苹果α-法尼烯合成酶基因双链RNAi载体的构建

RNA干扰属于转录后后基因基因沉默机制(PTGS),是一种新型的基因沉默手段,用于基因表达和功能的研究。以成熟苹果的果皮RNA为模板,经RT-PCR扩增并克隆α-Farnesene合成酶基因(AFS),设计特异引物从AFS基因中扩增515bp和396bp的反义和正义基因片段,将正义和反义基因片段串联,把构成的长为911bp的DNA插到PBI121表达载体中,构建成可表达α-Farnesene合成酶双链RNA载体PBI-AFS。     

人参查尔酮合成酶基因PgCHS1的克隆与表达分析

该文探究了人参查尔酮合成酶(chalcone synthase, CHS)基因的表达模式与人参黄酮含量及抗胁迫之间的关系。作者从新鲜4年生人参根中提取总RNA,反转录合成cDNA,根据转录组测序结果,利用PCR扩增克隆人参CHS基因的cDNA全长,对其进行生物信息学分析,采用荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)分析人参根、茎、叶和胁迫条件下发根中CHS基因的表达水平,并测定其黄酮含量。克隆得到人参CHS,命名为PgCHS1,序列完整开放读码框(ORF)长度为1 182 bp,编码393个氨基酸。分析表明,该序列属于CHS家族基因,其具有查尔酮合成酶催化中心4个高度保守的残基Cys164、Phe215、His303、Asn336和形成活性中心构象所必需的13个关键残基Pro138、Gly163、Gly167、Leu214、Asp217、Gly262、Pro304、Gly305、Gly306、Gly335、Gly374、Pro375、Gly376。基因表达分析表明,Pg CHS1基因在叶片中的表达量最高,其次是茎、根和发根,并且受SA和MeJA的诱导。人参黄酮含量与基因表达水平高度一致。结果提示, PgCHS1基因参与人参黄酮的生物合成,从而保护人参免受外界的胁迫。     

β2肾上腺素受体基因在毕赤酵母中的表达及活性测定

为提高β2－肾上腺素受体(β2AR)表达量,满足生产需求,使其应用到抗体技术上,利用分子克隆技术将β2－肾上腺素受体基因(β2AR)与绿色荧光蛋白基因(eGFP)克隆到毕赤酵母（Pichia pastoris）表达载体中。表达载体pPICZαDNAsGFP转化至酵母后,β2AR和eGFP基因与酵母基因重组。利用筛选出的阳性重组子诱导表达β2AR和eGFP的融合蛋白,通过125I标记的配体结合实验证明获得了有受体活性的融合蛋白。     

反义RNA抑制存活素基因的表达对HeLa细胞的影响

为研究存活素（survivin)基因在肿瘤细胞中的应用,通过RT-PCR从HeLa细胞中克隆得到存活素cDNA的编码区,将其反向克隆到可诱导型表达载体pHC中,得到存活素反义RNA表达的载体pHSC,通过脂质体的介导,将pHSC导入HeLa细胞中,经C418（800nmol/L)筛选获得可以诱导表达存活素反义RNA的稳定细胞株HeLa-pHSC。获得的细胞株在2mmol/LZn^2 的诱导下,可以表达存活素反义RNA,从而抑制存活素基因的表达,此时HeLa细胞的增殖受到抑制,对化疗药物的敏感性增加,在G2/M期可以减缓细胞周期的进行性,这表明存活素对维持肿瘤细胞的增殖以及细胞周期的进行具有非常重要的作用。     

诱导人参发根的rolC基因植物表达载体构建及其在人参中的表达

根据Slightom等RiA₄TL-DNA序列分析结果 ,设计了一对引物 ,以R_i 质粒DNA为模板 ,利用PCR方法对rolC基因进行了扩增。利用pGEM-T载体对rolC基因进行了克隆和测序。结果 ,克隆的DNA片段序列与报道的ORF12阅读框内的rolC序列一致。将pGEM-T-rolC用限制性内切酶SacI酶切 ,与经SmaI酶切CIAP去磷酸化的pUC19质粒重组 ,经蓝白斑筛选得到正向重组的pUC19-rolC。再用Xbal-SacI双酶切pUC19-rolC与pBI121 ,将rolC基因定向克隆到具有CaMV35S启动子的pBI121表达质粒上 ,构建成植物表达载体pBI-rolC。用pBI-rolC转化农杆菌LBA4404构建成的LBA4404 (pBI-rolC)工程菌转化人参子叶 ,获得发根的表达。经PCR扩增分子检测 ,证明rolC基因确已整合到人参发根基因组中。经对转化的人参发根中单体皂苷含量测定 ,发现发根中含有所检测的 7种人参单体皂苷 ,总皂苷含量达 18.55mg/g。     

番茄ACC合成酶cDNA克隆及其对果实成熟的反义抑制

利用RT—PcR技术克隆了ACC合成酶多基因家族成员之－LE-ACC2编码区约1．7kb的cDNA,经酶切图谱和序列分析鉴定无误后,反向插入到植物表达载体pBin437中,构建了表达Acc合成酶反望RNA的二元载体。经农杆菌途径转化番茄“丽春”品种后,通过PCR检测从抗卡那霉素再生植株中筛选到6株转基因植株,Southern杂交确证了外源基因是以单拷贝插入到番茄染色体中;对果实乙烯释放的测定结果表明转基因番茄果实的乙烯释放量仅为对照的30％左右,在室温下转基因番茄果实采后保存60 d以上仍然没有变红、软化。以上结果表明其反义RNA在转基因番茄中的表达能有效地抑制乙烯的生物合成从而延缓果实成熟,表现出良好的耐储保鲜特性。对转基因植株子一代(T1)的分析结果进一步表明反义ACC合成酶基因以典型的单基因方式传到子代。通过对子二代的分析已初步筛选到一 个耐储藏的转基因番茄纯合品系。     

人参发根的诱导及其适宜培养条件的研究

利用发根农杆菌A₄菌株在人参根外植体上直接诱导产生发根。在1/2MS固体培养基上建立起发根离体培养系,经连续多代的培养,发根仍保持旺盛生长状态。PCR扩增结果表明,发根农杆菌R_I质粒的rolC基因已在人参发根基因组中整合并得到表达。液体培养基中发根生长速度约为固体培养的2倍。经对发根中人参皂苷含量及比生长速率的测定,筛选出高产发根系R9923。利用HPLC法测定了R9923发根系中单体皂苷Rg1、Re、Rf、Rb1、Rc、Rb2和Rd的含量,人参总皂苷含量达15.2mg/g。确定1/2MS培养液（30g/L蔗糖）、摇床转速110r/min、每２周更换一次培养液、继代培养时间4周,为人参发根生长适宜条件。探讨了培养容积、发根初始接种量以及分级放大培养工艺对发根大规模生产过程中生物产量和皂苷含量的影响。     

真核基因反义RNA研究进展

反义RNA是指能与特定mRNA互补的RNA片段。本文介绍了近年来真核基因反义RNA研究的一些进展,包括不同基因反义RNA的作用,反义RNA抑制作用的特点,以及反义RNA的抑制机理。反义RNA对基因表达具有高度专一性的调控作用,因此可利用它研究特定基因在细胞生长、分化中的作用,同时,反义RNA系统也可用于抑制有害基因的表达,从而为治疗提供新的途径。     

唾液酸化路易斯-X合成关键酶基因的克隆表达

唾液酸化路易斯-X(sialyl lewis X,Slex) 是选择素家族的一个共同糖配体,通过与选择素竞争性地结合炎性细胞,可以抑制炎症反应。通过克隆表达Slex合成过程中的关键酶,在体外进行Slex的生物合成,用于相关乳腺炎防治药物的研发。β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶(β-1, 4-galactosyltransferase,GT)就是参与Slex生物合成过程的关键酶之一。利用相关软件对牛的GT基因进行了生物信息学的分析,了解了GT的相关理化性质。通过人工合成的方法获得了GT基因的CDS,构建了重组质粒pMD18-GT,并亚克隆至表达载体pPIC9K。通过电转化将线性化的表达质粒pPIC9K-GT整合到宿主菌P. pastoris GS115基因组上,构建了重组酵母GS115-GT。经诱导表达后,SDS-PAGE检测到了目的蛋白条带,证明了此基因在P. pastoris GS115中能够可溶性表达;并用苯酚红法测定了粗酶液的活性,其比酶活为16.4 U/ml,这为其进一步研究奠定了基础。     

百合查尔酮合成酶基因克隆及其转化烟草的花色表达分析

以‘西伯利亚’百合为试材,利用PCR技术克隆了查尔酮合成酶基因(CHS),构建了CHS基因的正义和反义植物表达载体,采用农杆菌介导法转化烟草叶盘,获得了转正义CHS基因的本明烟草18株,转反义CHS基因的普通烟草21株,总转化率为26.0%。高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测结果显示,正义CHS转基因的本明烟草类黄酮含量升高14.0%～59.7%,反义CHS转基因的普通烟草类黄酮含量降低44.5%～76.4%。花色观察结果显示,正义转基因烟草的花瓣颜色未见变化,反义转基因烟草部分植株的花瓣颜色变浅。研究表明,CHS基因遗传转化是进行花色调控的有效手段之一。     

康乃馨ACC氧化酶cDNA的克隆及其反义植物表达载体的构建

以康乃馨（Dianthus caryophyllus L.)花瓣为材料,用改进的异硫氰酸胍一步法提取总RNA,根据已报道的康乃馨ACC氧化酶（1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase,CO)基因的序列设计产合成一对引物,通过RT-PCR方法获得一约1.2kb特异片段,把该片段连接pGEM^(R)-Teasy vector上进行测序,其全长共1156bp,编码区915bp。共编码304个氨基酸残基,序列分析结果表明该序列与GenBankL35152中的康乃馨ACC氧化酶基因的cDNA序列完全相符,推断该基因在康乃馨种内可能是完全或高度保守的,随 后将此片段反向插入植物表达载体pBI121的35S启动子和NOS终止子之间,构建了一反义植物表达载体pBO;又把花特异表达启动子PchsA插入pBI121的HindⅢ Xbal位点构建中间载体pGHB,再把康乃馨ACC氧化酶基因反向插入中间载体pCHB的XbaI Satl位点构建成另一反义植物表达载体pCBO。     

Transformation of antisense constructs of the chalcone synthase gene superfamily into Gerbera hybrida: differential effect on the expression of family members

Suppression of gene expression using antisense technology has been successful in various applications. In this paper we report differential inhibition of gene expression of the chalcone synthase (chs) gene superfamily members in transgenic Gerbera hybrida (Asteraceae) plants. We have transformed two different cDNAs of the chs gene family, gchs 1 [4] and gchs2, in antisense orientation under control of the CaMV 35S promoter into gerbera. Gchs1 codes for an enzyme with chalcone synthase activity while gchs2 is a more diverged member of the gene family having distinct structure and expression pattern. Furthermore, gchs2 is evidently not involved in anthocyanin synthesis and encodes an enzyme with novel catalytic properties. In both cases effective blocking of the resident sense gene expression was detected. In addition, the transformation affected differentially the expression of other members of the chs gene family. The degree of inhibition appeared to depend on the sequence homology between the antisense and the target genes. In the unevenly coloured inflorescences detected among anti-gchs1 transformants during their growth, relaxation of the antisense effect was here shown to start from the most distant member of the gene family, further demonstrating the influence of sequence homology in the stability of antisense inhibition.     

Natural antisense mRNAs to hyaluronan synthase 2 inhibit hyaluronan biosynthesis and cell proliferation

We report the identification of a natural antisense mRNA of hyaluronan synthase 2 that we have chosen to designate as HASNT (for HA synthase 2 antisense) in human and mouse. HASNT is transcribed from the opposite strand of the HAS2 gene locus and is represented by several independent expressed sequence tags in human. Portions of the mouse Hasnt gene were identified through an exon-trapping approach. Sequence conservation is extremely low between human and mouse HASNT, and it is not clear whether these mRNAs contain functional open reading frames. HASNT has an alternate splice site in both human and mouse. This splice site is located at an identical position within the gene in both species and results in mRNAs of two different lengths. In each species, the antisense portion of the HASNT gene is complementary to the first exon of HAS2, which represents the 5'-untranslated region. To study the biological activity of HASNT, two human expressed sequence tag clones, representing long and short HASNT splice variants, were cloned into a tetracycline-inducible vector and were stably transfected into human osteosarcoma U2-OS Tet-on cells. The long and short HASNT-expressing cells had a reduction in HAS2 mRNA levels up to 94 and 86%, respectively, whereas hyaluronan biosynthesis was inhibited by 40 and 37%, respectively. Cell proliferation was reduced throughout the time frame of the experiment. Exogenous high molecular mass hyaluronan failed to rescue the suppressed cell proliferation, whereas adenoviral-mediated overexpression of hyaluronan synthase 3, which stimulated endogenous hyaluronan biosynthesis, was able to rescue. Collectively, our data suggest that natural antisense mRNAs of HAS2 are able to regulate HAS2 mRNA levels and hyaluronan biosynthesis in a cell culture model system and may have an important and novel regulatory role in the control of HAS2, HA biosynthesis, and HA-dependent cell functions in vivo.     

人参大片段DNA(100kb)转化灵芝的研究

为探讨人参大片段DNA转化灵芝的可能性,通过电击法将双元细菌人工染色体(BIBAC)载体上的100kb人参大片段DNA转化到灵芝原生质体内。研究发现,在电极间距为4mm,电压强度为240V时,将5μL的人参大片段DNA转化到75μL的灵芝原生质体,在选择培养基上获得了具有再生能力的转化子。根据克隆载体两侧的序列设计两对引物,对转化子进行PCR分析。试验结果表明人参大片段DNA已经转化到灵芝的基因组中。     

Transformation of Cucumis melo cv. Hetau with Tomato Antisense ACC Synthase Gene

An efficient in vitro plant regeneration system of Cucumis melo L. cv. Hetau was established. Regenerated plantlets were obtained from cotyledons after preculture, shoot inducing culture and root inducing culture. A high regeneration rate was achieved up to 58%. Cucumis melo was transformed with the antisense tomato ACC synthase gene in binary vector pMQ6 via Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated gene transfer. Kanamycin resistant plantlets were obtained on MS medium with 6 mg/L zeatin, 50 mg/L kanamycin and 650 mg/L cefotaximine. PCR and molecular hybridization analysis showed that tomato ACC synthase antisense cDNA was integreted into the genome of C. melo.     

Characterization of specific cDNA background synthesis introduced by reverse transcription in RT-PCR assays

To block expression of NMDA receptor NR1 subunit, we injected into rat hippocampus a Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 derived vector bearing a sequence for NR1 antisense. RT-PCR assays with RNA from hippocampus of animals injected either with NR1 antisense vector, control vector or vehicle, showed an amplification signal compatible with NR1 antisense which could be attributed either to an endogenous NR1 antisense or to an artifact. RT-PCR was performed either with different primers or without primers in the RT, using RNA from different tissues. RNAse protection assay was carried out to characterize the amplified signal nature. Our results show that the template for the unexpected amplified fragment was NR1 mRNA currently expressed in nervous tissue. We considered this basal amplification of a mRNA in a RT-PCR assay as “background amplification”. After background subtraction, a significant signal only remained when samples from NR1 antisense vector injected animals were used, demonstrating that this was the only source for NR1 antisense. Background amplification at RT in the absence of primers, can constitute a troubling factor in quantitative nucleic acid determination, leading to major interference, particularly when both sense and antisense sequences are present in the sample. Since RT introduced a significant background signal for every gene analyzed, we propose that RT must be always performed also without primers. Then, this signal should be identified, quantified and subtracted from the specific reaction amplification signal.