家畜体细胞克隆中核重编程机理研究进展

体细胞克隆在绵羊、山羊、牛、猪等家畜中获得了成功,但目前的克隆效率非常低。克隆效率低使家畜体细胞克隆技术在畜牧业生产及其他领域的应用受到极大的限制,问题的根源在于对体细胞克隆中核重编程的分子机理缺乏了解。供体细胞核移入去核的卵母细胞后,必须经过后成表观遗传修饰的重编程,从而恢复供体细胞核的全能性,才能保证重构胚的正常发育及个体的正常生长。本文从移植核的重构、DNA甲基化总体改变、组蛋白修饰、X染色体失活、端粒长度和端粒酶活性恢复、印迹基因及其他与发育相关基因的表达及核重编程的影响因素等几个方面探讨了体细胞克隆中的核重编程机理,为克隆效率提高的方法研究提供理论依据。     

重建端粒酶活性延长人成纤维细胞寿命的研究

正常人体细胞DNA的端粒随着细胞分裂而缩短,当缩短至一定长度时细胞将停止增殖并衰老死亡。细胞中的端粒酶对端粒起着补足长度的作用。但端粒酶在正常体细胞中不表达,只在生殖细胞、干细胞和肿瘤细胞中表达。最近已有将人端粒酶亚单位基因导入正常人体细胞而使细胞寿命延长的报道。本研究将人端粒酶催化亚基(hTERT)基因用电穿孔法转入正常人体成纤维细胞,筛选出阳性克隆后传代培养,确认外源性端粒酶基因表达和端粒酶活性的重建,证实细胞衰老延缓;同时,通过DNA整倍性和染色体核型分析,明确这些寿命延长的细胞并未发生恶性转化。目的在于通过在具有成骨潜能的成纤维细胞中重建端粒酶活性来延长它们作为骨修复种子细胞的寿命,并且对它们进一步用于临床的安全性进行考察。     

端粒、端粒酶在动脉粥样硬化中的研究进展CSCD

端粒是真核生物线性染色体末端的DNA重复序列,维持染色体的稳定性和DNA复制的完整性。DNA复制过程中,端粒逐渐缩短达到临界值时,染色体DNA被破坏而发生复制型衰老。端粒酶是催化端粒合成的酶,但在正常体细胞中活性很低。动脉粥样硬化是一种衰老相关性疾病,为冠心病、脑梗死、外周血管病发生发展的病理基础。新近研究发现,在动脉粥样硬化患者体内存在较短的端粒,并且较短的端粒更容易导致动脉粥样硬化。本文主要综述了参与动脉粥样硬化形成过程中细胞端粒长度和端粒酶活性的变化,以及这些变化对动脉粥样硬化形成的影响,并概括了动脉粥样硬化的危险因素与端粒和端粒酶的关系。     

端粒、端粒酶在动脉粥样硬化中的研究进展

端粒是真核生物线性染色体末端的DNA重复序列,维持染色体的稳定性和DNA复制的完整性。DNA复制过程中,端粒逐渐缩短达到临界值时,染色体DNA被破坏而发生复制型衰老。端粒酶是催化端粒合成的酶,但在正常体细胞中活性很低。动脉粥样硬化是一种衰老相关性疾病,为冠心病、脑梗死、外周血管病发生发展的病理基础。新近研究发现,在动脉粥样硬化患者体内存在较短的端粒,并且较短的端粒更容易导致动脉粥样硬化。本文主要综述了参与动脉粥样硬化形成过程中细胞端粒长度和端粒酶活性的变化,以及这些变化对动脉粥样硬化形成的影响,并概括了动脉粥样硬化的危险因素与端粒和端粒酶的关系。     

曲古抑菌素A对克隆猪端粒长度的影响

端粒是染色体末端结构, 在细胞分裂时随着DNA复制而缩短, 体细胞核移植能不同程度地延长端粒长度, 但有些克隆动物端粒的长度在体细胞核移植过程中不能有效恢复, 因而这些克隆动物就会表现出早衰现象。文章发现克隆东北民猪以及eGFP、Mx和PGC1α转基因克隆猪的端粒长度与核供体成体成纤维细胞相比显著缩短(P<0.05), 表明体细胞核移植的重编程过程没能延长细胞的“寿命”。曲古抑菌素A(Trichostatin A, TSA)是一种去乙酰化酶抑制剂, 有研究表明其能提高某些物种的体细胞核重编程效率。为了使端粒长度有效恢复, 文章利用40 nmol/L TSA处理1细胞期猪克隆胚胎24 h, 结果发现, 与对照组相比, TSA处理能显著地提高克隆胚胎体外发育的囊胚率(16.35% vs. 2 7.09%, 21.60% vs. 34.90%, P<0.05), 而且囊胚期端粒长度也得到显著延长(P<0.05)。克隆胚胎移植受体后得到了TSA处理组与非处理组的克隆猪, 虽然TSA处理并没有提高克隆效率(1.3% vs. 1.7%, TSA vs. control), 但端粒长度与对照组和供体细胞相比均显著延长(P<0.05)。猪体细胞核移植不能有效恢复端粒长度, 但是TSA处理能有效延长克隆猪端粒长度。     

整合人lactoferrin基因的山羊体细胞支持核移植克隆胚的体外发育

克隆了人lactoferrin基因和山羊[[beta]]-casein基因5′端调控区, 构建了人lactoferrin的乳腺表达载体, 并将该载体利用脂质体介导转染了奶山羊胎儿成纤维细胞, 获得了稳定整合人lactoferrin基因的转基因体细胞克隆17个, 其中PCR和Southern Blot检测阳性的细胞克隆14个, 阳性率82.4%。以转基因体细胞为供体细胞进行了核移植, 获得了能够体外发育的山羊转基因克隆胚胎, 体内成熟卵母细胞来源的核移植囊胚率为64.8%, 体外成熟卵母细胞来源的核移植囊胚率为51.7%, 证明了山羊转基因体细胞能够支持克隆胚的进一步发育。     

动物克隆中的端粒和端粒酶

端粒是染色体上的一种重要结构,对维持染色体的稳定性起重要作用。核移植后,端粒长度和端粒酶活性的变化是重要的核重编程事件。不同种类的动物和供体细胞核移植后,在端粒长度的变化上存在一些差异,反映了重编程程度的不同。核移植后,在克隆囊胚中存在高水平的端粒酶活性,克隆动物的端粒长度延长,可能是由于克隆过程中端粒酶基因的重编程的缘故。     

利用Cre/LoxP系统删除转基因山羊体内的选择标记基因

在制备转基因家畜过程中的一个关键步骤是使用选择标记基因 (Selectable marker genes,SMGs) 将转基因整合细胞从大量的正常细胞中筛选出来,这导致了SMGs整合入家畜的基因组内持续传递给后代。SMGs已被证明能够显著影响基因组内整合位点处的基因调控,也增加了对转基因动物安全评价的复杂性。为了确定转基因山羊制备过程中SMGs的删除时机和删除方法,在体细胞克隆前后两个时段内,利用Cre/loxP系统删除SMGs的可行性,同时比较了蛋白转导和质粒共转染两种Cre导入方式的删除效率。结果表明：尽管在首次对山羊成纤维细胞进行遗传修饰后即可进行SMGs删除,但两次遗传修饰导致细胞严重老化,无法用于后续的体细胞克隆羊制备。在转基因山羊的成体细胞中删除SMGs不存在上述问题,成功率高,缺点是试验周期长、耗资增大。Cre表达质粒瞬时转染能够删除SMGs,但有超过30%的无SMGs细胞克隆中整合有质粒序列。TAT-CRE蛋白质转导方法可以避免引入的新外源基因,SMGs删除率达到43.9%~72.8%,是一种较佳的SMGs删除手段。     

单、双标记基因筛选的转人乳铁蛋白基因供核细胞生产克隆山羊效率的比较

为比较两种筛选标记基因生产转人乳铁蛋白(hLF)基因克隆山羊的效率,利用单(新霉素抗性基因,Neor)、双(新霉素抗性和绿色荧光蛋白基因,Neor/GFP)标记基因筛选转基因的供核细胞,并制作体细胞核移植转基因山羊。山羊胎儿成纤维细胞电转染单标记基因表达载体(pBLC14)或双标记基因表达载体(pAPLM),分别有58.8%(20/34)和86.7%(26/30)的抗性细胞株检测到外源基因;转染pAPLM的细胞传代培养后,仅有20%(6/30)株细胞在传代中所有细胞均能观察到荧光;分别以pBLC14和pAPLM的细胞株作为供核细胞进行体细胞核移植,共获得806枚重构胚胎,胚胎移植受体后35 d、60 d妊娠率分别为53.8%、26.9%和39.1%、21.7%,最终分别产下5只(1.9%)和7只(1.4%)克隆山羊;经PCR及Southern blotting检测,所有出生山羊均整合有外源基因。结果显示,以单、双标记基因筛选供核细胞,其重构胚融合率、怀孕率和克隆动物出生率差异不显著(P>0.05),Neor/GFP双标记基因能准确、有效地用于转基因供核细胞筛选。同时,结果也表明Neor/GFP双标记基因转染的体细胞作为供核细胞对体细胞克隆效率未出现不利影响。     

外源基因转染导致小鼠体细胞过快衰老 及p16INK4a表达水平变化

对小鼠胎儿成纤维细胞进行外源基因转染时发现, 外源基因转染后的小鼠体细胞染色体端粒的长度以每代47 bp碱基缩短; 在转染后的衰老细胞中, 或细胞随着增龄, p16^INK4a 5′-调控区DNA甲基化程度逐渐降低; 利用RT-PCR与Northern blot证明, 衰老细胞与年轻细胞中的p16^INK4a基因的表达水平存在显著差异, 传代45代的细胞和外源基因转染后的衰老细胞p16^INK4a基因的表达水平大约是原代细胞的12~16倍, 而原代细胞与20代细胞间的差异很小。外源基因转染后的衰老细胞核移植后能支持克隆胚胎的体外早期发育。     

Replicative senescence of human skin fibroblasts correlates with a loss of regulation and overexpression of collagenase activity

The atrophy of extracellular matrix is a common event during the aging of connective tissues. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the altered ability of senescent cells to be modulated by serum growth factors correlated with a loss of regulation of collagenase synthesis. We examined the levels of immunoreactive procollagenase and collagenase inhibitor (the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases, TIMP) associated with young and senescent fibroblasts cultured in vitro. Young fibroblasts cultured in low (0.5%) concentrations of fetal bovine serum respond to increased (10%) serum by increasing levels of procollagenase and TIMP beginning 4.0 h after serum stimulation. In contrast, senescent fibroblasts constitutively produce relatively high levels of procollagenase even when cultured in low levels of serum and do not respond to serum stimulation by increasing procollagenase synthesis. In addition, senescent fibroblasts constitutively express a relatively small amount of TIMP which is not induced upon serum stimulation. This altered expression of collagenase and TIMP appears unique to the senescent phenotype and not merely a result of growth inhibition, since young cells growth arrested by density-dependent growth inhibition displayed a temporal pattern of procollagenase and TIMP expression upon serum stimulation similar to that of subconfluent young cultures. An assay of net collagenase activity revealed a greater than 20-fold elevation of activity in trypsin-activated extracts from senescent versus young fibroblasts when cultured in a low concentration of fetal bovine serum. These results demonstrate for the first time a direct correlation between alterations in the molecular pathways regulating connective tissue homeostasis and those of replicative senescence. The increased collagenolytic activity of senescent compared to young fibroblasts cultured in the presence of a low serum concentration suggests that aging fibroblasts may become increasingly fibroclastic causing many of the age-associated alterations in dermal collagen observed during aging in vivo.     

人胚肺二倍体成纤维细胞端区长度的代龄变化

以体外培养的不同代龄的人胚肺二倍体成纤维细胞（2BS）为实验对象,HeLa细胞为对照,分别观察其端区长度随代龄的变化．结果显示年轻2BS细胞（24代）端区长度约9．13kb;衰老2BS细胞（64代）端区长度约7kb,丢失约2kb．2BS细胞端区长度随代龄的增长而缩短．密度扫描结果显示细胞每复制一代,端区平均丢失50bp,而HeLa细胞的端区长度未因代龄而变化．     

年轻与衰老2BS细胞中差异表达基因片段的筛选及特征分析

为探索人衰老机制 ,采用差异显示法分别从年轻和衰老 2BS细胞中筛选出特异的cDNA片段 .衰老相关细胞cDNA片段长 2 86bp ,命名为orc ,GenBank登录号为AI35 30 6 5 ;年轻相关的cDNA片段长 2 35bp ,命名为yrc ,GenBank登录号为AI35 30 6 4.Southernblot分析表明 ,yrc在衰老和年轻2BS细胞、BGC 82 3细胞中的BamHⅠ酶切图谱均出现约 3 0kb杂交带 .Northern印迹分析显示 ,yrc在年轻和衰老 2BS细胞中均有 1 0kb和 0 5kb杂交带 ,其中 1 0kb带在两种细胞间差异不大 ,而0 5kb带则在年轻细胞中明显高于衰老细胞 .在胎儿心、肺、肝中也可见 0 5kb和 1 0kb两条杂交带 ;而在胎盘及胎儿肌肉、肾、脑、皮肤中 ,则只可见 0 5kb杂交带 ,无 1 0kb带 .orc基因转录本长约 2 0kb ,在衰老 2BS细胞中的表达高于年轻细胞 .结果表明 ,orc和yrc分别与细胞衰老和年轻相关 ,yrc 0 5kb转录本在维持细胞年轻状态及胎儿组织发育过程中可能具有调节作用     

Effect of the Tumor Promoter Phorbol 12-Myristate 13-Acetate (PMA) on Proliferation of Young and Senescent WI-38 Human Diploid Fibroblasts

The effects of the tumor promoter phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) on the proliferation, protein kinase C activity (PKC), and c-fos gene expression were examined in cultures of young and senescent (90-95% lifespan completed) WI-38 human diploid fibroblasts. We observed that, following stimulation with medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), the translocation of PKC from the cytosol to the particulate compartment was less efficient in senescent WI-38 cells than in young cells. However, when PMA was added to the medium, the intracellular distribution of PKC activity in old cells became nearly identical to that observed in young cells. The inducibility of c-fos mRNA by serum addition, which is a protein kinase C-dependent event [64], was significantly amplified in the presence of PMA. Moreover, the duration of peak c-fos expression, after stimulation by FBS and PMA, increased in senescent cells as compared to young cells. Our results reveal that the normal signal transduction pathway is altered in senescent, slowly proliferating human fibroblasts and that it can be partially restored in the presence of the tumor promoter PMA.     

Differences in electron transport potential,antioxidant defenses,and oxidant generation in young and senescent fetal lung fibroblasts (WI-38)

The activities and mRNA abundances of enzymes that regulate the rate of electron flow through the electron transport chain (ETC), including NADH dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, and cytochrome c oxidase, were examined in young and senescent fetal lung fibroblasts (WI-38). We also determined the activities and mRNA abundances of antioxidant defenses including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. We confirmed our previous report of a senescence-related increase in the abundance of ND4, a mitochondrially encoded subunit of NADH dehydrogenase. The activities of cytochrome c oxidase and NADH dehydrogenase were also elevated in senescent cultures. No differences were observed in the mRNA abundances of COX-1, a mitochondrially encoded subunit of cytochrome c oxidase or of nuclearly encoded subunits of various electron transport components (SD, COX-4, and ND 51). Lucigenin-detected chemiluminescence and H₂O₂ generation were both elevated in senescent cells. Catalase activity was also elevated in senescent fibroblasts. However, no differences in catalase mRNA abundance were observed. A small decrease in GSH peroxidase (GPx) mRNA abundance was observed in senescent cells. No other changes in the activities or mRNA abundances of any of the antioxidant defenses were observed in early and late passage cultures. The relationships between oxidant generation, mitochondrial enzyme activities, and antioxidant defense observed during proliferative senescence are dissimilar to those detected between fetal and postnatal fibroblasts as well as those found between fibroblast lines obtained from young and old individuals. The relevance of the differences between these models is discussed. J. Cell. Physiol. 180:114–122, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Correlation between the presence of T-antigen and the reinitiation of host DNA synthesis in senescent human diploid fibroblasts after SV40 infection

Senescent human diploid fibroblasts, TIG-1, had labelling indices of about 0.5-3% when labelled with [3H]thymidine for 3 days in fresh medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum. When these cells were infected with SV40, the percentage of nuclei incorporating [3H]thymidine increased by about 10-fold. The frequency of T-antigen-positive cells and that of [3H]thymidine-incorporating cells were almost the same. About 80% of T-antigen-positive cells were also positive to incorporation of [3H]thymidine, and the same result was obtained in infected young cells. These results indicated that senescent human diploid cells which are brought to synthesize T-antigen always initiate DNA synthesis as young cells do. The characteristics of senescent cells as compared with younger cells was low incidence of T-antigen-positive cells after infection. The basis of low susceptibility of senescent cells to initiate DNA synthesis by SV40 infection thus seems to be concerned with an event after the adsorption of virus, but before the synthesis of a detectable amount of T-antigen.     

Inhibition of DNA synthesis in proliferating human diploid fibroblasts by fusion with senescent cytoplasts

Cytoplasts were prepared from senescent human diploid fibroblasts. The cytoplasts were fused to young human diploid fibroblasts and DNA synthesis was analyzed in the fusion products. DNA synthesis was inhibited (greater than or equal to 40%) in the senescent cytoplast fusion products when compared to unfused young cells or young cytoplasts fused with young cells. These results are consistent with previous experiments that have shown the blockage of DNA synthesis in both nuclei of heterokaryons from fusions of senescent and young human diploid fibroblast cells. Furthermore, these results support the postulate that senescent cells synthesize a specific substance(s), which is present in the cytoplasm of the senescent cell that inhibits DNA synthesis.     

Novel monoclonal antibodies identify antigenic determinants unique to cellular senescence.

Normal human diploid fibroblasts exhibit a limited lifespan in vitro and are used as a model to study in vivo aging. Monoclonal antibodies were generated against partially purified surface membranes from human diploid fibroblasts at the end of their lifespan (senescent). Three hybridomas were isolated that secreted antibodies reacting to cellular determinants expressed specifically on senescent human fibroblasts of different origin, including neonatal foreskin, embryonic lung, and adult skin punch biopsy, but not expressed on matched young cells. The antibodies did not bind to immortal human cells and normal young cells made reversibly nondividing, indicating the antigens are not expressed in cells that are not senescent. The antibodies identified senescent cells in a mixed cell population and expression of the senescent cell antigens correlated strongly with the cells inability to synthesize DNA at the onset of senescence. The antigens appeared to be cell surface or extracellular matrix associated, and the epitopes were destroyed by mild trypsin treatment. Western analysis indicated all three antibodies reacted with fibronectin. Though the antigenic determinants on the fibronectin molecule were not accessible in the intact young cell, the epitopes were present in fibronectin extracted from both senescent and young cells, as well as purified human plasma fibronectin. These antibodies and the senescent specific expression of the antigens provide powerful tools to investigate the mechanisms leading to in vitro senescence. This may enable us to investigate directly the relationship between cellular aging and aging of the individual.