所分离出病原菌的分布和药物敏感性试验结果。结果 1 476例各类送检标本中共分离出386株病原菌（26.2%）,其中革兰阴性杆菌265株（68.7%）,主要为肺炎克雷白杆菌,大肠埃希菌和鲍曼不动杆菌;革兰阳性球菌93株（24.1%）,主要为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌,金黄色葡萄球菌和肺炎链球菌;真菌28株（7.2%）。3年中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌分别占62.7%和54.9%。革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南、阿米卡星和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦较敏感;革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素和利奈唑胺较敏感。结论 PICU分离出的主要病原菌对常规抗菌药物的耐药现象严重,应结合患儿临床表现、感染部位和病原菌的流行病学特点合理选用抗菌药物。     

Two unusual budding bacteria isolated from a swimming pool

Two unusual strains of budding bacteria were isolated on a Millipore Pseudomonas Count Water Tester during routine monitoring of Pseudomonas aeruginosa counts in a swimming pool. The first isolate has been identified as Blastobacter sp. It was a yellow-pigmented, Gram negative rod-shaped organism with a polar holdfast by which it attached to solid surfaces or other cells to form rosettes. The cells reproduced by asymmetric division or budding at the free pole of the cell, producing motile daughter cells with a single polar flagellum. The second isolate, which has not yet been identified, was a red-pigmented, Gram negative rod-shaped organism which produced one or more buds at each pole of the cell. Cell division appears to occur by both binary fission and by budding. Both organisms were strict aerobes, catalase and oxidase positive and did not produce acid from glucose in Hugh and Leifson medium.     

几种抗菌药物对腹泻羔羊肠道细菌的影响及临床观察

通过对治疗前后腹泻羔羊粪便细菌检查及临床观察,以查明两种抗菌药物对腹泻羔羊肠道细菌的影响。结果表明,腹泻羔羊治疗前粪便中的革兰氏阳性杆菌,革兰氏阳性球菌及革兰氏阴性杆菌的比例分别为20％、10％和70％。用敌菌净治疗的效果显著,其羔羊肠道细菌的比例接近健康羔羊。用庆大霉素治疗的羔羊,部分出现不良反应,其肠道细菌出现失调状态。     

407例老年肺癌下呼吸道感染患者病原菌分布及耐药分析

目的 分析老年肺癌下呼吸道感染患者痰培养物的病原菌分布及耐药状况.方法 回顾性分析407例老年肺癌下呼吸道感染患者痰标本细菌培养、鉴定及药敏结果.结果 共分离出病原菌238株,革兰阴性菌163株,占68.49％;革兰阳性菌33株,占13.87％;真菌42株,占17.65％.主要病原菌为肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌.其中,肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌ESBLs阳性菌株的比例分别为36.73％、28.85％.结论 老年肺癌患者因长期使用抗生素,呼吸道菌群失调,不同病原菌对抗菌药耐药率均较高,以革兰阴性菌感染为主,肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌产ESBLs的菌株有较高比例,二重感染比例较高;革兰阳性菌均对万古霉素敏感,未发现耐药菌株.因此临床医生根据药敏结果合理选用抗生素,对于改善患者肺部微生态失衡,延长生存时间具有重要指导意义.     

The Preservation of Bacteria and Fungi on anhydrous Silica Gel: an Assessment of Survival over Four years

The preservation method of Perkins (1962) using suspensions in skim-milk was used to preserve 33 bacteria and 22 fungi on anhydrous silica gel. During storage at room temperature, 64% of the bacteria and 77% of the fungi survived 1 year or more. Storage at 4° often increased the survival period c. 2- to 3-fold: 73% of the bacteria and all 12 of the fungi tested at 4° survived > 1 year. At the last testing, 60% of the bacteria and 36% of the fungi were still viable after storage at 4° for periods between 3 and 4 years. The Gram positive bacilli tended to survive the silica gel preservation process better than most Gram negative bacilli. Some factors influencing survival after preservation on silica gel are discussed; the results support the use of a closed storage tube.     

慢性阻塞性肺病患者下呼吸道感染革兰阴性杆菌分布及耐药性分析

了解慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)下呼吸道致病性革兰阴性杆菌的分布及耐药情况。收集江苏省宝应县人民医院2011年1月至2013年7月COPD患者下呼吸道标本,培养分离出的革兰阴性细菌,采用API试剂进行细菌鉴定及药敏试验,统计分析其临床分布及耐药性。共分离出355株革兰阴性细菌,β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)在大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌检出率分别为37.6%和32.9%,碳青霉烯类对肠杆菌科细菌和产ESBLs菌株和鲍曼不动杆菌属的抗菌活性最强,耐药率为0~6.2%,对阿米卡星、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和哌拉西林/舒巴坦较敏感。铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类耐药率为23.7%;嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对碳青霉烯类高度耐受,耐药率为100%。革兰阴性杆菌为COPD患者临床最常见致病菌,碳青霉烯类对除嗜麦窄食单胞菌外的其他革兰阴性细菌具有较好的抗菌活性。     

Diauxic growth of Penicillium camembertii on glucose and arginine

The growth of Penicillium camembertii during batch culture in a synthetic medium containing glucose and arginine was examined. The diauxic growth observed can be well characterized. Indeed, in a first phase, glucose and arginine were, respectively, assimilated as carbon and nitrogen sources, with an acidification of the medium (until 3.5), since arginine was taken up in exchange for protons. During this phase of growth, arginine, in addition to glucose, was also assimilated as an energy source, resulting in the release of the arginine carbon content as CO₂. Then, in a second phase, characterized by reduced growth rates after glucose depletion, arginine was assimilated as a carbon and nitrogen source, as well as an energy source, resulting in ammonium release which raised the pH (final pH 6.3), despite the amino acid/H⁺ exchange, since amino acids contain excess nitrogen in relation to their carbon content for fungi.     

Arginine catabolism in Lactobacillus sake isolated from meat

Lactobacillus sake isolated from meat can hydrolyze arginine via the arginine deiminase pathway. Two enzymes, arginine deiminase and ornithine transcarbamylase, have been revealed by detection of their reaction products, citrulline and ornithine, respectively. The production of citrulline depends on the concentration of glucose in a synthetic medium; it does not occur when the concentration of glucose is 27.5 mM or higher.     

下呼吸道感染患者病原菌分布及耐药性

目的分析下呼吸道感染患者病原菌分布及耐药性,指导临床合理用药。方法收集我院2013年至2015年院内感染患者痰标本进行细菌培养和药物敏感性试验。结果 3年共收集下呼吸道痰液标本21 615份,分离病原菌5 621株,阳性率为26.0%;其中革兰阴性(G~-)菌4 249株,占75.6%,以铜绿假单胞菌居多(20.7%);真菌764株,占13.6%,以白假丝酵母居多(12.6%);革兰阳性(G~+)菌608株,占10.8%,以金黄色葡萄球菌居多(9.9%)。药物敏感试验结果显示:G~-杆菌对亚胺培南、美洛培南耐药率最低,对青霉素类、喹诺酮类和部分三代头孢类等抗菌药耐药率较高(50.0%)。G~+球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺耐药率为零,对青霉素类、喹诺酮类和红霉素等抗菌药耐药率较高(40.0%)。结论下呼吸道感染患者病原菌以G~-杆菌为主,耐药性呈增长趋势,临床应加大病原菌分布检测及其耐药性监测力度,及时调整抗菌药物用药。