Caveolae/caveolin-1/ERK1/2信号通路在降钙素基因相关肽抑制血管平滑肌细胞增殖中的作用

业已证明,Caveolae及其蛋白caveolin-1参与了细胞膜的胆固醇转运和细胞膜的信号转导．我们前期工作发现降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)抑制血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)增殖的信号通路与抑制ERK_1/2活性和上调caveolin-1表达有关．本文研究Caveolae及caveolin-1在CGRP抑制VSMC增殖中的作用,进一步研究caveolin-1表达增加是否有直接抑制ERK_1/2信号激酶活性的作用．采用大鼠主动脉贴块法培养VSMC,取3～10代VSMC用于实验,10%小牛血清(FBS)用于刺激VSMC增殖,用β-环糊精(cyclodextrin)或菲律宾菌素(filipin)剥夺胆固醇破坏Caveolae结构;MTT法和流式细胞仪用于检测细胞增殖;蛋白质印迹和免疫共沉淀法分别用于检测目的蛋白的表达或蛋白质间相互作用．结果显示,CGRP呈时间和浓度依赖性显著抑制10% FBS诱导的VSMC增殖．细胞Caveolae结构的破坏能降低CGRP抑制VSMC增殖作用,同时也增加了ERK_1/2的磷酸化;β-环糊精孵育细胞能降低 caveolin-1的表达．免疫共沉淀发现10% FBS和/或CGRP共同孵育细胞对非磷酸化ERK_1/2与caveolin-1的结合无差别,但10% FBS 能降低磷酸化ERK_1/2与caveolin-1的结合,CGRP预孵育细胞能增加这两者的相互作用．结果揭示,Caveolae及caveolin-1可以正调控CGRP抑制VSMC增殖作用,其机制可能与CGRP增加caveolin-1与p-ERK_1/2在Caveolae的结合,并抑制p-ERK_1/2核转位作用有关．     

氧化低密度脂蛋白经AMPK/mTOR信号通路诱导HUVECs自噬

氧化低密度脂蛋白（oxygenized low density lipoprotein, ox-LDL）诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞（human umbilical vein endothelial cells, HUVECs）损伤有助于动脉粥样硬化（atherosclerosis, AS）的发展。但ox-LDL对HUVECs自噬的影响及机制尚不清楚。为探究其机制,采用体外培养HUVECs,建立ox-LDL损伤模型。透射电子显微镜观察HUVECs中自噬体的变化;Western印迹法检测p-AMPK、AMPK、p-mTOR、mTOR及Beclin1、LC3-II、P62的表达。结果显示,与对照组比较,透射电子显微镜下观察到ox-LDL组的自噬体明显增多。Western印迹结果显示,与对照组比较,ox-LDL组Beclin1(0.81±0.04 vs. 1.83±0.11,P＜0.01)、LC3-II(0.80±0.06 vs. 1.61±0.06, P＜0.01)和P62(0.65±0.10 vs. 1.64±0.17, P＜0.01)表达显著增高。ox-LDL和BafilomycinA1共同干预组Beclin-1(3.15±0.15 vs. 3.17±0.13, P>0.05)、LC3-II(2.95±0.12 vs. 2.96±0.12, P >0.05)和P62(3.26±0.15 vs. 3.19±0.15, P>0.05)表达与BafilomycinA1组无显著差异,ox-LDL未使自噬起始增加,可能是降解受损导致自噬体的积累。与对照组比较,ox-LDL增加p-AMPK (0.47±0.03 vs. 0.96±0.03, P＜0.01)表达,并降低p-mTOR(0.86±0.04 vs. 0.25±0.05, P＜0.01)表达。单独阻断mTOR时, Beclin-1(0.81±0.05 vs. 2.19±0.17, P＜0.01)、LC3-II(0.76±0.13 vs 2.00±0.05, P＜0.01)和P62(0.74±0.12 vs. 1.94±0.11, P＜0.01)表达显著增加。亮氨酸（Leucine）可增加p-mTOR(0.87±0.11 vs. 1.67±0.07, P＜0.01)表达,并降低Beclin-1(0.81±0.05 vs. 0.37±0.03, P＜0.01)、LC3-II（0.76±0.13 vs. 0.41±0.02, P＜0.01）和P62（0.76±0.10 vs. 0.44±0.04, P＜0.01）表达,但ox-LDL可使Leucine预处理后的p-mTOR（1.67±0.11 vs. 0.82±0.02, P＜0.01）表达显著降低,并且Beclin-1（0.37±0.03 vs. 0.78±0.04, P＜0.01）、LC3-II（0.41±0.02 vs. 0.78±0.02, P＜0.01）和P62（0.44±0.04 vs. 0.74±0.04, P＜0.01）表达显著增加。说明mTOR参与ox-LDL诱导的自噬。与ox-LDL组相比,ox-LDL和Si-AMPK共同处理组p-mTOR(0.25±0.05 vs. 0.46±0.03, P＜0.01)表达增加以及Beclin-1(1.97±0.04 vs. 1.26±0.12, P＜0.01)、LC3-II(1.42±0.10 vs. 0.95±0.05, P＜0.01)和P62(1.58±0.09 vs. 0.98±0.11, P＜0.01)表达降低。以上结果表明,ox-LDL通过AMPK/mTOR途径诱导HUVECs发生自噬,并且导致自噬体的积累。     

核因子-κB在HUVEC细胞凋亡信号通路中的作用

目的：探讨核因子-κB（NF-κB）在人脐静脉内皮细胞凋亡信号通路中的作用。方法：体外培养人脐静脉内皮细胞系（HUVEC）,实验分为正常对照组、AngⅡ组和Gliotoxin干预组。应用改良MTF法,观察0．01μmol／L、0．1μmol／L、μmol／L和10μmol／L4种浓度的AngⅡ在不同时间对HUVEC细胞活性的影响。应用DNA凝胶电泳和流式细胞术检测AngⅡ作用于细胞后引起细胞凋亡的情况。应用免疫细胞化学技术检测NF-κB p65的核移位,评价NF-KB活化情况。结果：10μmol／L AngⅡ作用于细胞24h时,细胞活性下降,DNA凝胶电泳和流式细胞结果提示细胞发生凋亡,凋亡细胞率明显高于正常对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,0．1mg／L Gliotoxin可拮抗AngⅡ的细胞抑制活性作用;免疫细胞化学技术显示,HUVEC细胞经AugⅡ诱导后,NF-κB出现明显核移位现象,提示NF-κB发生活化;Gliotoxin明显抑制NF-κB活化,与AngⅡ组相比,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：①ArcⅡ可引起HU—VEC细胞发生凋亡;而NF-κB特异性抑制剂Ghotoxin能够拮抗AngⅡ对HUVEC细胞的作用;②NF-κB可能是AngⅡ调控HUVEC细胞生存／凋亡通路中的重要信号转导分子。     

去卵巢大鼠海马CA1／CA2区ERK1／2的基础活性和诱导活性降低

目的：观察去卵巢大鼠空间学习记忆能力的变化与海马中胞外信号调节激酶1／2（ERK1／2）通路的关系。方法：雌性sD大鼠随机分为假手术组和去卵巢组,饲养4个月后采用Morris水迷宫测试空间学习记忆能力,于测试前将各组组内又分为训练组和非训练组,训练组用于测定经学习记忆训练诱发的ERK1／2的诱导活性,非训练组用于测定未经学习记忆训练时的ERK1／2的基础活性,Western blot方法检测海马CA1／CA2区p-ERK1／2蛋白及Raf激酶抑制蛋白（RKIP）的变化。结果：①与假手术组比较,去卵巢组大鼠的空间学习记忆能力明显下降（P〈0．05）。②各组中的训练大鼠p-ERK1／2蛋白水平明显高于非训练大鼠（P〈0．05）。③去卵巢组训练及非训练大鼠的p-ERK1／2蛋白水平均相应低于假手术组训练及非训练大鼠（P〈0．05）。④去卵巢组RKIP蛋白表达水平明显高于假手术组（P〈0．05）。结论：雌激素缺乏大鼠的空间学习记忆能力下降与海马CA1／CA2区ERK1／2通路的基础和诱导活性降低以及该通路的抑制蛋白RKIP的表达增加有关。     

miR-380调控羊驼黑色素细胞MAPK/ERK信号通路

miR-380是不同羊驼毛色中差异表达的基因之一,但是否与黑色素生成有关未见报道。为了丰富调控黑色素生成的机制,挖掘黑色素生成路径中所涉及到的更多新的基因并揭示miR 380在黑色素细胞中的功能,本实验通过生物信息学方法预测出MAPK信号通路的成员MAP3K6是miR-380的靶基因之一。在293T细胞中共转染miR-380和MAP3K6后,与对照组相比双荧光报告酶活性下降（28.92 ± 25.63）%(P<0.01) ,下降趋势明显,说明MAP3K6可能是miR-380的靶基因之一;在羊驼黑色素细胞中转染miR-380后,MAP3K6、MEK1、ERK1/2、CREB和MITF在转录水平的表达量与NC组相比具有显著下降趋势,其中CREB下降趋势尤为显著（64.20 ± 54.30）%（P<0.01）,Western印迹检测MAP3K6、p-MEK1、p-ERK1/2、CREB和MITF在蛋白质水平的表达与NC组相比下降趋势明显且p-MEK1和CREB基因下降极为显著,分别为（29.09 ± 10.68）%（P<0.001）和（47.12 ± 6.70）%（P<0.001）,抑制组则反之。通过 Masson-Fontana黑色素颗粒染色法检测miR-380抑制黑色素细胞产生黑色素颗粒,用紫外分光度法检测真黑素（eumelanin,EM）和褐黑素（pheomelanin,PM）,含量结果提示EM与PM含量分别下降为（38.63 ± 2.00）%（P<0.01）,（54.10 ± 5.73）%（P<0.001）且PM含量下降极为显著。综上所述miR-380通过靶向抑制MAP3K6等基因的表达,从而对MAPK/ERK信号通路起调控作用,最终影响黑色素生成生物学功能,此研究对哺乳动物毛色形成机制和防止皮肤受紫外辐射有重要意义。     

大鼠内侧前额叶皮质内ERK1/2 活化参与脊髓损伤后抑郁情绪

目的:观察细胞外信号调节激酶1/2(ERK1/2)的活化在脊髓损伤引起抑郁中的作用。方法:应用Western blot和行为药理学方法,观察脊髓损伤后(SCI)大鼠内侧前额叶皮质内(mPFC)ERK1/2及磷酸化-ERK1/2(p-ERK1/2)的表达情况及ERK1/2磷酸化抑制剂U0126对抑郁样行为的影响。结果:脊髓损伤后的第2天到第8周,SCI模型大鼠的BBB评分均显著低于假手术组,差异具有统计学意义(p0.05)。脊髓损伤后8周-12周,SCI模型大鼠强迫游泳不动时间与假手术组相比明显缩短,mPFC内pERK1/2蛋白表达水平明显升高,总ERK 1/2的蛋白水平则未见组间差异,而给予U0126的大鼠的不动时间与给药之前相比明显延长增加,mPFC内pERK1/2蛋白表达水平较SCI模型大鼠明显降低,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:内侧前额叶皮质内ERK1/2的激活参与了脊髓损伤后引起的突触可塑性,在相关的抑郁样行为的产生中发挥了重要的作用。     

AngⅡ通过激活Notch1/Sox2通路对肝星状细胞LX2的活化和增殖的作用

目的探讨AngⅡ通过靶向调控Notch1/Sox2肝星状细胞LX2细胞的增殖。 方法通过CCK8检测AngⅡ对肝星状细胞增殖能力的影响,通过羟脯氨酸酸法检测AngⅡ对肝星状细胞胶原合成能力的影响,并通过脂质体转染siRNA-Notch1构建Notch1低表达细胞模型,通过CCK8检测敲低Notch1对AngⅡ诱导的肝星状细胞LX2增殖的影响,通过Western Blot检测敲低Notch1对AngⅡ诱导的肝星状细胞LX2蛋白表达的影响。所有的检测结果都进行生物学重复。采用方差分析和t检验进行统计学分析。 结果CCK8结果显示,AngⅡ（5、10、20、40、80 nmol/L）预处理A450值分别为0.67±0.06、0.88±0.07、0.98±0.07、1.08±0.07、1.23±0.07,较对照组0.57±0.05上升,差异具有统计学意义（F = 45.76,P < 0.01）,羟脯氨酸检查结果显示,AngⅡ（10、20、40 nmol/L）预处理组羟脯氨酸浓度分别为（2.60±0.20）、（3.47±0.25）、（4.17±0.21）mg/L,羟脯氨酸浓度较对照组（1.90±0.10）mg/L上升,差异具有统计学意义（F = 75.18,P < 0.01）。Western Blot结果显示,AngⅡ10、20、40 nmol/L组Notch1蛋白表达水平分别为0.20±0.02、0.54±0.04、0.82±0.03,与正常对照组0.11±0.02发生升高,差异具有统计学意义（F = 400.50,P < 0.01）。Notch1干扰后,CCK8结果显示,siRNA-Notch1+AngⅡ组（10、20、40 nmol/L）A450值分别为0.53±0.06、0.83±0.03、1.03±0.03,与siRNA-NC+ AngⅡ对照组0.97±0.06,1.43±0.06,1.73±0.06比较发生降低（P < 0.01）。进一步Western Blot结果显示,Notch1敲低组（AngⅡ+ siRNA-Notch1）Notch1、HES1和Sox2蛋白表达水平分别为1.47±0.12、0.77±0.06和0.50±0.10,分别与AngⅡ对照组2.83±0.15、2.20±0.10和1.17±0.06比较,差异具有统计学意义（P < 0.01）。 结论AngⅡ通过激活Notch1/Sox2信号促进肝星状细胞LX2增殖。     

ERK1/2在三倍体湘云鲫组织及胚胎中的表达分析

在细胞信号网络中丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)信号传递途径起着极为重要的作用,控制着细胞多种生理过程,如细胞生长、发育、分裂、死亡等.ERK是MAPK家族重要的成员,通过检测三倍体湘云鲫胚胎和成体组织中ERK1/2的表达情况,初步研究ERK在鱼类发育中的作用.蛋白免疫杂交结果显示ERK1/2在三倍体湘云鲫的胚胎发育各个时期和组织中均有较高的表达,该结果表明ERK在鱼类发育的过程中发挥重要的作用.     

Notch1信号通路激活在低氧诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞血管形成中的作用

目的观察低氧条件下HIF-1α/VEGF/Notch信号通路在人脐静脉内皮细胞（HUVEC）血管生成中的作用。 方法将HUVEC进行常氧和低氧[二氯化钴（CoCl2）,200 μmol/L]诱导,再将常氧和低氧处理的HUVEC应用Notch1信号通路的抑制剂DAPT （30 μmol/L,24 h）和激活剂JAG-1 （30 μmol/L,24 h）干预。通过体外小管形成实验观察低氧对HUVEC血管生成能力的影响。应用RT-PCR和Western blot检测HUVEC中低氧诱导因子-1α （HIF-1α）、血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）、基质金属蛋白酶-9 （MMP-9）和Notch1信号分子（Notch1、Dell4和JAG-1）的mRNA和蛋白表达。通过Transwell迁移实验和伤口愈合实验观察低氧、DAPT、JAG-1对HUVEC迁移能力的影响。应用MTT法检测低氧及Notch1对HUVEC增殖的影响。两组间比较采用t检验,采用析因设计方差分析低氧和DAPT以及低氧和JAG-1对HUVEC迁移能力、距离、小管形成能力和细胞增殖的交互作用。 结果与常氧组比较,低氧组小管总长[（8.18±0.62）mm比（15.43±1.32）mm]增高,差异具有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。与常氧组比较,低氧组的HIF-1α、VEGF、MMP-9、Notch1、Dell4和JAG-1的mRNA相对表达量和蛋白相对表达量（1.01±0.03比4.43±0.35,1.02±0.03比3.55±0.28,0.98±0.04比3.24±0.25,1.01±0.03比3.22±0.25,0.99±0.02比2.89±0.22,1.02±0.04比2.43±0.19,0.98±0.01比3.13±0.24,0.98±0.02比2.67±0.21,0.97±0.03比2.45±0.19,1.01±0.03比2.44±0.19,1.00±0.04比2.30±0.18,1.03±0.05比2.27±0.18）均升高,差异有统计学意义（P均< 0.05）。Transwell迁移实验和伤口愈合实验显示,低氧条件下,DAPT干预使HUVEC的迁移能力降低,JAG-1干预使HUVEC的迁移能力升高（P均< 0.05）。小管形成和MTT法测定显示,低氧条件下,DAPT干预使HUVEC的小管形成能力和细胞增殖能力降低,JAG-1干预使HUVEC的小管形成能力和细胞增殖能力升高（P均< 0.05）。析因设计的方差分析结果显示,低氧和JAG-1对迁移细胞数、小管形成和细胞增殖能力交互作用具有协同作用（P < 0.05）。 结论低氧可通过激活HIF-1α/VEGF/Notch1信号通路提高HUVEC的血管生成能力、迁移能力和细胞增殖能力。     

WNK2通过抑制ERK1/2/ROS/SHP2信号通路延缓肝细胞癌的增殖和侵袭

目的 探讨WNK2对肝细胞癌(hepatocellocellua carcinoma, HCC)中ERK1/2/ROS/SHP2信号通路的影响,并探讨其在HCC细胞增殖和迁移中的作用。方法 将WNK2-mimic和sh-RNA WNK2以及相应的阴性对照转染HepG2细胞,采用BALB/c裸鼠皮下成瘤实验检测WNK2对肝细胞癌增殖能力的影响;采用Western Blot检测瘤组织中WNK2、p40、gp90、p-SHP2、p-AKT和p-ERK1/2的表达;使用SHP2抑制剂PHPS1进行处理之后,采用Western Blot检测HepG2细胞中WNK2、p40、gp90、p-SHP2、p-AKT和p-ERK1/2的表达;使用细胞划痕实验和Transwell检测HepG2细胞的迁移能力和侵袭能力;采用单克隆增殖实验和CCK-8检测HepG2细胞的增殖能力。结果 与sh-NC组相比,sh-RNA WNK2组裸鼠的瘤体体积显著增大(P<0.01);而与NC-mimic组相比,WNK2-mimic组裸鼠的瘤体体积显著减小(P<0.01);Western Blot结果显示,与sh-...     

Rac1/MAPK/ERK 通路介导脂多糖LPS 诱导的人内皮细胞 单层通透性增高机制研究

目的:探讨LPS诱导的人内皮细胞单层通透性改变的分子机制。方法:应用逆转录病毒为载体,感染并筛选稳定表达持续活化型Rac1和主导抑制型Rac1的人HUVEC细胞,应用LPS刺激并观察细胞骨架蛋白F-actin和HUVEC单层通透性的改变。同时应用Western blot方法检测LPS刺激前后细胞中MAPK/ERK信号通路的改变及加入PD98059阻断ERK表达后,细胞内F-actin的改变情况。结果:与正常HUVEC相比较,LPS刺激后,感染活化型Rac1和主导抑制型Rac1的HUVEC中F-actin重构并形成大量应力纤维,细胞单层通透性显著增加。而抑制型Rac1感染后的HUVEC中F-actin无重构现象,同时细胞单层通透性无明显增加。LPS刺激前后,各组细胞中ERK1/2总蛋白均无明显改变。LPS刺激后,感染活化型Rac1的HUVEC中,p-ERK增加。经PD98059阻断后,细胞内p-ERK表达下降同时伴随F-actin解聚发生。结论:LPS诱导的内皮细胞通透性增加是经过Rac1-MAPK/ERK通路介导的。     

Tryptanthrin Inhibits Angiogenesis by Targeting the VEGFR2-Mediated ERK1/2 Signalling Pathway

Angiogenesis is a key step for tumour growth and metastasis, and anti-angiogenesis has been proposed as an important strategy for cancer therapy. Tryptanthrin is a weakly basic alkaloid isolated from the dried roots of medicinal indigo plants and has been shown to possess anti-tumour activities on various cancer cell types. This study aims to investigate the in vitro and in vivo anti-angiogenic activities of tryptanthrin and to unravel its underlying molecular action mechanisms. Our results show that tryptanthrin inhibited the in vitro proliferation, migration, and tube formation of the human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) in a concentration-dependent manner and significantly suppressed angiogenesis in Matrigel plugs in mice. Mechanistic studies indicated that tryptanthrin reduced the expression of several pro-angiogenic factors (Ang-1, PDGFB and MMP2). Tryptanthrin was also found to suppress the VEGFR2-mediated ERK1/2 signalling pathway in HMEC-1 cells and molecular docking simulation indicated that tryptanthrin could bound to the ATP-binding site of VEGFR2. Collectively, the present study demonstrated that tryptanthrin exhibited both in vitro and in vivo anti-angiogenic activities by targeting the VEGFR2-mediated ERK1/2 signalling pathway and might have therapeutic potential for the treatment of angiogenesis-related diseases.     

Akt1K64/276与SUMO1结合激活ERK1/2-Elk1-BDNF信号通路

本研究主要从蛋白质结构分析Akt1 SUMO化的位点及位点的突变对其结构与功能的影响。采用多种软件分析Akt1 SUMO化位点和Akt1野生型(Akt1wt)及Akt1K64/276R的理化性质、亲/疏水性及二/三级结构;分析结果显示,Akt1K64/276R较Akt1wt,亲/疏水性未改变,α-螺旋和β-折叠都有少量的不同。三级结构分析显示,与野生型组相比,Akt1K64R氢键增多。以Myc-Akt1wt-pcDNA3.1为模板,采用PCR定点突变技术扩增出Myc-Akt1K64/276R。DNA序列分析结果显示,Myc-Akt1K64/276R基因序列编码赖氨酸(K)的密码子AAG被成功突变为精氨酸(R)密码子AGG。免疫沉淀和免疫印迹结果显示,不共转PIAS3,Akt1也能与SUMO1结合;Myc-Akt1wt和Myc-Akt1K64/276R均可在HEK293细胞中高效表达;转染Myc-Akt1K64/276R组SUMO化水平降低了70%左右(P<0.05)。免疫印迹结果显示,在小鼠海马神经细胞HT22中,Myc-Akt1wt组ERK1/2磷酸化水平及BDNF蛋白水平是突...     

ERK信号通路内源性负调控分子与白血病

白血病的发生发展与多种ERK内源性负调控分子密切相关,它们的下调或缺失是白血病形成的关键因素。对ERK信号通路内源性抑制分子的深入研究将有望为包括白血病在内的恶性肿瘤的治疗发掘新靶点。本文简要介绍了5类与白血病发生发展密切相关的ERK信号通路内源性负调控分子的ERK调控机制,并分析了它们与白血病的相关性。     

Mxi2 sustains ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the nucleus by preventing ERK1/2 binding to phosphatases

ERK1/2 (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2) MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases) are tightly regulated by the cellular microenvironment in which they operate. Mxi2 is a p38α splice isoform capable of binding to ERK1/2 and ensuring their translocation to the nucleus. Therein Mxi2 sustains ERK1/2 phosphorylation levels and, as a consequence, ERK1/2 nuclear signals are enhanced. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process are still unclear. In the present study, we show that Mxi2 prevents nuclear but not cytoplasmic phosphatases from binding to and dephosphorylating ERK1/2, disclosing an unprecedented mechanism for the spatial regulation of ERK1/2 activation. We also demonstrate that the kinetics of ERK1/2 extranuclear signals can be significantly altered by artificially tethering Mxi2 to the cytoplasm. In this case, Mxi2 abolishes ERK1/2 inactivation by cytoplasmic phosphatases and potentiates ERK1/2 functions at this compartment. These results highlight Mxi2 as a key spatial regulator of ERK1/2 functions, playing a pivotal role in the balance between ERK1/2 nuclear and cytoplasmic signals.     

1-硝基-2-酰基蒽醌-缬氨酸通过抑制ERK1/2激活和ERCC1表达诱导结肠癌细胞死亡

化学方法合成是新药研发的一种重要途径。结合抗肿瘤药物的作用机制以及蒽醌类衍生物的构效关系,设计合成了一类新的蒽醌类衍生物1-硝基-2-酰基蒽醌-缬氨酸(简称C3),发现其具有很好的抗肿瘤活性。为了确定蒽醌类衍生物C3对结肠癌HCT116和HT29细胞的作用及其分子机制,首先通过MTT比色法检测C3对结肠癌HCT116和HT29细胞活性的影响。结果显示,C3对这两种结肠癌细胞具有明显的抑制作用,呈时间和剂量依赖性。60μg/mL的C3处理HCT116和HT29细胞48 h,细胞活性分别是50.67%和59.77%,达到了半抑制浓度;同时,其细胞形态和细胞核发生明显变化。进一步采用Western印迹和qRT-PCR技术,检测C3对DNA切除修复交叉互补1(excision repair cross-complementation group 1,ERCC1)转录水平和蛋白质水平表达及其稳定性的影响。结果表明,C3降低了ERCC1转录水平和蛋白质水平的表达,并且减弱了ERCC1转录水平和蛋白质水平的稳定性。最后,用U0126(MEK1/2抑制剂)和C3联合作用结肠癌HCT116和HT29细胞,通过Western印迹检测ERCC1蛋白质水平的表达。结果表明,C3通过降低p-ERK1/2的蛋白质水平的表达,从而抑制ERCC1的表达。上述结果证明,C3通过细胞外调节蛋白激酶(extracellular regulated protein kinases, ERK1/2)信号通路,降低了ERCC1转录水平和蛋白质水平的稳定性,使ERCC1转录水平和蛋白质水平表达发生下调,进而抑制结肠癌HCT116和HT29细胞的活性。     

Tumor Suppressor Density-enhanced Phosphatase-1 (DEP-1) Inhibits the RAS Pathway by Direct Dephosphorylation of ERK1/2 Kinases

Density-enhanced phosphatase-1 (DEP-1) is a trans-membrane receptor protein-tyrosine phosphatase that plays a recognized prominent role as a tumor suppressor. However, the mechanistic details underlying its function are poorly understood because its primary physiological substrate(s) have not been firmly established. To shed light on the mechanisms underlying the anti-proliferative role of this phosphatase, we set out to identify new DEP-1 substrates by a novel approach based on screening of high density peptide arrays. The results of the array experiment were combined with a bioinformatics filter to identify eight potential DEP-1 targets among the proteins annotated in the MAPK pathway. In this study we show that one of these potential targets, the ERK1/2, is indeed a direct DEP-1 substrate in vivo. Pulldown and in vitro dephosphorylation assays confirmed our prediction and demonstrated an overall specificity of DEP-1 in targeting the phosphorylated tyrosine 204 of ERK1/2. After epidermal growth factor stimulation, the phosphorylation of the activation loop of ERK1/2 can be modulated by changing the concentration of DEP-1, without affecting the activity of the upstream kinase MEK. In addition, we show that DEP-1 contains a KIM-like motif to recruit ERK1/2 proteins by a docking mechanism mediated by the common docking domain in ERK1/2. ERK proteins that are mutated in the conserved docking domain become insensitive to DEP-1 de-phosphorylation. Overall this study provides novel insights into the anti-proliferative role of this phosphatase and proposes a new mechanism that may also be relevant for the regulation of density-dependent growth inhibition.DEP-1⁴ (also known as CD148, HPTPη, and PTPRJ) is a class III receptor protein-tyrosine phosphatase, characterized by eight fibronectin type III repeats within the extracellular domain, a trans-membrane region, and a single cytosolic catalytic domain (1, 2). DEP-1 is expressed in all human hematopoietic cell lineages and was shown to negatively regulate T cell activation. In addition, several epithelial cell types display DEP-1 on their cell membranes (3). Homozygous DEP-1 mutant mice die before embryonic day 11.5, displaying severe defects in vascular organization (4). Interestingly, DEP-1 expression levels were found to augment with increased cell density (2), suggesting a role for this tyrosine phosphatase in sensing cell-cell contacts and in density-dependent growth inhibition (5). Moreover, accumulating evidence supports a prominent role for DEP-1 as a tumor suppressor as it negatively regulates cell proliferation and is poorly expressed in many cancer cell lines (6–10). The observed anti-proliferative effect may be accounted for by the ability of DEP-1 to down-regulate growth factor signaling through the dephosphorylation of various receptor tyrosine kinases, such as PDGFR, VEGFR2, and MET (11–13), resulting in quenching of the downstream RAS-MAPK pathway. However, given the complex pleiotropic functions of DEP-1, it is also possible that additional regulatory circuits mediated by yet unknown DEP-1 substrates may play a functional role in contact inhibition and control of cell proliferation.A variety of in vivo and in vitro approaches has led us to propose a number of DEP-1 substrates as mediators of its function. These include PDGFR, p120 catenin (CTND1), hepatocyte growth factor receptor, SRC kinase, VEGFR2, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit α (P85A), and RET receptor kinase (5, 11–16).Here we report a novel, unbiased strategy based on the screening of high density phosphopeptide arrays for their ability to bind phosphatase trapping mutants. A large portion of the phosphoproteome could be explored by this approach, thus unveiling a long list of potential substrates. A selected list of potentially relevant substrates has been obtained by applying a bioinformatics context filter. In this study we report the detailed characterization of one of these substrates, and we propose that DEP-1 modulates the RAS pathway by directly dephosphorylating Tyr-204 of ERK1/2. In addition, we show that the efficient removal of the phosphate group from Tyr-204 requires the integrity of a docking site on the ERK1/2 proteins.