Four new species Of Mexican Castilleja (subgenus Castilleja,Scrophulariaceae) and their relatives

Castilleja subgenusCastilleja in the northern half of Mexico consists of nine species, which are treated here. The subgenus is characterized by a conspicuously colored calyx that is much more deeply cleft in front (abaxially) than in back (adaxially).Castilleja rhizomata,C. linifolia,C. mcvaughii, andC. pterocaulon are described as new, and are illustrated and mapped. The first three are compared toC. patriotica and C.tenuiflora, their closest relatives in the Tenuiflorae group, and the fourth is compared toC. ortegae, with which it constitutes the Ortegae group.Castilleja roei andC. tenuifolia of the Epichroma group are included in order to complete the census of subgenusCastilleja as encountered in the region of the new species. A key to the nine species of subgenusCastilleja from the northern half of Mexico is provided.     

Studies on the genera of the familySigniphoridae [Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea] recorded from India

An account of the Indian forms belonging to the familySigniphoridae is given. The family is represented by two genera namely,Thysanus Walker andChartocerus Motschulsky. The genusThysanus with the speciesT. ater Walker is reported for the first time from India, and is redescribed in greater detail. The subdivision of the genusChartocerus into three subgenera (Chartocerus s. str.,Xana Kurdjumov, andSigniphorina Nikol’skaja.) proposed byRosanov (1965) is accepted. In the subgenusXana two new species are described and two already known species are recorded. In the subgenusSigniphorina one new species is described. A new generic character in the subgenital plate of the genusThysanus is proposed. The generic character in the subgenital plate of the genusChartocerus described byMan Mohan (1963) is confirmed.

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Résumé La famille desSigniphoridae est représentée par deux genres:Thysanus Walker etChartocerus Motschulsky. Le genreThysanus avec l’espèceT. ater Walker est indiquée pour la première fois de l’Inde et est redécrite avec plus de détails. La subdivision du genreChartocerus en trois sous-genres (Chartocerus s. str.,Xana Kurdjumov etSigniphorina Nikol’skaja proposée parRosanov (1965) est acceptée. Dans le sous-genreXana deux nouvelles espèces (C. (X.) hyalipennis sp. n. etC. (X.) walkeri sp. n.) sont décrites et deux espèces déjà connues sont répertoriée. Parmi celles-ciC. (X.) kurdjumovi (Nikol’skaja) est mentionnée pour la première fois en Inde. Les males de l’espèceC. (X.) kerrichi sont décrits. Dans le sous-genreSigniphorina une nouvelle espèce est décrite.

     

Phylogenetic relationships in the genera<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Zostera</Emphasis> and<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Heterozostera</Emphasis> (Zosteraceae) based on<Emphasis Type="Italic"> matK</Emphasis> sequence data

Phylogenetic analysis of the plastid (chloroplast) DNA matK gene of Zosteraceae species was undertaken. A molecular phylogenetic tree based on matK sequence data showed the monophyly of Heterozostera tasmanica and subgenus Zosterella and did not support the separation of Heterozostera from the genus Zostera. The tree based on matK supported the monophyly of the subgenus Zostera, and showed that Zosteraceae consist of three main groups: Phyllospadix, which is clearly defined by being dioecious; the subgenus Zosterella and Heterozostera; and the subgenus Zostera. Character-state reconstruction of chromosome number and geographic distribution for our molecular phylogenetic tree showed that 2n=12 is a plesiomorphic character for Zostera and Heterozostera, that the chromosome number was doubled or tripled in two lineages, and that the initial speciation of Zostera and Heterozostera occurred in the Northern Hemisphere. The matK tree showed the close affinity of Z. noltii and Z. japonica, which have disjunct distributions. Zostera marina, which is the only widely distributed species in the subgenus Zostera, also occurring in the northern Atlantic, was shown to be embedded within other subgenus Zostera species.     

Pollen morphology of JapaneseSymplocos (Symplocaceae)

The pollen morphology of all 23 Japanese species ofSymplocos (1 of subgenusEusymplocos, and 22 of subgenusHopea) was comprehensively studied using LM, SEM and TEM, and found to be classifiable into two types (Type I and II) primarily on the basis of wall structure. Type I, characterized by a thick tectum lacking a supratectal structure and reduced columellae, occurs in subgenusEusymplocos, while Type II, characterized by a thin tectum with a supratectal structure and generally distinct columellae, occurs in subgenusHopea. Resemblances in wall structure suggest a closer relationship of subgenusEusymplocos to subgenusMicrosymplocos as well as of subgenusHopea to subgenusEpigenia. This fact contradicts the earlier proposed infrageneric classification, and may require its revision. Within Type II, five subtypes are recognized primarily on the basis of sculpture combined with other pollen characters. Systematic value of sculpture (i.e., subtype), aperture morphology and “globules”, as well as certain species relationships based on those characters, are also discussed.     

Chloroplast DNA variation inDesmodium subgenusPodocarpium (Leguminosae): Infrageneric phylogeny and infraspecific variations

Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) restriction site variation was examined in five species ofDesmodium subgenusPodocarpium (Leguminosae; Papilionoideae; Desmodieae). Twenty four phylogenetically informative cpDNA mutations were scored. The cladistic analysis of characters based on the 24 mutations resulted in the most parsimonious tree which supports the monophyly of the subgenus.Desmodium elegans of subgenusDollinera was the sister group of subgenusPodocarpium in this tree. The groupings obtained from the cpDNA characters were consistent with the present infrageneric classification system for the subgenus except for the infraspecific taxa ofD. podocarpum. Three groups withinD. podocarpum, which were incongruent with the infraspecific classification of the species, were distinguished by a total of four site mutations. The first group consisted of subsp.podocarpum, subsp.fallax, and subsp.oxyphyllum var.oxyphyllum; the second subsp.oxyphyllum var.oxyphyllum; and the last subsp.oxyphyllum var.oxyphyllum and var.mandshuricum.     

On the morphology,behaviour and systematic status of the assam macaque (Macaca assamensis McClelland, 1839)

Studies on a living and freshly dead male ofM. assamensis at Y.R.P.R.C. supplemented by notes on a living pair and their male offspring observed at the Z.S.L., enable us to supplement existing data on the somatology, craniology, dental anatomy and behavioural features of the species. Collectively the new data necessitate taxonomic revision of the status of the species, viz: its removal from immediate association withM. mulatta (subgenusMaimon) and alignment within the subgenusZati. Zoogeographical discontinuity in this subgenus is compared with that of the subgenusSilenus.     

Contributions toward a monograph of cybianthus (Myrsinaceae): I. Subgenus iteoides and the identity of conomorpha loretensis

A provisional key to the species ofCybianthus subgenusIteoides is presented and one new species, C.colombianus, is described, illustrated and discussed.Conomorpha loretensis Lundell is transferred toCybianthus, its relationships within subgenusWeigeltia are discussed, and a key to its sister species,C. gardneri and C.dubius, is provided.     

Intragenomic movement,sequence amplification and concerted evolution in satellite DNA in harvest mice,Reithrodontomys: Evidence from in situ hybridization

Three DNA probes isolated from three species ofReithrodontomys (R. montanus, R. megalotis, R. fulvescens) were used to examine within and among species variation in the chromosomal location of satellite DNA and constitutive heterochromatin. These probes hybridized to the centromeric regions on all chromosomes in six species of the subgenusReithrodontomys. Additionally, nearly all extra-centromeric C-band positive regions (with the exception of some heterochromatic material on the X and Y) hybridized to these probes. Within the subgenusReithrodontomys both the chromosomal distribution and organization of satellite DNA has changed throughout evolution. The evolutionary transition has been from a totally centromeric position inR. fulvescens to centromeric and non-centromeric regions in other species that have undergone extensive chromosomal rearrangements from the primitive karyotype for peromyscine rodents. In addition, the monomer repeat of the satellite sequence differs betweenR. fulvescens (monomer defined by PstI) and the remaining species in the subgenusReithrodontomys (monomer defined by EcoRI). These results suggest at least two amplification events for this satellite DNA sequence. Models and mechanisms concerned with the homogenization and spread of satellite sequences in complex genomes are evaluated in light of theReithrodontomys data. From a phlyogenetic standpoint, the satellite sequences composing heterochromatic regions were restricted to the subgenusReithrodontomys, which supports morphological differences used to recognize two subgenera,Reithrodontomys andAporodon. Probes failed to hybridize to any part of the karyotype ofR. mexicanus (subgenusAporodon) or to seven species from other closely related genera (Baiomys, Neotoma, Nyctomys, Ochrotomys, Onychomys, Peromyscus, Xenomys), some of which are considered as potential sister taxa forReithrodontomys.     

Relationships within theRugopharynx delta species complex (Nematoda: Strongyloidea) from Australian marsupials inferred from allozyme electrophoretic data

Relationships between the strongyloid nematodesRugopharynx delta, R. zeta, R. omega, R. longibursaris, R. mawsonae andR. sigma, all from macropodid marsupials, were investigated using allozyme data. The phylogenetic trees derived from the electrophoretic data set were congruent with those of the hosts and were consistent with the hypothesis that the species complex originated in pademelons of the genusThylogale and diversified in rock-wallabies (Petrogale spp.) and scrub wallabies of the subgenusNotamacropus. Host switching is evident only between closely related macropodid taxa.     

Social and reproductive behavior ofChaetodontoplus mesoleucus (Pomacanthidae) at Bantayan island,Philippines, with notes on pomacanthid relationships

Chaetodontoplus mesoleucus occurs at Bantayan Island in a habitat of small patches of mixed scleractinian and alcyonacean corals of low diversity and simple structure. Male-female pairs were predominant, and the sex-ratio showed only a slight skew towards females. However, the presence of single male, two-female social groups demonstrates that the species is polygamous. Small size of social groups is attributed to a preference for a habitat lacking structural complexity. The species did not occur on complex coral reefs. Social and spawning behavior are nearly identical to that of most pomacanthids for which data are available, and although sex-change was not demonstrated, size-related dominance hierarchies and close phylogenetic relationships to sex-changing pomacanthids suggest protogynous hermaphroditism in this species. Behaviorally,C. mesoleucus appears quite similar to a large group of species proposed herein to represent a generalized pomacanthid behavioral type. Divergences from this generalized type by members ofGenicanthus, eastern PacificHolacanthus, and western AtlanticPomacanthus are discussed. Evidence is given to suggest the phylogenetic derivation of the subgenusCentropyge (genusCentropyge) from an ancestor of the subgenusXiphipops type. Color dimorphism and “rendezvous sites” are briefly discussed.     

The occurrence of mixed stands of the Eucalyptus subgenera Monocalyptus and Symphyomyrtus in south-eastern Tasmania

Mixed stands of eucalypts were examined on several sites in south-eastern Tasmania. Species from the subgenus Monocalyptus (E. puchella and E. obliqua) became dominant over species from the subgenus Symphyomyrtus (E. viminalis and E. globulus) as the age of the stand increased. In glasshouse trials, Symphyomyrtus species were initially at an advantage since they were more opportunistic than Monocalyptus species owing to their more rapid and even germination and higher initial growth rates. In addition, the Monocalyptus species E. pulchella showed a greater tendency to regenerate vegetatively than the Symphyomyrtus species E. viminalis and E. ovata.     

Origin of the subgeneraCyclampterium, Paralampterium andSciadiopeplus fromLophocyrtis (Lophocyrtis) (Radiolaria, Theoperidae)

Work on the exceptionally well-preserved, rapidly accumulating Bath Cliff Section, Barbados and supplementary Deep Sea Drilling Project samples, has revealed the evolutionary origins of three stratigraphically useful species in theCryptoprora ornata Zone straddling the Eocene/Oligocene boundary and demonstrated the origin of the genusCyclampterium. Elucidation of the origin ofCyclampterium milowi necessitates a revision of the generaLophocyrtis andCyclampterium.Lophocyrtis (Lophocyrtis)jacchia is the ancestor ofL. (Cyclampterium)hadra, the earliest member in the subgenusCyclampterium which comprises the anagenetic lineage leading fromL. (C.)hadra toL. (C.)neatum. The monotypic subgenusSciadiopeplus branches off from an early member in theCyclampterium lineage. The new speciesL. (L.)exitelus andL. (S.)oberhaensliae terminate the subgeneraLophocyrtis andSciadiopeplus, respectively. During the investigation it also became clear that morphotypes resembling earlyL. (C.)milowi could be found in mid and high latitude assemblages in the late Early and late Middle Eocene. The origin of one these morphotypes was also traced toL. (Lophocyrtis)jacchia giving rise to the new subgenusParalampterium. This lineage includes the new speciesL. (Paralampterium)dumitricai and two species questionably assigned to it,L. (Paralampterium)?longiventer and the new speciesL. (Paralampterium) ?galenum. The relationship ofL. (P.)dumitricai toL. (P.) ?longiventer andL. (P.) ?galenum is unknown.     

Phylogeny of 12 species of genusGlycine Willd. reconstructed with internal transcribed region in nuclear ribosomal DNA

The ITS-Is of 24 accessions belong to 10 species of subgenusGlycine, and 2 species of subgenusSoja of genusGlycine were amplified, cloned and sequenced. According to the homology of the sequences, the phylogeny of the 24 accessions were reconstructed. The reconstructed dendrogram showed that there were some divergent genomic types found in the previously classified species, such asG. tomentella, G. canescens andG. tabacina, and they might be some cryptic species by morphologic analysis. Project supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences     

Three species ofCortinarius subgenusPhlegmacium new to Japan

Three species ofCortinarius subgenusPhlegmacium are described and illustrated for the first time in Japan:C. cumatilis var.cumatils, C. scaurus var.scaurus, C. xanthophyllus.     

Differences in the utilization of water vapour and free water in two co‐occurring foliose lichens from semi‐arid southern Australia

Hydration and dehydration kinetics were investigated in two xerophytic lichens with contrasting thallus morphologies, Chondropsis semiviridis (F.Muell. ex Nyl.) Nyl. and Xanthoparmelia convoluta (Krempehl.) Hale. Pulse‐modulated chlorophyll fluorescence was used to measure photosynthetic activity in thalli hydrated with either liquid water or water vapour in the laboratory and in the field. Water content (WC) and photosynthetic activity of thalli in both species increased rapidly on contact with liquid water. When exposed to water vapour, C. semiviridis hydrated more rapidly and achieved higher WC than X. convoluta. Both lichens achieved maximum Fv/Fm at low WC, regardless of hydration source. Rates of water loss were slower, and Fv/Fm remained high for longer, in X. convoluta than in C. semiviridis. Light saturated electron transport rates of both lichens were low compared with a homoiohydric plant from the same environment. Our results suggest that X. convoluta, which has a more complex morphology, retains water and remains photosynthetically active for significantly longer periods than C. semiviridis, providing X. convoluta with a potential advantage in the semi‐arid environment in which both species are found.     

Bemerkungen zur Gliederung der GattungUrtica L.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die GattungUrtica L. in drei Untergattungen zergliedert—subgenusUrtica, subgenusSarcourtica Chrtek, subgenusDendrourtica Chrtek, die sowohl durch biologische als auch morphologische Merkmale charakterisiert sind.     

Foliar flavonoids of eastern North AmericanVitis (Vitaceae) north of Mexico

Twenty-one flavonoid glycosides were isolated from the leaves of 22 North AmericanVitis L. taxa, representing two subgenera and five series. Three chemical groups were evident: one producing flavonols, flavones, and C-glycosylflavones, a second producing flavonols and flavones, and a third producing only flavonols. These three chemical groups did not correspond to any of the subgeneric groupings based on morphology. However, flavonoid distributions within series in each subgenus correlate well with morphological data. Parallel flavonoid evolution within each series is thought to account for this lack of subgeneric and interserial flavonoid distinction. The flavonoid data indicate that seriesCordifoliae of subgenusVitis, particularlyV. vulpina L., is the most closely related group to subgenusMuscadinia (Planch.)Rehder, and represents an evolutionary link between the two subgenera.     

Die GattungAdelocaryum Brand

Summary Adelocaryum anchusoides (Lindl.)Brand andA. capusii (Franch.)Brand are members of the genusLindelofia,A. Schlagintweitii Brand,A. erythraeum Brand,A. flexuosum Brand undA. malabaricum (C. B.Clarke)Brand are newly combined toCynoglossum, A. coelestinum (Lindl.)Brand is a species of subgenusEleutherostylum inCynoglossum in which genus it had already been placed byLindley.     

Studies on the ultrastructure and taxonomy of the genusTetraselmis (Prasinophyceae)

Ultrastructural investigations on many isolates ofTetraselmis have revealed that the species have characteristic fine structural features of the pyrenoid and it was proposed (Horiet al., 1982) that the genus be subdivided into four subgenera. In the present study of this series, species of the subgenusPrasinocladia, includingTetraselmis marina, T. verrucosa andT. verrucosa f.rubens, are described in detail.