宫腔镜下子宫内膜电切术联合刮宫术治疗多发性子宫内膜息肉的效果探讨

目的:探讨宫腔镜下采取子宫内膜电切术联合刮宫术对于治疗多发性子宫内膜息肉(EMP)患者的临床效果。方法:选取2012年6月至2014年3月在我院确诊为EMP的患者100例,随机平均分为两组,研究组采取宫腔镜下子宫内膜电切术联合刮宫术治疗,对照组单纯采取宫腔镜下子宫内膜电切术治疗。观察两组患者术中出血量、手术时间、一年内子宫息肉的复发率及子宫异常出血的发病率。结果:两组术中出血量、手术时间及子宫息肉复发率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。研究组子宫异常出血发病率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:宫腔镜下电切术联合刮宫术对于治疗EMP的效果更佳,可降低子宫异常出血发病率,安全有效,值得临床进一步推广。     

宫腔镜电切术联合左炔孕酮宫内节育系统对子宫内膜息肉患者性激素、炎症因子及复发的影响

摘要 目的：探讨宫腔镜电切术联合左炔孕酮宫内节育系统（LNG-IUS）对子宫内膜息肉患者炎症因子、性激素及复发的影响。方法：选取2016年4月到2018年4月期间我院收治的98例子宫内膜息肉患者,分为对照组与联合组,各49例。对照组予以宫腔镜电切术治疗,联合组予以宫腔镜电切术联合LNG-IUS治疗,比较两组性激素、炎症因子及复发情况,记录两组不良反应发生情况,观察两组月经周期、月经量、子宫内膜厚度。结果：术后6个月,两组月经周期、月经量、子宫内膜厚度均较术前降低,且联合组低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组术前、术后6个月卵泡生成激素（FSH）、黄体生成激素（LH）、雌二醇（E2）比较无显著性差异（P>0.05）。术后6个月,两组白介素-6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、C反应蛋白（CRP）均较术前降低,且联合组低于对照组（P<0.05）,白介素-4（IL-4）升高,且联合组高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组不良反应发生率对比未见显著性差异（P>0.05）。联合组复发率低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：宫腔镜电切术联合LNG-IUS治疗子宫内膜息肉患者,可有效阻止息肉生长,降低复发率,对性激素水平影响较小,其作用机制可能与抑制炎症反应有关。     

1164例围绝经期阴道不规则出血的临床及病理结果分析

目的：探讨围绝经期妇女不规则阴道出血的临床和病理特点。方法：对1164例40~55岁阴道不规则出血的妇女的临床和病理资料进行回顾性分析。结果：发生绝经期阴道不规则出血者正常子宫内膜占32．22％,粘液和萎缩性内膜占2．06％,慢性子宫内膜炎占3．18％,子宫内膜良性病变占61．42％,恶性肿瘤占1．12％。慢性子宫内膜炎的发生与年龄有关（P〈0．05）,而粘液及萎缩性子宫内膜、子宫内膜良性病变和恶性肿瘤与年龄无关（P〉0．05）。结论：围绝经期阴道不规则出血主要是由卵巢功能低下内分泌功能紊乱引起,以正常子宫内膜和良性病变为主,及时诊断和治疗可明显降低恶性肿瘤的发生率。     

宫腔镜下电切术与刮宫术治疗子宫内膜息肉合并不孕症的疗效比较及术后妊娠的影响因素分析

摘要 目的：比较宫腔镜下电切术与宫腔镜下刮宫术治疗子宫内膜息肉合并不孕症的疗效,并分析术后妊娠的影响因素。方法：选取2018年10月～2020年9月我院收治的318例子宫内膜息肉合并不孕症患者,其中接受宫腔镜下电切术治疗的159例归为电切术组,接受宫腔镜下刮宫术治疗的159例归为刮宫术组,术后均随访12个月,比较两组手术相关指标、子宫内膜厚度、月经量和围术期并发症、息肉复发率、临床妊娠率,多因素Logistic回归分析术后妊娠的影响因素。结果：电切术组术中出血量低于刮宫术组（P＜0.05）,两组患者手术时间、住院时间比较无差异（P＞0.05）。两组患者术后12个月子宫内膜厚度较术前降低,且电切术组术后子宫内膜厚度低于刮宫术组（P＜0.05）。两组患者术后1个月、术后3个月月经量较术前逐渐减少,且电切术组较刮宫术组变化更明显（P＜0.05）。电切术组息肉复发率低于刮宫术组,而临床妊娠率高于刮宫术组（P＜0.05）,两组患者围术期并发症总发生率比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄≥35岁、多发息肉、息肉直径≥1 cm、宫角息肉、术后子宫内膜厚度≥13 mm、术后息肉复发是影响子宫内膜息肉合并不孕症患者术后妊娠的危险因素（P＜0.05）。结论：宫腔镜下电切术治疗子宫内膜息肉合并不孕症患者疗效较宫腔镜下刮宫术更为显著,其术后妊娠率受年龄、息肉类型、息肉直径、息肉部位、术后子宫内膜厚度、术后息肉复发等因素影响。     

宫腔镜切除术联合LNG-IUS治疗子宫内膜息肉的临床作用研究

摘要 目的：探讨宫腔镜息肉切除术联合LNG-IUS治疗EP的临床作用机制。方法：选取我院妇产科在2019年12月至2020年12月收治的60例EP患者作为研究对象,根据手术方式分为对照组与联合组,每组30例。对照组采用宫腔镜下息肉切除术治疗,联合组以对照组为基础,联合LNG-IUS治疗。对比两组患者临床疗效,治疗后子宫内膜厚度、复发率、内分泌激素（ER、PR）以及炎症相关因子（VEGF、TGF-β1、TNF-α、CRP、IL-6）变化情况。结果：术后,联合组总有效率优于对照组（P<0.05）;术前,两组患者子宫内膜厚度对比无差异（P＞0.05）。与术前相比,术后两组患者子宫内膜厚度减小。联合组术后各阶段子宫内膜厚度均较对照组小（P<0.05）;术前,两组患者各项指标水平变化无明显差异（P＞0.05）。术后,联合组VEGF、TGF-β1、TNF-α、CRP、IL-6、ER、PGR水平均优于对照组（P<0.05）;术后12个月内,联合组总复发率为6.66%,对照组总复发率为33.33%,联合组优于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：宫腔镜电切术联用LNG-IUS其机制可能与下调ER、PR、VEGF、TGF-β1、TNF-α、CRP、IL-6的表达水平有关,提高子宫内膜息肉治疗效果,降低复发率,为EP的诊疗及相关机制研究提供理论依据。     

子宫内膜异位症与子宫内膜息肉发病机制的相关性研究进展

子宫内膜异位症(endometriosis,EMT)和子宫内膜息肉(endometrial polyp,EP)是两类常见的良性妇科疾病，以子宫内膜组织的异常种植或增生为主要病理特征。流行病学数据显示，EMT患者的EP发生率攀升，EP患者合并EMT的风险也增加，提示二者可能存在密切关系与潜在的关联机制。尽管EMT和EP的发病机制尚未完全明确，但近年研究表明，EMT和EP的发生可能与长期高水平雌激素刺激、雌激素受体与孕激素受体表达失衡、细胞凋亡与增殖异常、细胞因子的表达、局部慢性炎症刺激、免疫系统失调、氧化应激、微生物群紊乱、代谢异常等因素有关。两者共有多种危险因素，可能参与彼此的疾病进程，从而在临床治疗上显示出消极的相互作用。本文通过对EMT和EP发病机制的相关性进行综述，为二者的基础研究和临床治疗提供更多理论依据。     

宫腔镜下子宫内膜息肉电切术50例分析

目的:通过观察我院收治的子宫内膜息肉患者临床治疗资料,探讨分析采用宫腔镜下电切术治疗该疾病的临床效果.方法:将我院收治的100例子宫内膜息肉患者,按照手术方法,平均分为电切术研究组(A组)与刮除术对照组(B组),对比分析两组患者治疗后复发情况、妊娠率以及治疗效果.结果:两组患者经各治疗、随访与观察后,A组患者在症状改善率以及复发率方面均优于B组,对比差异均显著,而在妊娠率方面对比无显著差异.结论:采用宫腔镜下电切术治疗子宫内膜息肉患者,具有降低患者术后复发率、提高症状改善率等诸多优点,有利于保护患者妊娠功能,提高患者治疗质量水平,值得临床上推广与进一步研究.     

功能障碍性子宫出血患者子宫内膜Ⅷ-RAg和MMP-9的表达

目的探讨Ⅷ因子相关抗原(Ⅷ-R Ag)和基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)在功能障碍性子宫出血(DUB)患者子宫内膜的表达。方法采用免疫组织化学方法,对正常妇女与DUB患者的子宫内膜组织中Ⅷ-R Ag和MMP-9进行标记,并应用图像分析技术对其进行定量观察与分析。结果DUB出血区子宫内膜Ⅷ-R Ag表达显著低于其无出血区内膜和正常内膜,出血区子宫内膜MMP-9表达比其无出血部位内膜和正常内膜明显增多。结论DUB患者内膜组织异常出血和脱落与Ⅷ-R Ag和MMP-9异常表达有关。     

子宫异常出血与细菌L型感染的关系

通常认为,子宫异常出血由内分泌紊乱、内膜肿瘤和子宫内膜炎引起。通过对471例子宫异常出血内膜组织的细菌学及免疫组化等研究,我们发现绝大多数(85.7％)出血者原因不明,其中376例子宫内膜查见L型菌。本组细菌L型感染率为93.8％。提示子宫异常出血(包括绝经后出血)与细菌L型感染关系也很密切。并认为,子宫内膜细菌L型感染是导致子宫异常出血的重要原因之一。选择作用于细菌胞膜的药物治疗细菌L型感染效果最好。     

激素替代周期子宫内膜微创术治疗卵巢早衰的疗效分析

目的:探讨激素替代周期子宫内膜微创术治疗卵巢早衰患者的临床疗效及安全性。方法:选择2013年12月~2015年12月于我院进行治疗的卵巢早衰患者68例,随机分为实验组与对照组,每组34例,实验组患者采用激素替代周期子宫内膜微创术进行治疗,对照组患者服用中药抗衰复巢汤。比较治疗前后两组患者血清卵泡刺激素(FSH)、促黄体生成素(LH)及雌二醇(E2)水平,同时对两组患者的不良反应情况进行统计,治疗结束后比较两组患者的临床疗效。结果:与治疗前相比,两组患者血清FSH、LH水平均降低,E2水平均升高;治疗结束后,与对照组相比,实验组患者血清FSH、LH水平较低,E2水平较高(P0.05),不良反应发生率较低(P0.05),临床总有效率较高(P0.05)。结论:应用激素替代周期子宫内膜微创术可以减少卵巢早衰患者在治疗后的不良反应,提高临床疗效。     

宫腔镜联合B超诊断异常子宫出血124例临床分析

目的：探讨宫腔镜联合B超在诊治异常子宫出血的临床价值。方法：对124例异常子宫出血的病例进行回顾性分析,所有患者作B超及宫腔镜检查,宫腔内切除物或刮出物均送病理检查。结果：124例患者经病理检查确诊为子宫内膜息肉84例（67．7％）,合并宫颈息肉10例;子宫内膜增生症16例（12．9％）,其中单纯性增生12例,复杂性增生4例;子宫内膜不典型增生1例（0．8％）;子宫粘膜下肌瘤12例（9．7％）;子宫内膜样腺癌6例（4．8％）;子宫内膜炎3例（2．4％）;胚物残留2例（1．6％）。结论：宫腔镜联合B超检查是诊断异常子宫出血最好的方法.     

Endometrial and cervical polyps in 22 baboons (Papio sp.), 5 cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and one marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Background  Endometrial and cervical polyps are masses of endometrium or cervical epithelium that bulge into the uterine or cervical lumen. The physiopathology and contributing factors of endometrial polyps development are still unknown.
Methods  Clinical and pathology records of 28 non-human primates with histologically confirmed endometrial and cervical polyps were reviewed. Twenty-one baboons with endometrial polyps were evaluated for age at diagnosis, body weight, menstrual cycle length, presence of endometriosis and adenomyosis and number of offspring, cesarean sections, and stillbirths.
Results  Endometrial polyps in baboons were associated with increased age, decreased menstrual cycle lengths, endometriosis, and decreased parity. No differences were found for weight, adenomyosis, or number of cesarean sections or stillbirths.
Conclusions  Baboons are a promising model for the study of endometrial polyps because of their similarity to humans in both the development of endometrial polyps and association of many of the same risk factors.     

Factors Influencing the Recurrence Potential of Benign Endometrial Polyps after Hysteroscopic Polypectomy

Background

An endometrial polyp is a frequently encountered gynecologic disease with abnormal uterine bleeding and infertility being the two common presenting problems, and hysteroscopic polypectomy is an effective method to remove them. The postoperative polyp recurrence might result in reappearance of abnormal uterine bleeding or infertility, whereas factors influencing the postoperative recurrence potential have limited data.

Methods

This case-series report included 168 premenopausal women who suffered from endometrial polyps and underwent hysteroscopic polypectomy. All of them were awaiting a future pregnancy. Office hysteroscopy was done before and after hysteroscopic polypectomy, in which preoperative hysteroscopy examined the number, type, and location of endometrial polyps, and postoperative hysteroscopy checked the polyp recurrence. Surgical indications, either infertility or the presentation of abnormal uterine bleeding, and follow-up duration were recorded.

Results

Seventy-three out of 168 (43%) women had polyp recurrence after hysteroscopic polypectomy. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that more endometrial polyps (P = 0.015) and longer duration of follow-up (P = 0.004) were significantly associated with an increased risk of postoperative polyp recurrence. The type of endometrial polyps was not correlated with polyp recurrence potential, whereas pedunculated type endometrial polyps were closely related to the presentation of abnormal uterine bleeding (P = 0.001).

Conclusions

A higher number of endometrial polyps and longer follow-up duration are associated with a greater potential of polyp recurrence after hysteroscopic polypectomy.     

Decreased expression of survivin, estrogen and progesterone receptors in endometrial tissues after radiofrequency treatment of dysfunctional uterine bleeding

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The purpose of the research is to study the histopathology and expression of survivin, estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER/PR) in the endometrium of patients with dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) treated with adiofrequency endometrial ablation (REA). METHODS: A total of 98 DUB patients were enrolled in this case-control study. Among them, 66 underwent REA treatment and 32 optioned for hormone therapy as the control group. Immunohistochemical analysis for survivin, ER and PR expression was carried out on endometrial tissue samples collected before and 6 to 7 months after treatment for both groups. RESULTS: Both hormone and REA treatment ameliorated menstrual bleeding of DUB patients, with the latter showing a significantly higher effective rate. Endometrial surface tissue was replaced by fibrosis tissue in the REA treatment group. REA treatment also significantly reduced the expression of survivin, ER, and PR. Endometrial surface tissues collected from the hormonetreated control group neither showed any apparent morphological alteration nor in the expression of those receptors. CONCLUSIONS: REA treatment changed endometrial surface tissue type from gland rich to gland poor, and significantly decreased the expression of survivin, ER, and PR. This may be an important contributing mechanism for the long-term curative effect and prevention of DUB recurrence.     

Endometrial venous aneurysms in three New Zealand white rabbits.

Hematuria in rabbits has been associated with uterine adenocarcinoma, uterine polyps, renal infarction, urolithiasis, cystitis, bladder polyps, and pyelonephritis. Three adult female New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) developed apparent hematuria, as suggested by blood in their excreta pans. They had been immunized with antigen-adjuvant emulsions, but had uneventful clinical histories. Physical examination disclosed no abnormalities, and laboratory tests, including hematology, serum chemistries, urinalyses, urine cultures, ultrasonography, and intravenous pyelography disclosed mild anemia, hematuria, and proteinuria in two of the rabbits. Antibiotic therapy failed to alleviate clinical signs. Two rabbits were euthanized because of persistent urogenital bleeding and the third rabbit underwent exploratory laparotomy and ovariohysterectomy. Multiple endometrial venous aneurysms were present in the uteri of all rabbits and urogenital bleeding was attributed to episodic bleeding from these lesions. Varices and aneurysms of uterine subserosal and myometrial venous plexuses, but not of endometrial vessels in women have been reported. To our knowledge, endometrial venous aneurysms have not been reported in animals previously. Our findings indicate that the differential diagnoses for sporadic apparent hematuria in female rabbits should include endometrial aneurysms.     

Postmenopausal bleeding of nonmalignant origin

A study was made of the medical records of 102 patients hospitalized because of postmenopausal bleeding. Diagnostic procedures used included vaginal examination, Papanicolaou smears, curettage and cervical biopsy. The major associated pathological conditions (possibly etiological factors) in the series were chronic cervicitis, fibromyoma of the uterus, endometrial polyps, cervical polyps and adenomyosis of the uterus. Sclerosis of the uterine vessels was suggested as another possible cause of this type of bleeding. Neither the amount and type of bleeding nor the pattern of associated symptoms were of diagnostic value.A history of hormonal therapy prior to the onset of bleeding is not sufficient evidence to establish that as the cause of the bleeding and the patient should be as completely investigated as if this history were not present. In over 61 per cent of cases in this series, uterine curettage with or without cervical biopsy, cauterization, conization or trachelorrhaphy, was the only treatment required for both diagnosis and therapy.     

Functional uterine bleeding; etiologic factors and therapy

Endometrial hyperplasia and irregular shedding of the endometrium comprise the largest group of known causes of functional uterine bleeding.Most patients with functional uterine bleeding have a normal endometrial pattern. In a series of patients with functional uterine bleeding, it was noted that 69.7 per cent of endometrial specimens reported as normal showed evidence of hyalinized tissue which included endometrial glands. Tissue of this type was noted in only 3.5 per cent of curetted specimens from patients without functional uterine bleeding. Diagnostic uterine curettage is the initial step in the management of functional uterine bleeding. Hysterectomy and radiation castration are seldom necessary in the management of functional uterine bleeding and are indicated only under specific circumstances.     

Value of histiocyte detection in Pap smears for predicting endometrial pathology. An institutional experience

OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical implications of the finding of histiocytes in Pap smears in 1 patient population. STUDY DESIGN: The medical records and Pap smears which the presence of histiocytes was mentioned in the diagnosis between August 1996 and August 2001 were reviewed in conjunction with follow-up surgical findings. The positive predictive value (PPV) for significant endometrial pathology for the isolated finding of histiocytes on Pap smear was determined. RESULTS: Of the 238,225 women screened over a 60-month period, 325 were reported to have histiocytes in their Pap smears. Of them, 238 (73.2%) had subsequent endometrial sampling, hysterectomy or both, and follow-up Pap smears. Two hundred seven smears (87%) failed to disclose endometrial pathology. Thirty-one cases (13%) resulted in significant histopathologic findings, including 12 uterine malignancies, 8 endocervical polyps, 7 endometrial polyps, 2 submucosal leiomyomata, 1 simple hyperplasia without atypia and 1 case of tamoxifen-related changes. Upon review of the clinical records, 58% (18/31) of those patients had other significant clinical and/or cytologic findings. Five of the 18 patients (27.8%) had associated postmenopausal bleeding, 11 had additional abnormal Pap smear findings (atypical glandular cells, 6/18, or 33.3%; endometrial cells, 5/18, or 27.8%), and another 2 had both postmenopausal bleeding and atypical glandular cells (2/18, or 11.1%). The PPV for significant uterine pathology for women with the isolated finding of histiocytes on a Pap smear was 5.5% and 60% with additional clinical and/or Pap smear findings. The PPV for endometrial cancer was 1.3% in women with the isolated finding of histiocytes on a Pap smear but 20% for women with histiocytes and additional clinical/or Pap smear findings. CONCLUSION: Based on the findings of this study and recently published data, we conclude that the isolated finding of increased histiocytes in the absence of postmenopausal bleeding, endometrial cells or atypical glandular cells on a Pap smear is a poor indicator of uterine disease.     

宫腔镜联合B 超诊断异常子宫出血124 例临床分析

目的:探讨宫腔镜联合B超在诊治异常子宫出血的临床价值。方法:对124例异常子宫出血的病例进行回顾性分析,所有患者作B超及宫腔镜检查,宫腔内切除物或刮出物均送病理检查。结果:124例患者经病理检查确诊为子宫内膜息肉84例(67.7%),合并宫颈息肉10例;子宫内膜增生症16例(12.9%),其中单纯性增生12例,复杂性增生4例;子宫内膜不典型增生1例(0.8%);子宫粘膜下肌瘤12例(9.7%);子宫内膜样腺癌6例(4.8%);子宫内膜炎3例(2.4%);胚物残留2例(1.6%)。结论:宫腔镜联合B超检查是诊断异常子宫出血最好的方法。