血清TK1的检测在甲状腺癌诊治中的临床意义

目的:本文重点探讨血清细胞质胸苷激酶(TK1)在甲状腺癌诊治中的临床应用价值。方法:采用CIS-1型印迹免疫-增强发光检测系统检测55例甲状腺癌患者(恶性肿瘤组)血清TK1的含量,同时检测55例甲状腺良性肿瘤患者(良性肿瘤组)中的TK1含量。结果:甲状腺癌组TK1平均浓度为(3.82±3.73pmol/L),显著高于良性肿瘤组的(2.04±1.01pmol/L),差别有统计学意义(P=0.036)。结论:血清TKl检测在甲状腺癌早期诊断、疗效监测、预后判断等方面具有一定的临床应用价值。     

EB病毒胸苷激酶基因的定向克隆

采用异硫氰酸胍（ＧｕＳＣＮ）和硅藻从Ｂ９５－８细胞中快速抽摸板ＤＮＡ。根据ＥＢ病毒（ＥＢＶ）Ｂ９５－８株ＤＮＡ全序列及编码ＥＢＶ胸苷激酶（ＴＫ）的开放读框ＢＸＬＦ１的结构,设计合成一对引物,并在引物的５′一端分别引入ＥｃｏＲＩ和ＰｓｔＩ切点,用ＰＣＲ技术扩增出一含完整的ＥＢＶＴＫ基因的１．８４３ＫｂＤＮＡ片段,ＮｃｏＩ酶切分析鉴定,ＥｃｏＲＩ／ＰｓｔＩ双酶切ＰＣＲ产物和载体,使目的基因定向克隆至选     

用DNA分子杂交研究两种人体胸苷激酶基因间的同源性

本实验从人体细胞质胸苷激酶(TK-C)基因分离出不含Alu重复顺序的3个DNA片段,分别次级克隆在质粒pBR322上,定名为pRR0.92,pXR1.5和pHK1.25。用pXR1.5和pHK1.25为探针,作Southern印迹杂交分析,都不能与小鼠细胞Ltk、CD-1、A9和BALB/c的DNA杂交。但是pXR1.5能与中国仓鼠细胞E36 DNA 23kb Bam HI片段杂交,出现信号很弱的杂交带.这提示以TK-C基因来说,人同中国仓鼠间的同源程度似大于人同小鼠的同源程度。在降低杂交严紧度的条件下,pHK1.25能与含人体16号染色体而不含17号染色体的人鼠杂种细胞DNA杂交,只是杂交信号极弱。我们推测人体TK-C基因(位于17号染色体)与人体TK-M基因(位于16号染色体)可能有某种程度的同源性,pHK1.25对进一步克隆TK-M基因也许是有用的。     

表达LacZ基因重组火鸡疱疹病毒（HVT）的构建

将不含任何启动子的Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ ＬａｃＺ基因,插入火鸡疱疹平素ＦＣ－１２６株胸苷激酶编码区末尾的ＮｈｅⅠ位点,构建成转移载体质粒ｐＴＫＬａｃＺ。用此质粒和ＨＶＴ感染的细胞基因组总ＤＮＡ共感染鸡胚成纤维细胞,在Ｘ－ｇａｌ存在下,通过蓝斑筛选,分离到重组体ＨＶＴ。ｒＨＶＴ与野生型ＨＶＴ－ＦＣ－１２６株在ＣＥＦ中的生长特性完全相似,且在连续传代过程中能稳定表达ＬａｃＺ基因。     

胸苷激酶基因治疗胃癌的体外实验

将单纯疱疹病毒胸苷激酶基因（ＨＳＶ－ｔｋ）导入恶性肿瘤细胞,随后可应用药物丙氧鸟苷（ｇａｎｃｉｃｌｏｖｉｒ, ＧＣＶ）选择性杀死肿瘤细胞．构建了含胸苷激酶与潮霉素磷酸转移酶（ｈｐｈ）融和基因（ＨｙｔＫ）的真核表达载体ＬＸｐｓｐ－ＨｙｔＫ．以脂质体（ｌｉｐｏｆｅｃｔｉｎ）为介导,将这种质粒与仅含潮霉素Ｂ基因的质粒ＬＸＳＨ 分别转染胃癌细胞系ＢＧＣ－８２３,用６０ Ｕ／ｍ ｌ潮霉素Ｂ进行筛选,得到了可稳定传代的阳性克隆,分别命名为ＢＧＣ－ＨｙｔＫ 和ＢＧＣ－Ｈｙ．三种细胞的生长曲线无明显差别．用不同浓度的ＧＣＶ 分别作用于ＢＧＣ－ＨｙｔＫ, ＢＧＣ－Ｈｙ 及ＢＧＣ－８２３,０．０２～２００ μｇ／ｍ ｌ 的ＧＣＶ 对ＢＧＣ－ＨｙｔＫ 细胞有明显的杀伤作用（ＩＣ５０＝ ０．０２ μｇ／ｍ ｌ）,而对另外两种细胞几乎无毒性作用（ＩＣ５０＞ ２００μｇ／ｍ ｌ）．２０ μｇ／ｍ ｌＧＣＶ 作用９６ ｈ 后,仅存在２０％ 的ＢＧＣ－ＨｙｔＫ 就可使周围的大部分ＨＳＶ－ｔｋ－ 的肿瘤细胞死亡,说明存在较显著的“旁观者效应”     

Epstein-Barr病毒胸苷激酶在大肠杆菌表达的研究

研究重组EB病毒胸苷激酶(thymidine kinase of Epstein-Barr virus,EBVTK)在大肠杆菌中的表达,将EB病毒的tk基因与原核表达载体pBV220进行重组,构成质粒pBV220/tk,并在大肠杆菌DH5α中获得表达;采用限制性内切酶分析进行重组质粒的鉴定,SDS-PAEG电泳和Western blot反应检测蛋白的表达。结果显示成功地构建了pBV220/tk质粒,并有重组蛋白的表达,该重组蛋白可与鼻咽癌病人血清发生特异性反应。结果表明该重组蛋白可作为抗原应用于鼻咽癌病人血清TKIgA抗体的检测,为重组TK的生产,临床应用提供了实验依据。     

斑马鱼TK1基因的克隆表达

目的:克隆斑马鱼TK1基因的cDNA序列,并在大肠杆菌中诱导表达,对其产物进行生物学活性鉴定。方法:采用RT-PCR和RACE方法,克隆TK1的cDNA全长序列。表达载体在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中进行诱导表达。表达蛋白利用镍离子柱纯化。结果:获得TK1基因的cDNA全长序列,编码一个分子量为26kD的蛋白。结论:TK1融合蛋白在28℃条件表现出比较高的生物学活性,达到0.45 U/mg。     

Epstein-Barr病毒胸苷激酶在大肠杆菌表达的研究

研究重组EB病毒胸苷激酶(thymidine kinase of     

粉纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒诱导的胸苷激酶特性研究

粉纹夜蛾(Trichoplusia ni)核型多角体病毒(TnNPV)感染草地贪夜蛾(Spodop-tera frugiperda)细胞后能诱导提高胸苷激酶的活性。不论是正常或感染细胞中的胸苷激酶都可将脱氧胞苷磷酸化,酶活最适pH及Mg~( )离子浓度值基本相同,DEAE-纤维素和Cibacron blue-sepharose柱层析所得酶活性图谱亦相似。TnNPV在胸苷激酶缺陷型的草地贪夜蛾细胞中能正常复制,但被感染细胞不具有胸苷激酶活性。由此可以确定,经TnNPV感染诱导后,活性有所提高的胸苷激酶不是病毒基因编码的。     

TK1与LDH联合检测对非霍奇金淋巴瘤鉴别诊断及疗效评估的作用

目的:探讨联合检测血清胸苷激酶1(TK1)与乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)水平在非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)患者鉴别诊断及疗效监测中的临床意义。方法:收集2016年1月至2018年6月我院诊治的111例非霍奇金淋巴瘤的初诊患者血清标本,并选择50例正常人血清标本作为对照,采用免疫印迹增强发光法检测TK1浓度,比色法检测LDH浓度。所有患者随访至少1年,分析和比较惰性NHL与侵袭性NHL及各自四类分期之间血清TK1和LDH水平的差异,化疗后完全缓解、部分缓解与未缓解组LDH水平以及NHL患者中血清TK1和LDH的阳性率。结果:高度侵袭性NHL患者和侵袭性NHL患者血清TKI和LDH水平与惰性NHL患者相比显著增高(P0.05),但惰性NHL患者血清TK1和LDH水平与正常组之间差异无统计学意义(P0.05);Ⅲ、Ⅳ期侵袭性NHL患者血清TK1和LDH水平与Ⅰ、Ⅱ期患者相比显著增高(P0.05)。与化疗前相比,四次化疗后,完全缓解组NHL患者血清LDH水平下降21.05%,部分缓解组为16.66%,病情稳定组血清LDH水平升高至11.54%,三组NHL患者血清LDH水平比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.008),两组之间的差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:联合检测血清TK1和LDH水平对于NHL患者的鉴别诊断、疗效评估均具有重要参考价值。     

Thymidine Kinase 1 and Thymidine Phosphorylase Expression in Non�CSmall-cell Lung Carcinoma in Relation to Angiogenesis and Proliferation

The thymidine salvage pathway enzymes thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) and thymidine phosphorylase (TP) compete for thymidine as a substrate and catalyze opposing synthetic and catabolic reactions that have been implicated in the control of proliferation and angiogenesis, respectively. We investigated the relationship between the expression of TK1 and TP as they relate to proliferation (Ki-67 labeling index) and angiogenesis (Chalkley count of CD31-stained blood vessels) in a series of 110 non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumors from patients prospectively enrolled in an imaging trial. TK1 and TP exhibited similar patterns of immunohistochemical distribution, in that each was found in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm of tumor cells. Each enzyme exhibited a significant positive correlation between its levels of nuclear and cytoplasmic expression. A significant positive correlation between TK1 expression and the Ki-67 labeling index (r = 0.53, p<0.001) was observed. TP was significantly positively correlated with Chalkley scoring of CD31 staining in high vs low Chalkley scoring samples (mean TP staining of 115.8 vs 79.9 scoring units, p<0.001), respectively. We did not observe a substantial inverse correlation between the TP and TK1 expression levels in the nuclear compartment (r = −0.17, p=0.08). Tumor size was not found to be associated with TK1, TP, Ki-67, or Chalkley score. These findings provide additional evidence for the role of thymidine metabolism in the complex interaction of proliferation and angiogenesis in NSCLC. (J Histochem Cytochem 57:1087–1097, 2009)     

Thymidine phosphorylating enzymes in the gonads of marine invertebrates

The activities of enzymes involved in the consecutive phosphorylation of thymidine were revealed in the gonad extracts of marine invertebrates. Along with thymidine kinase activity, thymidilate kinase activity was revealed in all the studied species; however, the specific activities of nucleoside and nucleotide kinases varied in different species of mollusks, sea stars and sea urchins. Thymidine and thymidilate kinases were isolated from the gonads of the scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis and some of their enzymat properties were studied. The thymidine kinase of M. yessoensis catalyzed the phosphorylation of thymidine and deoxycytidine at a lesser rate, but didn’s use purine ribo-and deoxyribonucleosides or pyrimidine ribonucleosides as phosphate acceptors. The thymidilate kinase carried out both TMP and dCMP phosphorylation. As well as ATP, the enzymes of M. yessoensis were also able to use dATP, dGTP, GTP, UTP and CTP as donors of phosphate groups. The thymidine kinase activity was inhibited by TMP, TTP and dCTP.     

The anti-tumor effect of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells loaded with HSV-TK/GCV induced dying cells

Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) gene and dendritic cells (DC) have been used as the pioneering in cancer therapy. HSV-TK gene can induce apoptosis and necrosis in tumor cells in the presence of the non-toxic prodrug ganciclovir (GCV). We investigated the anti-tumor effect of DC vaccination by introducing dying cells from HSV-TK gene treatment as an adjuvant. HepG₂-TK cell line was established by transfecting human hepatoma cell line HepG₂ (HLA-A₂ positive) with HSV-TK gene. Dying tumor cells were generated by culturing HepG₂-TK cells with GCV. After engulfed dying cells efficiently, immature DCs (imDC) derived from human monocytes were fully matured and elicited marked proliferation and cytotoxicity against HLA matched HepG₂ cells in autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). It also implied that HepG₂ specific CTLs played an important role in the cytotoxicity which was primarily depended on Th1 responses. Given the feasibility of inducing dying cells by HSV-TK/GCV in vivo, our results suggest an effective method in clinical human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment by an in vitro model of applying HSV-TK gene modified human tumor cells integrated with DC vaccination.     

Heterogeneity of nucleoside kinases in marine microorganism cells

The incorporation of [³H]-thymidine and [³H]-uridine into nucleic acids of six marine microorganism strains belonging to different genera was studied. It was shown that the radioactive label of each of those exogenous precursors could be included into both the DNA and the RNA of bacterial cells. The activity of the nucleoside phosphorylation enzymes—thymidine and uridin kinases—was defined in bacterial cell extracts. The activity of thymidine kinase in the extracts is noticeably higher than the activity of uridine kinase, this enzyme, unlike uridine kinase, being present in all marine bacteria strains studied. After the partial purification of phosphorylation enzymes by means of ion-exchange chromatography, a number of enzymatic properties of nucleoside kinases and their substrate specificity were investigated. It was shown that the set of precursor phosphorylation enzymes in the strains under study differed in representatives of different marine bacterial genera.     

The role of a HSV thymidine kinase stimulating substance, scopadulciol, in improving the efficacy of cancer gene therapy

BACKGROUND: The most extensively investigated strategy of suicide gene therapy for treatment of cancer is the transfer of the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) gene followed by administration of antiviral prodrugs such as acyclovir (ACV) and ganciclovir (GCV). The choice of the agent that can stimulate HSV-TK enzymatic activity is one of the determinants of the usefulness of this strategy. Previously, we found that a diterpenoid, scopadulciol (SDC), produced a significant increase in the active metabolite of ACV. This suggests that SDC may play a role in the HSV-TK/prodrug administration system. METHODS: The anticancer effect of SDC was evaluated in HSV-TK-expressing (TK+) cancer cells and nude mice bearing TK+ tumors. In vitro and in vivo enzyme assays were performed using TK+ cells and tumors. The phosphorylation of ACV monophosphate (ACV-MP) was measured in TK- cell lysates. The pharmacokinetics of prodrugs was evaluated by calculating area-under-the-concentration-time-curve values. RESULTS: SDC stimulated HSV-TK activity in TK+ cells and tumors, and increased GCV-TP levels, while no effect of SDC was observed on the phosphorylation of ACV-MP to ACV-TP by cellular kinases. The SDC/prodrug combination altered the pharmacokinetics of the prodrugs. In accord with these findings, SDC enhanced significantly the cell-killing activity of prodrugs. The bystander effect was also significantly augmented by the combined treatment of ACV/GCV and SDC. CONCLUSIONS: SDC was shown to be effective in the HSV-TK/prodrug administration system and improved the efficiency of the bystander effect of ACV and GCV. The findings will be considerably valuable with respect to the use of GCV in lower doses and less toxic ACV. This novel strategy of drug combination could provide benefit to HSV-TK/prodrug gene therapy.     

RD114-pseudotyped retroviral vectors kill cancer cells by syncytium formation and enhance the cytotoxic effect of the TK/GCV gene therapy strategy

BACKGROUND: Wild-type RD114 virus is capable of generating syncytia during its replication, and it is believed that cell-free viruses direct the fusion of neighboring cells. The RD114 envelope (Env) that mediates this fusion event is now widely used to pseudotype retroviral and lentiviral vectors in gene therapy. Indeed, vectors pseudotyped with RD114 Env are very efficient to transfer genes into human hematopoietic cells, and they are resistant to human complement inactivation. In this study, we have tested the potential of RD114-pseudotyped vectors produced from the FLYRD18 packaging cell line to induce syncytia. METHODS: RD114-pseudotyped vectors produced from the FLYRD18 packaging cells were added on tumor cell lines, and the formation of syncytia was assessed by microscopy after cell fixation and methylene blue staining. The kinetics of syncytium formation was analyzed by time-lapse microscopy. Finally, the cytotoxic effect of RD114-pseudotyped vectors was measured by the MTT assay on tumor cells, and in combination with the TK/GCV strategy. RESULTS: We have found that these vectors were able to mediate cell-to-cell fusion of human tumor cell lines. A few hours after addition of the vector, cells started to aggregate to form syncytia that eventually evolved toward cell death 48 h postinfection. RD114-pseudotyped vectors were very efficient at killing human cancer cells, and they were also able to enhance dramatically the cytotoxic effect of the TK/GCV strategy. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that RD114-pseudotyped vectors used alone, or in combination with a suicide gene therapy approach, have great potential for the treatment of cancer.     

Analysis of the Relationship between Cellular Thymidine Kinase Activity and Virulence of Thymidine Kinase-Negative Herpes Simplex Virus Types 1 and 2

The virulence of thymidine kinase-negative herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1; VRTK^? strain) and type 2 (HSV-2; UWTK^? strain) was studied in comparison with that of their parental strains (VR-3 and UW-268, respectively) in an encephalitis model of adult (4-week-old) and newborn (3-day-old) mice. Viral thymidine kinase (TK) activity was essential for the maximum expression of virulence of HSV-1, because the 50% lethal dose (LD₅₀) of VRTK^? was 60 times higher than that of VR-3 in the brains of newborn mice expressing high levels of cellular TK activity. However, the UWTK^? strain showed the same virulence as the parental strain in newborn mice, despite the lack virulence in adults, suggesting that replication of the UWTK^? strain was completely supported by cellular TK activity. This difference in the role of viral and cellular TKs for virus growth between HSV-1 and HSV-2 was confirmed with the one-step growth of virus strains in L-M and L-M(TK^?) cells.     

Immortalized human fetal bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cell expressing suicide gene for anti-tumor therapy in vitro and in vivo

Background aimsCancer is one of the greatest health challenges facing the world today with >10 million new cases of cancer every year. The self-renewal, tumor-homing ability and low immunogenicity of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) make them potential delivery candidates for suicide genes for anti-tumor therapy. However, unstable supply and short life span of adult MSCs in vitro have limited this therapeutic potential. In this study, we aimed to evaluate if immortalization of human fetal bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells by simian virus 40 (SV40-hfBMSCs) could be a stable source of MSCs for clinical application of suicide gene therapy.Methods and ResultsTransduction of SV40 and herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase-IRES-green fluorescent protein (TK-GFP) did not cause significant change in the stem cell properties of hfBMSCs. The anti-tumor effect of SV40-TK-hfBMSCs in the presence of the prodrug ganciclovir was demonstrated in vitro and in nude mice bearing human prostate cancer cells, DU145 and PC3, which had been transduced with luciferase and GFP for imaging evaluation by an in vivo live imaging system (IVIS 200 imaging system; Caliper Life Sciences). Repeated injection of low doses (1 × 10⁶ cells/kg) of SV40-TK-hfBMSCs was as effective as previously reported and did not cause observable harmful side effects in multiple organs. Mixed lymphocyte reaction showed that SV40-TK-hfBMSCs did not induce significant proliferation of lymphocytes isolated from healthy adults.ConclusionsTaken together, immortalized hfBMSCs represent a reliable and safe source of MSCs for further clinical translational study.     

Characterization of herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase mutants engineered for improved ganciclovir or acyclovir activity

Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1) thymidine kinase (TK) is currently the most widely used suicide agent for gene therapy of cancer. Tumor cells that express HSV-1 thymidine kinase are rendered sensitive to prodrugs due to preferential phosphorylation by this enzyme. Although ganciclovir (GCV) is the prodrug of choice for use with TK, this approach is limited in part by the toxicity of this prodrug. From a random mutagenesis library, seven thymidine kinase variants containing multiple amino acid substitutions were identified on the basis of activity towards ganciclovir and acyclovir based on negative selection in Escherichia coli. Using a novel affinity chromatography column, three mutant enzymes and the wild-type TK were purified to homogeneity and their kinetic parameters for thymidine, ganciclovir, and acyclovir determined. With ganciclovir as the substrate, one mutant (mutant SR39) demonstrated a 14-fold decrease in K(m) compared to the wild-type enzyme. The most dramatic change is displayed by mutant SR26, with a 124-fold decrease in K(m) with acyclovir as the substrate. Such new "prodrug kinases" could provide benefit to ablative gene therapy by now making it feasible to use the relatively nontoxic acyclovir at nanomolar concentrations or ganciclovir at lower, less immunosuppressive doses.