梗阻性黄疸患者经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后胆道感染的病原菌分布、耐药性及影响因素分析

目的:探讨梗阻性黄疸患者经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)术后胆道感染病原菌分布、耐药性以及导致术后胆道感染的影响因素。方法:选择2016年3月至2019年10月我院收治的310例行ERCP治疗的梗阻性黄疸患者,根据ERCP术后是否发生胆道感染将其分为感染组(50例)和未感染组(260例)。检测胆道感染患者病原菌种类及其耐药性,多元Logistic回归分析影响梗阻性黄疸患者ERCP术后胆道感染的影响因素。结果:ERCP术后胆道感染发生率为16.13%,大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌是主要致病菌,检出率分别为40.79%、13.16%、9.21%、6.58%。大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌对头孢类、氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药率高,粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌对利福平、喹诺酮类抗生素耐药率高,大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌均对利奈唑胺、亚胺培南敏感。多元Logistic回归分析结果显示,恶性病变、ERCP2次及以上、胆胰管汇流异常、术后胆管引流不畅是梗阻性黄疸患者ERCP术后胆道感染的危险因素(P0.05),术后预防性使用抗生素是保护因素(P0.05)。结论:梗阻性黄疸患者ERCP术后存在一定胆道感染风险,革兰氏阴性菌是主要致病菌,临床应注重对高危因素预防,有必要术后选择敏感抗生素预防性治疗。     

新生儿大肠埃希菌败血症耐药性分析

目的 探讨新生儿败血症的大肠埃希菌耐药情况,为早期诊断和合理治疗提供依据.方法 对2002年8月至2011年8月确诊的64例大肠埃希菌败血症新生儿的药敏结果进行回顾性分析,并对早、晚发型新生儿败血症的大肠埃希菌分离株耐药率进行比较.结果 64株大肠埃希菌分离株中,产ESBLs 29株,检出率为45.31％.其中晚发型败血症ESBLs检出率明显高于早发型(56.41％ vs 28.00％,P＜0.05).早、晚发型新生儿败血症的大肠埃希菌分离株均对亚胺培南、美罗培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率较低,均小于26.00％;早、晚发型新生儿败血症的大肠埃希菌分离株对多种抗生素的耐药率不同,差异具有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).结论 新生儿早发型与晚发型败血症的大肠埃希菌分离株对药物的耐药率有差异,建议临床在抗感染治疗时,应根据药敏结果,合理使用抗菌药物.     

81例败血症患者致病菌及其耐药特性分析

目的：探讨近年来败血症患者病原菌及其耐药特性。方法：对1997年1月～1999年12月在我院诊断败血症住院患者进行回顾性调查并根据医院感染诊断标准进行分组分析。结果：3年间诊断败血症患者共81例,共培养获得病原菌86株,其中院外组有62株,院内组24株,在院外组中,G^-菌37株（59.7%）,G^ 菌20株（32.3%）,真菌5株（8.1%）,院内组G^-菌17株（70.8%）,G^ 菌2株（8.1%）,真菌5株(20.8%）,在院外组中,前4位致病菌依次为沙门菌属、葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌和白色珠菌,院内组中前4位依次为大肠埃希菌,不动杆菌属、白色念珠菌和耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌。有多种抗生素对院外组中的G^-菌具有较强抗菌活性,院内组致病菌均呈多重耐药特性。结论：G^-菌为败血症主要致病菌,院内获得性败血症致病菌呈多重耐药特性,了解本科室常见致病菌谱及其耐药特性对败血症治疗具有指导意义。     

血液病医院感染大肠埃希菌败血症临床和耐药分析

目的探讨血液病患者大肠埃希菌败血症特点及其耐药性。方法回顾性调查分析2000年至2005年住院血液病患者感染大肠埃希菌败血症的临床及细菌耐药性。结果3045例次住院血液病患者中,血液感染大肠埃希菌者38例,多数为恶性血液病,感染均发生在化疗、应用大剂量糖皮质激素和(或)广谱抗生素之后,除2例ITP外,中性粒细胞<0.5×109/L。大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南高度敏感,对氨苄西林、头孢唑林、磺胺药耐率达90%以上,对庆大霉素、环丙沙星、左氟氧沙星耐药率达80%以上,产ESBLs菌达58.8%。结论血液病患者感染大肠埃希菌败血症,是由免疫功能受到严重抑制,粒细胞缺乏,菌群失调引起,以内源性感染为主,故应提高机体的免疫功能,对粒细胞缺乏者应进行肠道除菌,治疗上可选用亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、舒普深、头孢替坦等。     

1株枯草芽胞杆菌体外拮抗6种肠道致病菌的研究

目的研究枯草杆菌BS-3株对大肠埃希菌等6种肠道致病菌的拮抗作用。方法通过在体外BS-3菌株分别与大肠埃希菌等6种致病菌混合培养后,观察不同时间内各菌的菌量变化。结果BS-3菌株与6种肠道致病菌混合培养24、48、72和96h,其菌量逐渐增加;6种致病菌的菌量随着培养时间延续逐渐减少,其中产毒性大肠埃希菌、致病性大肠埃希菌和宋内志贺菌与对照组比较差异更明显。结论BS3菌株在培养生长过程中,可抑制大肠埃希菌等6种肠道致病菌的生长。     

妇科肿瘤患者尿液主要致病菌分布及大肠埃希菌耐药性的分析

目的探讨妇科肿瘤患者尿路感染情况。方法对688份尿液标本中主要致病菌分布及主要菌大肠埃希菌的药敏进行了总结和分析。结果尿液中主要菌为大肠埃希菌(59．3％),粪肠球菌(11．1％),铜绿假单胞菌(6．3％)。大肠埃希菌中产ESNLs菌株占51．8％,大肠埃希菌对青霉素类、头孢类耐药率均大于50％,对喹诺酮类耐药率大于70％,产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林。舒巴坦、阿莫西林-棒酸、替卡西林-棒酸耐药率很高,不适合用于临床治疗,对哌拉西林-他唑巴坦和头孢哌酮-舒巴坦敏感率均在90％左右。结论     

2921株大肠埃希菌的临床分布与耐药分析

目的了解近五年来本院分离的大肠埃希菌(ECO)的临床分布和耐药性变化,为临床合理治疗大肠埃希菌引起的感染提供参考。方法采用VITEK-32全自动微生物分析系统,对2009-2013年分离的大肠埃希菌进行菌株鉴定和药物敏感试验,用WHONET 5.4软件进行耐药统计分析。结果 2009-2013年本院共分离出2 921株ECO,2009-2012年大肠埃希菌主要分离自尿液,平均占29.4%,2013年大肠埃希菌主要分离自血液,占27.6%;2011-2013年产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌平均检出率为70.1%,高于2009-2010年的平均检出率64.1%(P0.05);主要来源于普外科和ICU,分别占22.1%、18.4%;非产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对头孢替坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、亚胺培南的耐药率高于产ESBLs大肠埃希菌(P0.05),对本研究其他药物的耐药率,非产ESBLs大肠埃希菌低于产ESBLs大肠埃希菌(P0.05);产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、头孢唑啉、头孢曲松、氨苄西林/舒巴坦的耐药率均90%,非产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林的耐药率70%。结论大肠埃希菌是临床常见致病菌,本市产ESBLs大肠埃希菌的分离率非常高,耐药问题十分严重,应加强合理使用抗菌药物管理,定期监测,控制耐药菌的产生,预防医院感染暴发流行。     

金双歧去除肠道产ESBLs大肠埃希菌定植效果的临床观察

目的 探索和研究金双歧对肠道产ESBLs大肠埃希菌的除菌作用,为临床利用金双歧辅助治疗多重耐药菌引起的感染性疾病提供依据.方法 在重症医学科患者采集肛拭子标本进行产ESBLs大肠埃希菌定菌筛查,选取40例产ESBLs大肠埃希菌患者随机分成试验组和对照组,试验组口服金双歧进行肠道内去定植.结果 试验组21例产ESBLs大肠埃希菌患者口服金双歧3～7d后,再次取肛拭子进行筛查,17例未再检出产ESBLs大肠埃希菌,4例再次检出,金双歧去除肠道产ESBLs大肠埃希菌定植有效率为87.5％;对照组19例,3～7d后,再次取肛拭子进行筛查,14例再次检出产ESBLs大肠埃希菌,5例未检出,肠道自行清除产ESBLs大肠埃希菌清除率为26.3％.结论 金双歧具有去除肠道产ESBLs大肠埃希菌定植的效果.     

大肠埃希菌在肿瘤患者肠外的分布及耐药谱分析

目的：了解大肠埃希菌在肿瘤患者肠外的分布和感染情况及耐药性。方法：参照全国临床检验操作规程,采用K-B法对云南省肿瘤医院58例肿瘤患者继发大肠埃希菌感染进行分析及对9种抗生素的耐药谱测定。结果：各类肿瘤患者中,以宫颈癌及继发大肠埃希菌感染多见,其中,宫颈癌为28.30%。肺癌为26.87%。从标本来源来看,以尿液标本最多,为63.79%,其次为痰液12.07%及分泌物12.07%。结论：大肠埃希菌在肿瘤患者肠外分布广泛,所致感染较严重,经耐药谱测定发现大肠埃希菌多重耐药类型多,提示对肿瘤患者治疗应重视局部微生态平衡及控制感染。     

通化市食源性患者粪便中致病菌检测及耐药性

目的通过对食源性疾病病例监测为食源性疾病诊断提供病原学确证,进一步探讨食源性疾病的治疗、预防和控制措施。方法按照国标方法进行几种致病菌的分离鉴定,按照CLSI 2010进行药敏试验操作及结果判定。结果 200份样品中共检出48株致病菌,检出率为24.00%。其中致泻性大肠埃希菌37株,沙门菌6株,副溶血性弧菌3株,志贺菌2株。分离出的志贺菌和副溶血性弧菌对13种抗生素全部敏感,分离出的沙门菌仅对四环素存在耐药性;分离出的大肠埃希菌中,有19株对13种抗生素均敏感,18株对8种抗生素具有一定的耐药性,产生10种耐药谱。结论通化市人民医院的食源性疾病患者粪便标本中致泻性大肠埃希菌检出率最高,其次为沙门菌,且两者均存在耐药株,应引起相关部门重视。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.