慢病毒载体介导RNAi的研究进展

RNAi通过双链RNA的介导,特异性阻抑相关序列的表达,从而导致转录后水平的基因沉默.广泛存在于真菌、植物和动物等真核生物中.慢病毒载体是理想的真核细胞基因转移工具,被广泛应用于相关的RNAi研究领域,例如抗病毒研究、癌症及其治疗、遗传性疾病的治疗、基因治疗.现已发现,慢病毒载体能够介导组织特异、时间特异的RNAi,在疾病的基因靶向性治疗上必有广阔的前景.     

慢病毒载体介导的RNA干扰

RNA干扰(RNAinterference)是指由双链RNA分子抑制同源基因的表达。慢病毒载体(lentivirusvector)则是高效的基因转导工具,能将外源序列稳定导入分裂相和非分裂相细胞。将慢病毒载体和RNA干扰结合,能在哺乳动物各类细胞中,特异性抑制同源基因的表达;也是基因功能研究和基因治疗的有力手段。     

种蛋开窗技术及其对鸡胚发育影响的研究

种蛋开窗对禽胚实施操作的技术在转基因禽类、利用多能细胞保存禽类种质资源以及禽胚实验模型等领域的研究具有重要价值。以家鸡新产蛋(含有禽胚胎干细胞)为材料,研究出了种蛋开窗切块自动复位技术,并在此基础上以接近禽胚实施操作为目的,进行了不同封口方法、不同开窗位置和添加液体排除因开窗形成的空气泡等对种蛋孵化率影响的实验。结果表明:种蛋赤道面开窗不同封口方式对孵化率影响的差异不显著,最高孵化率可达到65%;赤道面开窗,通过添加液体排除空气泡的影响不会提高孵化率,空气泡的大小与孵化率没有明显相关性;种蛋气室端开窗(针刺透内壳膜操作胚胎)方式,比赤道面开窗方式的孵化率明显提高,两种方法能见胚率均在90%以上;采用以上技术对种蛋开窗、找胚和封口,制作效率在每人每小时30个以上。本文系统地研究和报道了种蛋开窗操作禽胚简单而实用的技术,有助于解决目前种蛋开窗技术复杂且孵化率低的困境。     

慢病毒载体构建及结构优化

慢病毒载体目前是基因治疗中研究较多的载体,与通常使用的逆转录病毒载体和腺病毒载体比较,它有感染非分裂期细胞及容纳外源性目的基因片段大等优点。对其结构的优化主要集中在提高生物安全性,提高转基因表达、转基因表达的调控及载体靶向性等方面。本文介绍了慢病毒载体构建及结构优化方面的研究进展作一综述。     

利用Gateway技术构建慢病毒载体及其在鸡囊胚细胞中的表达

目的:建立慢病毒载体介导的外源基因在动物中表达的模式。方法:通过PCR扩增出带EGFP基因和特异性结合位点的DNA序列,并应用Gateway技术构建了带EGFP基因的pLenti6/v5-DEST慢病毒载体。利用磷酸钙介导慢病毒4质粒系统在包装细胞中转染,收集并浓缩产生的病毒颗粒,通过感染293FT细胞测定慢病毒滴度。结果:通过PCR扩增后测序分析,表明慢病毒载体构建正确。病毒滴度测定结果为2×107TU/mL。并用慢病毒对鸡囊胚细胞进行感染,获得了较强的表达效果。结论:慢病毒载体系统所产生的病毒颗粒对动物细胞具有较强的感染能力,为慢病毒载体在转基因家禽研究中的应用奠定了基础。     

PIG7慢病毒表达载体的构建

目的:构建一个含有PIG7基因ORF区的表达载体pPRRL-PIG7-IRES,为研究PIG7基因的功能打下基础。方法:采用RT-PCR方法从经苯丁酸钠处理过的Kasumi-1细胞获得PIG7基因SIMPLE转录本的ORF片段,再用酶切-连接的方法将目的片段亚克隆入慢病毒表达质粒PRRL.SIN.CPPT.PGK/GFP.WPRE。结果:PIG7基因ORF区成功亚克隆入了慢病毒表达质粒PRRL.SIN.CPPT.PGK/GFP.WPRE。结论:成功完成了PIG7慢病毒表达载体的构建,为研究PIG7基因的功能打下了基础。     

慢病毒GFP质粒的构建及脂质体介导鸡胚细胞中瞬时表达动力学初步研究

GFP(green fluorescent protein)是一种用于检测细胞的基因表达和蛋白定位的报告基因,pLenti6/V5-D-TOPO是高效的慢病毒类表达载体.实验利用PCR(polymerase chain reaction)从质粒pEGFP-N1中扩增了EGFP 基因片段,再利用高效、快速、定向的TOPO克隆法将扩增片段克隆到pLenti6/ V5-D-TOPO载体中,构建了既能高效转染细胞又能方便观察蛋白表达情况的pLEGFP重组载体.通过PCR法鉴定及瞬时转染,结果显示,GFP基因正确地插入载体中,并能够在Hela细胞及鸡胚X期细胞中瞬时表达,但重组和对照质粒瞬时转染效果存在明显差异.通过该研究证实分子量大小、质粒和脂质体比例是影响转染的关键因素,也为转基因的研究提供了一种方法.     

慢病毒载体转录通读率检测方法的建立

慢病毒载体作为一种有效的生物研究和基因治疗载体,近年来正受到广泛关注,而转录通读现象则是限制其被使用的主要生物安全性瓶颈之一.为了评估慢病毒载体在整合入染色体后的转录通读的实际情况,需要建立一种有效的检测转录通读率的方法.文中运用分子生物学等手段,将相关质粒瞬时转染入293T细胞,模拟野生型和自灭活型慢病毒载体整合入染色体后的情况,利用实时荧光定量PCR分别定量转录通读和总转录本在慢病毒载体上的特征序列,并计算出转录通读率;同时使用流式细胞计数等技术,检测转录通读后的GFP蛋白产物.两种检测结果均与理论相符,即自灭活型载体具有更高的转录通读率.说明文中所建立的方法有效可靠,为进一步评估和降低慢病毒载体的转录通读率,提高慢病毒载体的生物安全性的研究提供技术支持.     

含EGFP报告基因的慢病毒载体的构建及有感染能力病毒的制备

目的:构建含EGFP报告基因的慢病毒表达载体,包装成病毒并测定病毒感染效率。方法:以pEGFP-C1为模板扩增EGFP基因,经PstⅠ和XhoⅠ酶切后与载体连接,得到慢病毒表达载体pLenti6/v5-EGFP;将此载体与包装质粒共转染包装细胞制备病毒,测定不同感染复数(MOI)下病毒的感染效率。结果与结论:构建了含EGFP报告基因的慢病毒表达载体,制备了有感染能力的慢病毒。     

一种新型慢病毒载体制备方法的建立

为了建立新型、高产量的慢病毒载体制备体系,将构建好的主框架质粒pVECRNA、包装质粒pGAGPOL及包膜质粒pVSVG通过脂质体共转染至BHK21细胞,再用含有T7RNA聚合酶基因的重组痘苗病毒vTF-3感染细胞,培养4d后,收集培养上清,提取培养上清的RNA,进行RT-PCR反应;将培养上清进行免疫印迹鉴定;将培养上清感染正常的293T细胞、HepG2细胞、Vero细胞,荧光显微镜下观察细胞GFP的表达情况;采取3*3*3析因分析方法,优化系统产量,Real-time PCR方法测定细胞培养上清中病毒载体的拷贝数,利用流式细胞术检测病毒载体滴度。RT-PCR及p24免疫印迹结果均提示在细胞上清中存在慢病毒载体;通过荧光显微镜观察到感染组293T细胞、HepG2细胞、Vero细胞均表达绿色荧光蛋GFP,说明此系统制备出的慢病毒载体具有感染性;系统经优化后,培养上清中慢病毒载体拷贝数达到(11.71±0.80)×1011copies/mL,培养上清原始滴度达到(1.3±0.18)×108tu/mL,高出目前常用制备体系产量1个数量级。初步建立了新型慢病毒载体制备体系,为今后该系统的大规模应用提供客观的科学依据。     

慢病毒载体法制备红色荧光蛋白转基因小鼠

目的利用慢病毒介导的转基因方法制备红色荧光蛋白（mRFP）转基因小鼠,并建立转基因小鼠的技术平台。方法将携带mRFP基因的慢病毒注入ICR鼠单细胞受精卵卵周隙以感染受精卵,胚胎移植进假孕母鼠以获得仔代鼠,然后应用小动物活体成像仪、体视荧光显微镜和PCR等鉴定并获得mRFP转基因鼠。结果移植卵周隙注射有慢病毒的胚胎40枚给2只假孕母鼠,共获得仔鼠6只;利用体视荧光显微镜检测mRFP表达,在蛋白水平证实6只F0代中,2只（R3和R4）鼠耳高表达mRFP,其余的弱表达mRFP（R1、R2和R5）或荧光强度（R6）与野生型ICR鼠无明显差别,而DNA水平检测证实,6只F0代中,5只（R1、R2、R3、R4和R5）基因组中整合有外源转基因hUb-mRFP,预示基因型鉴定结果很好验证了体视荧光显微镜鉴定结果。此外,mRFP转基因首建鼠基因组中整合的mRFP基因可稳定遗传和表达。结论建立了慢病毒法快速制备转基因小鼠的技术平台,这为针对不同基因建立相应转基因小鼠以实现恒定或条件性的转基因过表达或RNA干涉（RNAi）,并进而在体内解析相应基因功能和建立人类疾病模型等奠定了坚实基础。     

家兔个体表达系统的建立

将乙肝表面抗原基因及人生长激素基因用微注射法转入家兔受精卵发育成为有整合,有表达的当代兔,并繁殖出了有外源基因存在,有表达的子代兔,转基因所用的质粒是含（1）乙肝病毒表面抗S基因与小鼠MT启动子的pMTSA.(2)乙肝病毒核心抗原基因和乙肝病毒S基因启动子的pHBV3.0,和（3）含有人生长激素基因SV40启动子和小鼠MT启动子的pSMGH,质粒均切成线性人子后再注射,从757个微注射并移植的受精卵经发良娩出得101仔兔。其中有57％具有整合的微注射基因,用ELISA法测出28只转基因兔内有8只的血清中有表达的乙肝病毒表面抗原,占总数约30％,转基因兔与转基因兔和其与正常兔交配获得的子代中有83％含有转基因,有15％在血清中可测出乙型肝炎表面抗原,对转入人生长激素基因的兔也作了整合和表达的检测。     

Production of human erythropoietin by chimeric chickens

The use of transgenic avian allows cost effective and safe production of pharmaceutical proteins. Here, we report the successful production of chimeric chickens expressing human erythropoietin (hEpo) using a high-titer retroviral vector. The hEpo expressed by transgenic hens accumulated abundantly in egg white and had N- and O-linked carbohydrates. While attachment of terminal sialic acid and galactose was incomplete, portions of N- and O-linked carbohydrates were present. In vitro biological activity of egg white-hEpo was comparable to that produced by recombinant CHO cells.     

中山市家口红心鸡蛋色素物质的提取研究

探讨了中山市三乡镇特产家口红心鸡蛋中色素物质的提取。结果表明，三乡特产家口红心鸡蛋色素物质呈现类胡萝卜素的特征色谱，故其色素中主要成分为类胡萝卜素物质。利用正交试验结合分析与成本，以冻干天然红心鸡蛋蛋黄为原料的提取最优条件为：以石油醚：丙酮=1：2为提取溶剂，温度室温，每次提取时间60min，提取3次，料液比为1：6，可以获得最佳提取效果。     

Transgenic offspring by transcaryotic implantation of transgenic ovaries into normal mice

Female transgenic mice may be unable to reproduce successfully if the product encoded by the transgene results in pathological changes or affects the fertility of the mouse. To approach this problem, we have produced chimaeras by transferring the ovaries of transgenic mice into normal mice of the same strain. Such chimaeras will be an ideal tool for investigating the interactions between transgenic ovaries and normal mice or vice versa. Here we show that, using this method, we were able to get large numbers of transgenic offspring even from founder transgenic female mice that were themselves infertile as a result of the overexpression of growth hormone genes. Although none of the ovary recipients were given immunosuppressant treatment, 60% of the recipients had biologically active ovaries over a mean period of about 100 days.     

精子作载体的转基因鱼研究

本文报道了以精子为载体将美洲拟蝶抗冻蛋白基因导入罗非鱼卵,构建转基因鱼的方法,此法简单易行。斑点杂文和ＳｏｕｔｈｅｒｎＢｌｏｔ杂交结果表明,外源基因的整合率为１８．１％,与其它方法构建转基因鱼的外源基因整合率相近。     

Transgenic Quail Production by Microinjection of Lentiviral Vector into the Early Embryo Blood Vessels

Several strategies have been used to generate transgenic birds. The most successful method so far has been the injection of lentiviral vectors into the subgerminal cavity of a newly laid egg. We report here a new, easy and effective way to produce transgenic quails through direct injection of a lentiviral vector, containing an enhanced-green fluorescent protein (eGFP) transgene, into the blood vessels of quail embryos at Hamburger-Hamilton stage 13–15 (HH13–15). A total of 80 embryos were injected and 48 G0 chimeras (60%) were hatched. Most injected embryo organs and tissues of hatched quails were positive for eGFP. In five out of 21 mature G0 male quails, the semen was eGFP-positive, as detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), indicating transgenic germ line chimeras. Testcross and genetic analyses revealed that the G0 quail produced transgenic G1 offspring; of 46 G1 hatchlings, 6 were transgenic (6/46, 13.0%). We also compared this new method with the conventional transgenesis using stage X subgerminal cavity injection. Total 240 quail embryos were injected by subgerminal cavity injection, of which 34 (14.1%) were hatched, significantly lower than the new method. From these hatched quails semen samples were collected from 19 sexually matured males and tested for the transgene by PCR. The transgene was present in three G0 male quails and only 4/236 G1 offspring (1.7%) were transgenic. In conclusion, we developed a novel bird transgenic method by injection of lentiviral vector into embryonic blood vessel at HH 13–15 stage, which result in significant higher transgenic efficiency than the conventional subgerminal cavity injection.     

Transgenic rapeseed plants obtained by the microinjection of DNA into microspore-derived embryoids

Summary A novel method in the field of genetic engineering of higher plants is presented: microinjection into multicellular structures which have a high competence for plant regeneration through embryogenesis. Microspore-derived embryoids of Brassica napus L. were individually selected and microinjected with NPT II gene constructions. High frequency regeneration of haploid plants through embryogenesis was achieved within 8 weeks. Transformation efficiencies between 27% and 51% were determined by DNA dot blot analysis of primary regenerants. Stable integration of fulllength microinjected genes into high molecular weight DNA was proven by Southern analysis of genomic DNA isolated from regenerated plants. Transformed plants were tested for expression of the NPT II gene by enzyme assay. The chimeric nature of the primary regenerants was demonstrated after their in vitro segregation through secondary embryogenesis into pure transformants.     

用直接注射法生产转基因鱼

本文报道了对鲤鱼、鲫鱼受精卵不加任何去膜处理,用显微操作器把外源基因直接注射到卵核附近,构建转基因鱼的方法。本法操作方便,孵化条件简单,成活率高。斑点杂交和Southern Blot杂交结果表明,外源基因的整合率与其它方法构建的转基因鱼的外源基因的整合率相近。从1988年至今,本组运用这个方法生产转基因鲤鱼、鲫鱼一万余尾。