父母及个人行为对学龄前儿童超重和肥胖的影响

目的：探讨学龄前儿童超重和肥胖的现状及其影响因素。方法：从青岛市幼儿园招募年龄在3-6 岁儿童参与本调查,通过健 康体格检查和问卷调查两部分进行。其中体格检查包括身高和体重的测量,问卷调查内容包括父母的相关变量以及儿童个人饮 食行为等因素。其中1080 份为完整有效数据。结果：学龄前儿童超重和肥胖人数分别占总数的18.80%和8.98%。男孩的超重和 肥胖率（31.8%）高于女生（23.8%）。父亲和母亲的超重和肥胖均与儿童超重和肥胖存在关联性(P<0.05)。较长屏幕时间、快速进食 是超重和肥胖的危险因素(P<0.05),而增加体力活动时间为保护因素（P<0.05）。偏爱肉类也是与超重/ 肥胖相关的因素(P<0.05）。 结论：孩子个性习惯和父母均与学龄前儿童超重和肥胖相关,学龄前儿童超重和肥胖问题仍然是一个重要的公共卫生问题。     

学龄前儿童肥胖相关饮食行为的干预分析

目的:探讨学龄前儿童肥胖相关饮食行为的干预。方法:选取80例学龄前儿童为研究对象,将其随机分为两组,分别为对照组(40例)和观察组(40例),对照组儿童进行简单的饮食管理,并按照家中平常的饮食管理状态进行,观察组儿童进行相关的饮食干预,对两组儿童的饮食管理持续进行四个月,观察和和比较两组的干预结果。结果:观察组儿童的体型正常的例数明显多于对照组,观察组体型正常的例数为35例,而对照组儿童体型正常的例数为25例,对比差异显著,表明学龄前儿童肥胖进行相关的饮食干预的行为能够为改善儿童肥胖的情况提供帮助。结论:对学龄前儿童进行适当的饮食健康教育,并帮助他们培养健康的饮食习惯,控制学龄前儿童的饮食速度和摄入能量等都能有效控制儿童肥胖的出现,值得临床推广。     

四川地区幼儿和学龄前儿童的鼻部测量

本文报告１１１６例四川地区幼儿和学龄前儿童（２－７岁）鼻部９项指标的测量均数,性差及年龄发育特点。性差：仅鼻凹鼻底距４－６．５岁等少数指标部分年龄段男女性间出现显著性划异（男＞女）。此外各项指标的绝大多数年龄段男女性间无显著性差异。年龄发育：９项测量指标中７项的生长曲线随年产长而上升,数值随年龄增大,并有１－２个发育高峰;提示鼻部发育具有阶段性;２项指标的曲线随年龄增长变化较小。４项指标男女性的曲     

学龄前儿童超重肥胖的调查和影响因素分析

目的：调查北京市学龄前儿童超重肥胖流行现状并分析其影响因素,为制定防制策略提供科学依据。方法：选择842例3~5岁健康查体的学龄前儿童为研究对象,测量身高、体重并计算体质量指数（BMI）。向儿童主要养护人进行问卷调查,获得母亲孕期、儿童早期喂养、身体活动和行为习惯、家庭情况和膳食情况等与儿童超重肥胖的相关信息。以儿童是否超重肥胖为因变量,影响儿童超重肥胖的23个因素为自变量,进行单因素和多因素Logistic 回归分析。结果：学龄前儿童超重率为10.69%、肥胖率为11.28%;多因素Logistic回归分析显示,孕期增重、出生6月内喂养方式、屏幕暴露时长、谷薯类食物食用频率4个变量差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,孕期增重过多、出生6月内人工喂养、每日屏幕暴露时长≥1 h、每周食用谷薯类食物是儿童超重肥胖的危险因素。结论：北京市学龄前儿童超重肥胖率处于较高水平,儿童超重肥胖受多种因素的共同影响。     

北京市学龄前儿童对不安全零食消费行为及影响因素研究

以北京市学龄前儿童为研究对象,调查了儿童对不安全零食的消费情况,并对影响儿童频繁食用不安全零食行为的因素进行了实证分析,结果显示：儿童家庭频繁购买和儿童频繁食用排名前四位的不安全零食是蛋糕/派类、饼干类、膨化类和糖果类零食,其中显著影响儿童对这四类零食频繁食用程度的因素主要包括家长对零食安全的认知和态度、家长对相应零食的喜爱程度以及是否隔代代养等。本研究结果为家长科学指导儿童正确的零食消费行为和相关部门维护安全的零食消费环境提供了参考和建议。     

5—氟尿苷的微生物转化

5 氟尿苷 (简称ＦＵＲ)是抗肿瘤核苷药物脱氧氟尿苷 (Ｆｌｏｘｕｒｉｄｉｎｅ ,简称ＤＦＵＲ)的合成中间体。脱氧氟尿苷是一种抗代谢类抗肿瘤药 ,在体内可以部分转化为氟尿嘧啶 (简称ＦＵ) ,二者具有相似的作用途径和抗肿瘤谱。与ＦＵ相比 ,由于ＤＦＵＲ的抗肿瘤活性高且毒副反应小 ,主要用于治疗晚期结直肠癌和各种类型肝癌。在国内 ,采用化学法合成的ＤＦＵＲ业已进入临床研究阶段[1]采用化学合成法生产ＤＦＵＲ时 ,由于反应过程中需将碱基或核糖残基的部分基团进行保护 ,而且产物为多种核苷异构体和其它副产品的混合物 ,需要进一步分离 ,…     

5-氟尿苷的微生物转化

Conditions for biotransformation and purification of FUR were investigated.The result showed that when the cell concentration of E.aerogenes was 10%(w/v),the temperature and pH were 7.8 and 60℃ respectively,59.7% UR was converted to FUR.It also demonstrated that the ideal procedure for the purification of FUR is silica gel column chromatography by two elution systems (S 1∶CHCl 3∶CH 3OH∶H 2O 61∶13∶1,and S 2;CH 3COOCH 2CH 3∶CH 3OH∶CH 3COOH∶H 2O 12∶3∶3∶2)with the purity and yield of 98.0% and 86.0% …     

不同浓度氟对茶树幼苗叶片叶绿素荧光特性的影响

为探讨氟对茶树[Camellia sinensis(L.)O.Kuntze]叶片叶绿素荧光特性的影响,采用盆栽沙培法,用不同浓度的Na F溶液处理6周,对茶树叶片的叶绿素荧光特性进行研究。结果表明,用600 mg L–1的氟处理,茶苗叶片的OJIP曲线O相呈小幅度上升,P相下降得非常明显,IP相显著下降,出现清晰的L点(150μs)和K点(300μs);经过氟处理的茶苗叶片I点、J点的相对可变荧光和耗散能增加;荧光参数RC/CSo、ETo/ABS、PIabs、PIcs等明显下降,而DIo/RC、DIo/CSo和DIo/ABS等参数大幅度增加;叶片氟含量与ETo/TRo、REo/ABS、PICS呈负相关,与DIo/RC呈正相关。因此,氟胁迫处理削弱了茶树叶片的光合电子传递能力,影响了光合机构的作用,同时叶片以增加自身热耗散来防止受到光抑制和光破坏。     

学龄前儿童的营养教育效果分析与评价

目的：在幼儿园开展一系列儿童营养教育,通过膳食调查的方式,对此营养教育效果进行分析和评价,为改善幼儿的营养教育和膳食管理提供借鉴和参考,促使家长和幼儿园共同配合幼儿的健康饮食。方法：根据《中国学龄前幼儿膳食指南（2016）》,针对幼儿饮食行为习惯及幼儿膳食摄入基本情况设计调查问卷,并将得到的幼儿膳食调查问卷中的食谱录入营养计算器中计算出各营养素的摄入量,对食育前后期的统计数据进行对比分析。结果：营养教育后学龄前儿童通过膳食摄入的维生素B1含量有了显著提高,维生素B6、叶酸、维生素D的摄入也趋于合理。结论：通过开展蒙台梭利教学法系列活动,促进了学龄前儿童膳食摄入的合理化。     

单侧人工耳蜗植入对学龄前耳聋儿童听觉言语康复的效果影响因素分析

目的:探讨单侧人工耳蜗植入(cochlear implantation,CI)对学龄前耳聋儿童听觉语言康复的治疗效果以及相关影响因素。方法:将我院自2017年1月至2017年12月行CI治疗的学龄前儿童72例行作为研究对象,通过问卷调查手术患儿的相关资料,对可能影响患儿听觉言语康复效果的因素和听觉行为分级(Categories of auditory performance,CAP)以及言语可懂程度分级(Speech intelligibility rating,SIR)结果进行二分类变量的单因素分析,再进行多分类变量的Logistic回归分析评估患儿的治疗效果和影响康复效果的因素。结果:耳聋患儿CI植入年龄、术前平均残余听力、术前佩戴助听器时间、使用人工耳蜗时间和术后语训时间等因素和CAP增长倍数之间有明显的相关性(P0.05),除了上述因素之外还有术前语训时间等因素与治疗后患儿SIR增长倍数存在相关性(P0.05);CI植入年龄、术前平均残余听力和术前佩戴助听器时间对患儿术后CAP的恢复具有影响(P0.05);CI植入年龄、术前佩戴助听器时间、术前语训时间等因素对患儿SIR恢复产生影响(P0.05)。结论:患儿植入人工耳蜗的年龄、术前平均残余听力、术前佩戴助听器时间和术前言语训练时间是影响学龄前耳聋患儿术后听力言语功能恢复的主要因素。     

Fluoride Ingestion After Brushing with a Gel Containing a High Concentration of Fluoride

The aim of the study was to evaluate the amount of fluoride remaining in the oral cavity of children after brushing with fluoride gel (1.25% F). The study involved six groups of 7-year-old and six groups of 11-year-old children. The procedure was carried out according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. Fluoride concentrations were determined using ion-selective fluoride electrode. No statistically significant difference was found between the amount of fluorides that remained in the oral cavity of younger and older age group (1.2 and 1.3 mg, respectively; p > 0.05). The amount of fluorides swallowed during the procedure in both age groups proves to be within acceptable limit, as far as risk of acute poisoning symptoms is concerned. The individual daily fluoride exposure during the day of procedure seems to be twice as high compared to average fluoride intake from diet and dentifrice, and it does not exceed Tolerable Upper Intake Level for children more than 8. In younger children, it seems justifiable to reduce the amount of the preparation applied on a toothbrush, especially when daily use of the gel is recommended.     

不同剂量阿芬太尼复合罗哌卡因椎管内麻醉对肛肠手术术中及术后尿潴留的影响

摘要 目的：探讨不同剂量阿芬太尼复合罗哌卡因椎管内麻醉对肛肠手术术中及术后尿潴留的影响。方法：选取我院2020年4月到2020年12月共收治的100例肛肠手术患者作为研究对象,将患者随机分为A组、B组和C组,A组30例,B组30例,C组40例。所有患者均行阿芬太尼复合罗哌卡因椎管内腰硬联合麻醉,其中A组患者阿芬太尼剂量为1 μg/kg,B组为5 μg/kg,C组为10 μg/kg,对比三组患者麻醉效果,对比三组患者麻醉前、麻醉后、手术1 h后的平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）、心脏指数（CI）、每搏指数（SVI）和每搏变异度（SVV）变化情况,术后1 h、术后2 h、术后3 h和术后6 h的VAS评分以及术后不良反应和尿潴留发生率。结果：通过对比三组患者麻醉效果发现,A组患者优良率为80.00%,B组患者优良率为100.00%,C组患者优良率为100.00%,C组高于A组和B组（P＜0.05）;麻醉前三组患者的SVV、SVI、CI、MAP、HR对比无明显差异（P＞0.05）,麻醉后三组患者SVV、CI对比无明显差异（P＞0.05）,但三组患者的SVI、MAP、HR对比差异显著,C组明显高于A组和B组（P＜0.05）,手术1 h后,三组患者的SVV、SVI对比无明显差异（P＞0.05）,但两者CI、MAP、HR对比差异显著,C组高于于A组和B组（P＜0.05）;通过对比三组患者术后不同时间VAS评分发现,三组患者术后6 h的 VAS评分对比无明显差异（P＞0.05）,术后1 h、术后2 h、术后3 h三组患者VAS评分对比差异显著,C组明显低于A组和B组;C组患者嗜睡、恶心呕吐、肛门下坠感等术后不良反应对比无明显差异（P＞0.05）,C组患者术后尿潴留发生率明显低于B组和A组,组间对比,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论：5 μg/kg与10 μg/kg阿芬太尼复合罗哌卡因椎管内麻醉对肛肠手术患者均具有非常好的麻醉效果,但是应用剂量为10 μg/kg阿芬太尼符合罗哌卡因能够稳定患者血流动力学指标,降低患者应激反应,而且术后具有一定的阵痛效果,安全性好,且能够减少患者术后尿储留的发生情况,值得临床应用推广。     

Effects of Three Commonly-used Diuretics on the Urinary Proteome

bstract Biomarker is the measurable change associated with a physiological or pathophysiological process. Unlike blood which has mechanisms to keep the internal environment homeostatic,rine is more likely to reflect changes of the body. As a result, urine is likely to be a better biomarker ource than blood. However, since the urinary proteome is affected by many factors, including iuretics, careful evaluation of those effects is necessary if urinary proteomics is used for biomarker iscovery. Here, we evaluated the effects of three commonly-used diuretics(furosemide, F; hydrochlorothiazide,H; and spirolactone, S) on the urinary proteome in rats. Urine samples were collected before and after intragastric administration of diuretics at therapeutic doses and the roteomes were analyzed using label-free liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry LC–MS/MS). Based on the criteria of P 6 0.05, a fold change P2, a spectral count P5, and false ositive rate(FDR) 61%, 14 proteins(seven for F, five for H, and two for S) were identified by rogenesis LC–MS. The human orthologs of most of these 14 proteins are stable in the healthy uman urinary proteome, and ten of them are reported as disease biomarkers. Thus, our results uggest that the effects of diuretics deserve more attention in future urinary protein biomarker tudies. Moreover, the distinct effects of diuretics on the urinary proteome may provide clues to     

输尿管软镜治疗小儿上尿路结石的疗效及对血清炎症因子的影响

目的:探讨输尿管软镜治疗小儿上尿路结石的疗效及对血清炎症因子的影响。方法:选择2013年4月至2016年4月我院收治的上尿路结石患儿60例,通过随机数表法分为观察组(n=30)和对照组(n=30),对照组给予经皮肾镜激光碎石,观察组采用输尿管软镜取石术进行治疗。观察记录两组患者术中出血量、手术时间、住院天数及疼痛评分;比较两组患者白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞(WBC)水平、并发症发生情况及结石的清除率。结果:观察组患者手术时间、术中出血量、住院天数以及疼痛评分均低于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);两组患儿术前IL-10、CRP及WBC水平无明显差异;术后两组患儿各项炎性因子均明显增加(P0.05),观察者患儿IL-10、CRP及WBC水平显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);术后,观察组患者并发症总发生率为6.67%,明显低于对照组的33.33%,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);两组患者结石清除率无明显差异(P0.05)。结论:输尿管软镜取石术治疗上尿路结石安全有效、创伤小、并发症少,患者产生的应激反应小,值得临床推广和应用。     

Assessment of Landfill Leachate Volume and Concentrations of Cyanide and Fluoride during Phytoremediation

The potential for plants to minimize leachate volume and reduce cyanide and fluoride concentrations in groundwater was evaluated. High fluoride and soluble salts in the leachate induced chlorosis or necrosis in the leaf margins on green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), and bald cypress (Taxodium distichum). Hybrid willow (Salix Willow hybrid), sycamore (Platanus sp.), and black willow (Salix nigra) had high rates of transpiration and root growth during the study period. Cyanide in the leachate was removed by plant metabolic processes whereas fluoride accumulated in the leaves. Cyanide and fluoride in landfill leachate can be decreased through phytoremediation.     

Effects of Low Doses of Fluoride on Serum Proteins and a Serum Enzyme in Man

FLUORIDE ions have long been known to exert an inhibitory effect on the activity of certain enzymes-Frajola¹ lists ten human enzymes which are definitely inhibited in vitro and suggests that there may be more. In an experiment in one subject receiving 36 mg of sodium fluoride daily for 18 days Frajola was able to show that the activities of the serum enzymes lactic dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and glutamic transaminase were reduced, but he does not say whether the general health of the subject was affected. Opponents of fluoridation as a public health measure argue that the action as an enzyme inhibitor will affect general health and they quote instances of subjectively assessed ill-health and allergylike reactions following fluoridation of public water supplies, but careful medical observations in fluoridated areas have shown no increase of systemic disease and no significant variation in mortality rates. It has been stated² that there is no evidence that fluoride ingested at 1 p.p.m. in drinking water has any effect on human enzyme activity, but there are no specific experimental data on this question.     

氟对小鼠胰岛β细胞增殖和胰岛素分泌的影响

目的:观察不同剂量氟化钠(NaF)对体外培养的小鼠胰岛β细胞增殖活力和胰岛素分泌的影响。方法:选用小鼠胰岛β细胞株Beta-TC-6作为实验对象,分别以0、0.1、0.5、1.0、2.0、4.0、8.0、16.0 mg/LNa F干预24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h观察对β细胞形态学的影响,采用四唑蓝[3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide,MTT]比色法,检测不同剂量NaF对β细胞增殖活力的影响;用酶联免疫吸附(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)法测定不同剂量NaF对β细胞胰岛素分泌的影响。结果:0.5 mg/L、1.0 mg/L的NaF作用72 h时,可使胰岛β细胞增殖活力和胰岛素分泌较对照组明显增强(P0.05);≥8.0 mg/L时随着NaF剂量的增加和作用时间的延长,胰岛β细胞的增殖活力和胰岛素分泌明显减弱(P0.05)且随着NaF剂量的增加和时间的延长,细胞生长缓慢,数量减少,不易贴壁或融合成片,多边形细胞减少,可见较多椭圆或圆形细胞。结论:NaF对胰岛β细胞的增殖和胰岛素分泌呈剂量效应关系,随着剂量的增大和时间的延长对细胞增殖活力和胰岛素分泌能力的抑制逐渐增强。     

Fluoride exposure and factors affecting dental caries in preschool children living in two areas with different natural levels of fluorides

BackgroundSuccessful oral health interventions must be based on the specific needs of the population that they serve. Evaluation of habits related to dental caries development and estimation of fluoride exposure in a target group of young patients helps to plan effective and safe caries prevention strategies.ObjectivesThe study aimed to evaluate factors affecting dental caries experience and sources of fluoride exposure in preschool children living in two areas: with optimal and low natural content of fluoride in drinking water.Materials and methodsThe study included a group of 73 children of both sexes aged 4–7 years attending two kindergartens in Środa Wielkopolska and Turek (Wielkopolska Voivodeship, Poland), where the content of fluoride in drinking water according to data obtained in the sanitary station ranged from 0.68 to 0.74 mg/L (optimal concentration of fluoride) and from 0.19 to 0.30 mg/L (low concentration of fluoride), respectively. Parents of patients completed a survey about diet, hygiene, and dental care, taking into account the child's fluoride exposure. The calibrated dentist assessed the oral health condition using a mirror, a CPI probe, and a headlamp. Oral hygiene was recorded using the Silness and Löe plaque index, caries experience by calculating the numbers of decayed, missing, and filled primary, and permanent teeth (dmf and DMF, respectively) while caries frequency by calculating the percentage of children with caries experience above 0. In order to assess the fluoride concentrations in urine and drinking water, parents were asked to provide a urine sample collected on fasting and a tap water sample. Fluoride concentrations were assessed using a 09–37 (MARAT) fluoride ion-selective electrode and a RAE 111 silver-chloride reference electrode. Statistical analysis was conducted using the data analysis software system Statistica (version 12, StatSoft, Inc. 2014), assuming a statistical significance level p < 0.05.ResultsNo statistically significant differences were found between caries indices of the examined children in each kindergarten (p > 0.05). Urinary fluoride levels were higher in children who tended to swallow toothpaste or used fluoride rinses and positively correlated with fluoride concentrations in the drinking water. Dental caries experience in the examined children depended on the effectiveness and frequency of oral hygiene procedures and dietary habits.ConclusionsThe strategy aimed at improving the oral health of the examined group of children should include accomplishing oral hygiene, promoting a non-cariogenic diet, and, finally, controlling fluoride exposure from at-home fluoride products. Caries prevention program ought to be adjusted to individual characteristics of each child, taking into consideration oral hygiene practices, dietary habits and total fluoride intake.