云南棘蝇属三新种(双翅目:蝇科)

报道了采自云南省的蝇科棘蝇属Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ Ｒ．－Ｄ．３新种,分别命名为明斑棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｌｕｃｕｌｅｎｔｉｍａｃｕｌａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．、刺尾棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｓｐｉｎｉｃａｕｄａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和毛盾棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｖｉｌｌｉｓｃｕｔｅｌｌａｔａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,均隶属于棕斑棘蝇种团Ｐｈ．ｆｕｓｃａｔａ－ｇｒｏｕｐ。模式标本保存于沈阳师范学院昆虫研究所。     

中国棘蝇属三新种（双翅目：蝇科）

描述了采自中国四川的蝇科（Ｍｕｓｃｉｄａｅ）棘蝇属（ＰｈａｏｎｉａＲｏｂｉｎｅａｕ－Ｄｅｓｖｏｉｄｙ,１８３０）３新种：钉棘蝇,新种Ｐｈａｏｎｉａｐａｔｔａｌｏｃｅｒｃａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ,回归棘蝇,新种Ｐｈａｏｎｉａｒｅｄａｃｔａｔａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．双耳棘蝇,新种Ｐｈａｏｎｉａｂｉａｕｒｉｃｕｌａｔａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。其中１种命名为回归棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａｒｅｄａｃｔａｔａ,以示香港于１９９７年７月１日回归祖     

中国刺中属半月棘蝇种团及三种记述（双翅目：蝇科）

报道采自四川地区棘蝇属Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ Ｒｏｂｉｎｅａｕ－Ｄｅｓｖｉｄｙ,１８３０半月棘蝇种团Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｓｅｍｉｌｕｎａｒａ ｇｒｏｕｐ及３种新：半月棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｓｅｍｉｌｕｎａｒａ Ｆｅｎｇ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,亚半月棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｓｕｂｓｅｍｉｌｕｎａｒａ Ｆｅｎｇ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．及宝麟棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｂａｏｌｉｎｉ Ｆｅｎｇ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。模式标本存北京军事医学科学院医学     

四川省棘蝇属四新种记述：（双翅目：蝇科）

１９８０－１９８３年采自四川西部地区的棘蝇属标本中发现四新种,命名为毛胫棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｈｉｒｔｉｔｂｉａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．;拟灰白棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｍｉｍｉｎｃａｎａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ;拟活棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｍｉｍｏｖｉｖｉｄａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．及黑膝棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｎｉｇｒｉｇｅｎｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。     

中国厕蝇属一新种（双翅目：厕蝇科）

本文记述采自山西省的厕蝇属Ｆａｎｎｉａ Ｒ．－Ｄ．,１８３０一新种。录属于瘤胫厕蝇群ｘｃａｌａｒｉｓ－ｇｒｏｕｐ,胸刺厕蝇亚群ｆｕｓｃｕｌａ－ｓｕｂｇｒｏｕｐ,命名为突尾厕蝇Ｆａｎｎｉａ ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｃａｕｄａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,新种模式标本保存于山西省大同市地方病防治所。     

川藏地区棘蝇属六新种(双翅目:蝇科)

本文报道川藏地区棘蝇６新种,１．暗基棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｎｉｇｒｉｃｏｘａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ,２．宽条棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｌａｔｉｓｔｒｉａｔａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．３．似唇棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｃｈｉｌｉｔｉｃａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ,４．瘤叶棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｔｕｂｅｒｏｓｕｒａｔｙｌａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,５．茂汶棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｍａｏｗｅｒｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．６．平叶棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｆｌａｔｉｃｅ     

黑龙江省棘蝇属两新种(双翅目:蝇科)

本文描述采片黑龙江省的蝇科中棘蝇属Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ Ｒ．－Ｄ,１８３０二新种;黄尾棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｆｌａｖｉｃａｕｄａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,黑荡棘蝇Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ ｎｉｇｒｉｅｒｒａｎｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。     

中国棘蝇属二新种（双翅目：蝇科）

本文报道了采自中国贵州省梵净山的棘蝇属Ｐｈａｏｎｉａ Ｒｏｂｉｎｅａｕ－Ｄｅｓｖｏｉｄｙ,１８３０二新种：拱腹棘蝇Ｐ．ａｒｃｕａｔｉｃａｕｄａ Ｃｈｅｎ ｅｔ Ｘｕｅ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,板齿棘蝇Ｐ．ｌａｍｉｎｉｄｅｎｔａ Ｘｕｅ ｅｔ Ｃｕｉ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。模式标本保存于沈阳师范学院生物系。     

中国四川省有瓣蝇类三新种：双翅目：麻蝇总科,蝇总科

本文报道四川省有瓣蝇类３新种,小口瘦粉蝇Ｄｅｘｏｐｏｌｌｅｎｉａｐａｒｖｉｏｓｔｉａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ（丽蝇科）齿腹粪蝇Ｓｃａｔｈｏｐｈａｇａｏｄｏｎｔｏｓｔｅｒｎｉｔａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ（粪蝇科）,橙须重毫蝇Ｄｉｃｈａｅｔｏｍｙｉａｐａｌｐｉａｕｒａｎｔｉａｃａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ（蝇科）模式标本存北京军事医学科学院医学昆虫标本馆。     

四川白角秽蝇种团二新种(双翅目:蝇科)

报道采自四川省西部山区的蝇科秽蝇属２新种,定名为歪叶秽蝇Ｃｏｅｎｏｓｉａ ａｎｓｙｍｍｅｔｒｏｃｅｒｃａ Ｘｕｅ ｅｔ Ｆｅｎｇ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和暗翅秽蝇Ｃｏｅｎｏｓｉａ ｏｂｓｃｕｒｉｐｅｎｎｉｓ Ｘｕｅ ｅｔ Ｆｅｎｇ,ｓｐ ｎｏｖ．,它们共同特征是雄肛尾叶和侧尾叶细长,侧尾叶端部向后方弯曲,阳基后突很小,呈退化状,触角较短等,隶属于白角秽蝇种团Ｃ．ａｌｂｉｃｏｒｎｉｓ－ｇｒｏｕｐ。模式标本保     

Application of Reflectance Spectroscopy for Analysis of Higher Plant Pigments

Nondestructive techniques developed by the authors for assessment of chlorophylls, carotenoids, and anthocyanins in higher plant leaves and fruits are presented. The spectral features of leaf reflectance in the visible and near infrared regions are briefly considered. For pigment analysis only reflectance values at several specific wavelengths are required. The chlorophyll (Chl) content over a wide range of its changes can be assessed during leaf ontogeny using reflectance near 700 nm and, in the absence of anthocyanins, at 550 nm. The approaches used for elimination of Chl interference in the analysis of carotenoids (reflectance at 520 nm) and anthocyanins (at 550 nm) are described. The suitability of reflectance spectroscopy for estimates of carotenoid/chlorophyll ratios during leaf senescence and fruit ripening is demonstrated. The algorithms developed for pigment analysis are presented, and the conditions of their applicability are considered. Further perspectives for the application of reflectance spectroscopy including remote sensing for estimation of plant pigment content and physiological states are discussed.     

Medical ultrasound imaging

The paper gives an introduction to current medical ultrasound imaging systems. The basics of anatomic and blood flow imaging are described. The properties of medical ultrasound and its focusing are described, and the various methods for two- and three-dimensional imaging of the human anatomy are shown. Systems using both linear and non-linear propagation of ultrasound are described. The blood velocity can also be non-invasively visualized using ultrasound and the basic signal processing for doing this is introduced. Examples for spectral velocity estimation, color flow imaging and the new vector velocity images are presented.     

Experience in building a balance model of a lake ecosystem (using the example of subarctic Lake Krivoe)

The principles of balance calculation are presented for aquatic ecosystems. The step-by-step building of the balance model are described for subarctic Lake Krivoe (Karelia, western coast of the White Sea), as are the problems arising during calculations and ways to fix them. The significance of the recall ratio and the primary data reliability of major ecosystem components are specified for building a plausible pattern of energy fluxes in the studied ecosystem. The energy balance models are presented for Lake Krivoe for the productive periods of 2003–2005.     

The Phytohormone Receptors

Recent advances in the investigation of the receptors for plant hormones are reviewed. The basic data about all known receptors for auxins, ethylene, cytokinins, and brassinosteroids are presented. Some general problems concerning a search for phytohormone receptors and their properties are discussed. The review is intended for anyone interested in the molecular basics of the hormonal regulation of plant metabolism.     

Key technologies for the industrial production of fumaric acid by fermentation

The growing concern about the safety of food and dairy additives and the increasing costs of petroleum-based chemicals have rekindled the interest in the fermentation processes for fumaric acid production. The key problems of the industrial production of microbial fumaric acid are reviewed in this paper. Various strategies, including strain improvement, morphology control, substrate choice, fermentation process and separation process, are summarized and compared, and their economical possibilities for industrial processes are discussed. The market prospects and technological strategies for value-added fumaric acid derivatives are also addressed. The future prospects of microbial fumaric acid production are proposed at the end of this article.     

Enthalpies of transfer for proteins from aqueous to water-alcohol solutions: a test for models of residues exposed to solvent

The enthalpies of transfer of proteins from aqueous solution to alcohol–water solutions are used as probes of solvent-accessible surface for these proteins. Enthalpies of transfer to 10 wt% ethanol solutions are determined calorimetrically for the native proteins ribonuclease A, lysozyme, and ovalbumin. Ribonuclease A and lysozyme are reduced and carboxamidomethylated to produce configurations in which interior residues of the native protein are exposed to the solvent; enthalpies of transfer are determined for these species. These data are then compared with enthalpies of transfer for the constituent amino acids of the proteins. The enthalpies of transfer for the residues are used to generate a maximal enthalpy of transfer that can be compared with the enthalpies of transfer for the reduced, carboxamidomethylated proteins. The residue amino acid enthalpies are coupled with probabilities that each residue is an exterior residue to predict an enthalpy of transfer for the native protein that can be compared with the observed enthalpy. The probabilities developed by Wertz and Scheraga and Lee and Richards, and Chothia are then compared on their ability to predict the native enthalpies of transfer for the protein. The Wertz–Scheraga model gives the better fit of this data in all cases.     

Medium-term and long-term priorities in ecological studies.

Research priorities in ecology and environmental sciences for the future are formulated. The priorities for both fundamental and applied ecology are proposed. The list of priorities includes 50 items. The priorities are relevant to terrestrial, aquatic, and general ecology. The list of priorities is helpful when grant proposals are being prepared, evaluated, and selected for funding.     

Economics and success factors of flexible manufacturing systems: The conventional explanation revisited

This article analyzes costs and relative benefits of several hundred flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs) in the world. The analyses are based on the computerized data bases, which make it easy to correlate different cost and benefit indicators with each other and to look for regular patterns and tendencies in the applications. Both investment cost distributions and the system complexity distributions are analyzed. The relative benefits and advantages and their relationships are shown. Finally, technical and economic explanations for successful implementation strategies are given. The results show that there are two classes of economically successful systems. The small-scale and technically compact systems are usually used in small-batch production for the replacement of semimanual production. The main benefits are increased capacity and productivity as well as quality improvements. The large-scale and technically complex systems are used in large-volume production for the replacement of fixed automation and transfer lines. The benefits are mainly due to the increased potential for flexibility and capital savings.     

Method agreement analysis: A review of correct methodology

The correct approach to analyzing method agreement is discussed. Whether we are considering agreement between two measurements on the same samples (repeatability) or two individuals using identical methodology on identical samples (reproducibility) or comparing two methods, appropriate procedures are described, and worked examples are shown. The correct approaches for both categorical and numerical variables are explained. More complex analyses involving a comparison of more than two pairs of data are mentioned and guidance for these analyses given. Simple formulae for calculating the approximate sample size needed for agreement analysis are also given. Examples of good practice from the reproduction literature are cited, and common errors of methodology are indicated.     

The Prior Distribution of the Minimum and Maximum Distance between Several Marker Loci and Quantitative Trait Loci

In order to control linkage experiments, exact formulas and approximations are derived for the minimum distance between quantitative trait loci and the nearest marker locus. The locations of the loci are assumed to be uniformly distributed over the genome. The locations of the marker loci may be known or unknown. The number and length of the chromosomes are arbitrary and therefore the results are applicable for all kinds of species. Analogous formulas are derived for the maximum distance between the quantitative trait loci and the nearest marker loci. For the probability of linkage more simple expressions are derived. The accuracy of the approximations is checked by a simulation.