口腔微生态失衡导致口腔异味的研究

目的介绍口腔微生态失调与口腔疾病的关系,口腔疾病出现口腔气味异常的机制。综合分析口腔微生态与口腔健康的研究动态及意义。展望口腔微生态调整在口腔疾病治疗中的作用研究,尤其在消除口腔异昧的积极作用。方法由第一、二作者应用计算机通过pubmed检索NCBI数据库1992年至2007年相关文献,检索词为“Micro ecology”,限定语言种类为“English”;同时检索CNKI全文数据库、维普全文数据库1995年至2007年相关文献,检索词为“微生态”,限定语言种类为中文。纳入标准：文章内容与口腔微生态相关的研究、以及在口腔疾病研究领域有关。排除标准：较陈旧的文献和重复研究。结果共收集到106篇相关文献,21篇文献纳入本文,其中,19篇为综述和述评类文献,19篇为中文杂志,2篇为外文杂志。结论致病菌大量生长繁殖,口腔微生态失调,菌斑内微生物之间以及机体与菌斑之间相互作用分解蛋白产生硫化物,这些代谢产物包括H2S、CH3SH、CH3SCH3、吲哚、甲基吲哚、挥发脂肪酸和聚胺等发出刺激性气味,产生口腔异味。治疗口腔异味应该考虑平衡口腔微生态,调整口腔菌群。口腔异味的治疗又有利于口腔菌群平衡。提示我们治疗口腔疾病应该考虑口腔微生态平衡。     

口腔微生态失衡导致口腔异昧的研究

目的介绍口腔微生态失调与口腔疾病的关系,口腔疾病出现口腔气味异常的机制。综合分析口腔微生态与口腔健康的研究动态及意义。展望口腔微生态调整在口腔疾病治疗中的作用研究,尤其在消除口腔异昧的积极作用。方法由第一、二作者应用计算机通过pubmed检索NCBI数据库1992年至2007年相关文献,检索词为“Micro ecology”,限定语言种类为“English”;同时检索CNKI全文数据库、维普全文数据库1995年至2007年相关文献,检索词为“微生态”,限定语言种类为中文。纳入标准：文章内容与口腔微生态相关的研究、以及在口腔疾病研究领域有关。排除标准：较陈旧的文献和重复研究。结果共收集到106篇相关文献,21篇文献纳入本文,其中,19篇为综述和述评类文献,19篇为中文杂志,2篇为外文杂志。结论致病菌大量生长繁殖,口腔微生态失调,菌斑内微生物之间以及机体与菌斑之间相互作用分解蛋白产生硫化物,这些代谢产物包括H2S、CH3SH、CH3SCH3、吲哚、甲基吲哚、挥发脂肪酸和聚胺等发出刺激性气味,产生口腔异味。治疗口腔异味应该考虑平衡口腔微生态,调整口腔菌群。口腔异味的治疗又有利于口腔菌群平衡。提示我们治疗口腔疾病应该考虑口腔微生态平衡。     

健康青少年口腔正常菌群的初步研究

本文采用非选择性培养基对22名健康青少年的唾液、沟裂菌斑、龈上菌斑及龈下菌斑中的需氧菌、兼性厌氧菌及专性厌氧菌进行了分离培养,并计算其在不同标本中占可培养菌的百分比及检出率。结果共分离到包括18个菌属的35种细菌。其中,链球菌、放线菌、奈瑟氏球菌、二氧化碳噬纤维菌、类杆菌、梭杆菌,奴卡氏菌及棒状杆菌在口腔4个部位的检出率及所占比例均较高,是健康青少年口腔中的优势菌群.通过比较还发现,其中一些菌在口腔4个部位的分布存在一定差异.本文还采用刚果红负性染色涂片法,镜下观察龈上、龈下菌斑中的螺旋体,并计算其相对比例.结果龈下菌斑中螺旋体的相对比例明显高于龈上菌斑.     

大学生口腔保健知识态度行为调查与研究

目的:评价大学生口腔保健知识、态度、行为情况,为实施口腔健康指导计划提供基线资料。方法:采用随机抽样的方法,对314名青岛大学新生进行了口腔保健知识、态度、行为的问卷调查;其中男生151名,占总数的48%,女生163名,占总数的52%。结果:大学生对龋病知识的知晓率高,但牙周知识及牙周状况差。大学生认为定时拜访牙医有助于口腔疾病预防,口腔健康与全身健康密切相关,但约一半学生害怕就医或推迟就医。只有55.7%的大学生一天刷牙两次,25.5%的大学生没有接受过专业刷牙指导。在口腔保健知识、态度及行为方面,女生优于男生。结论:大学生缺乏牙周方面基础口腔保健知识,缺少专业的口腔卫生指导。结构合理的口腔健康教育系统亟需实施。     

摄影的精神

<正>照相机,跟电脑和手机一样,都是当今世界最为普及的工具。事实上,现在有些照相机是与手机、电脑三者合一的。几乎每个人,至少住在城市里的每个人,都在拍照。至于说一个人的形象从来没有出现在照片上,这样的人几乎很难找到。在我们开汽车、逛商店或走在马路上时,我们的形象常常会在无意中被监控录像拍下来。我们有足够的理由需要摄影。主要原因是它有众多的用途——有些用途大有裨益,有些则未必如此。摄影的目的可能是为了保留对假日的记忆,记录孩子成长的过程,显     

口腔组织病理学翻转课堂教学的初步探索与研究

口腔组织病理学部分内容抽象、知识点繁杂且相互关联,难免让学生觉得枯燥乏味又难以理解和记忆;传统授课教学模式下的口腔组织病理学课堂教学呆板,缺乏生动性,教学效果不佳.翻转课堂作为一种以学生为主导的新兴的教育模式,能提高学生的学习效果,对学生的学习成绩、认知技能以及情感态度均能产生积极影响.本研究通过在口腔组织病理学中开展...     

影响正常口腔念珠菌检出率的方法学研究

目的:研究不同检测方法对正常口腔念珠菌检出率的影响,寻找一种比较简便可靠的检测方法.方法:以健康的平均年龄7.4岁的儿童为检测人群,比较不同的取样部位,取样方法,检测方法,被检人群口腔中白色念珠菌以及其他念珠菌的检出率.结果:取样和检测方法对检出率有不同程度的影响,PCR检测方法的检出率显著高于培养法.结论:黏膜拭子加离心,和CHROMagar CandidaTM鉴定培养基相结合的方法是一种简便理想的分离培养方法,PCR方法则敏感度更高.     

口腔疣状癌和口腔鳞癌组织中E-cadherin表达的对比研究

目的:研究E-钙粘素(E-cadherin,E-cd)在口腔疣状癌和口腔鳞癌中的表达,探讨E-cd与口腔疣状癌,口腔鳞癌分化程度的关系。方法:采用免疫组织化学和免疫电镜方法检测18例口腔疣状癌、20例口腔鳞癌组织中的E-cd表达。结果:E-cd在正常口腔黏膜、口腔疣状癌、高分化鳞癌和低分化鳞癌中主要位于胞膜及胞浆上。电镜观察显示E-cd在胞膜主要定位于桥粒,胞浆主要定位于粗面内质网和线粒体上。定量检测显示:E-cd在正常口腔黏膜、口腔疣状癌、高分化鳞癌和低分化鳞癌中的阳性表达率分别100%(8/8)、61.1%(11/18)、50.0%(5/10)和30.0%(3/10)。口腔疣状癌E-cd蛋白的平均染色强度与高分化鳞癌间差异无显著性,但明显低于正常黏膜组(P<0.05)而高于低分化鳞癌(P<0.05)。结论:E-cd的表达水平随口腔肿瘤分化程度的降低而降低,且超微结构的表达部位与肿瘤的分化程度存在相关性。     

正常成年人口腔气流压的研究

本文研究了正常成人在鼓气、吮吸和吞咽时口腔气流压的变化情况。研究结果表明,正常成人吮吸时所需的最小口腔负压约—69mmHg,最大鼓气压为168mmHg。吞咽时口腔内有一个正负压变化过程,正压的范围为21mmHg～46mmHg,负压为-9mHg～-17mmHg。     

瑞诺口腔组织补片修复口腔黏膜缺损患者的护理

口腔黏膜缺损修复主要采用局部转移黏膜瓣及断层皮片等自体组织修复,尽管易于成活,但存在的缺点是不容忽视的,如对自体的供区和受区的功能与外形的影响,增加病人痛苦和病程等问题。随着组织工程学的发展,一种新型的真皮替代物———脱细胞异体真皮基质已经在烧伤和整形领域中皮肤的移植上成功应用。2005年1~12月,我们应用瑞诺口腔组织补片修复口腔黏膜缺损20例,获得较好的效果。现将相关的护理措施介绍如下。1临床资料1·1一般资料20例中,男12例,女8例,平均年龄35岁。其中腭部肿物切除8例,口腔黏膜外伤5例,下唇肿瘤切除2例,颊部病变切除3例,…     

Digital Photography Improves Consistency and Accuracy of Bat Counts in Hibernacula

ABSTRACT The size and distribution of measurement errors associated with major techniques for estimating numbers of hibernating bats are unstudied, although this is the principle method of enumerating several endangered bat species. However, decisions concerning the listing status of a species under the Endangered Species Act require consistent and accurate estimation of population size and trends. Recent advances in digital photography have improved the ability to produce a quantitative record of the numbers of bats in hibernacula. We surveyed clusters of Indiana bats in a hibernaculum and compared results from counts of digital photographs of clusters to results from 4 variations of visual estimation. We counted bats in photographs using Geographic Information System digitization over the photograph. Total counts from 2 sets of photographs varied by <1.5%. Nonphotographic estimation techniques varied from 76% to 142% of counts from photographs for clusters for which estimation (rather than counting) was used. Where feasible, photography can improve status and trend information for species of concern, permitting more timely and specific management actions.     

New Design for Rapid Prototyping of Digital Master Casts for Multiple Dental Implant Restorations

Aim

This study proposes the replacement of all the physical devices used in the manufacturing of conventional prostheses through the use of digital tools, such as 3D scanners, CAD design software, 3D implants files, rapid prototyping machines or reverse engineering software, in order to develop laboratory work models from which to finish coatings for dental prostheses. Different types of dental prosthetic structures are used, which were adjusted by a non-rotatory threaded fixing system.

Method

From a digital process, the relative positions of dental implants, soft tissue and adjacent teeth of edentulous or partially edentulous patients has been captured, and a maser working model which accurately replicates data relating to the patients oral cavity has been through treatment of three-dimensional digital data.

Results

Compared with the conventional master cast, the results show a significant cost savings in attachments, as well as an increase in the quality of reproduction and accuracy of the master cast, with the consequent reduction in the number of patient consultation visits. The combination of software and hardware three-dimensional tools allows the optimization of the planning of dental implant-supported rehabilitations protocol, improving the predictability of clinical treatments and the production cost savings of master casts for restorations upon implants.     

Flower Colours through the Lens: Quantitative Measurement with Visible and Ultraviolet Digital Photography

Background

The study of the signal-receiver relationship between flowering plants and pollinators requires a capacity to accurately map both the spectral and spatial components of a signal in relation to the perceptual abilities of potential pollinators. Spectrophotometers can typically recover high resolution spectral data, but the spatial component is difficult to record simultaneously. A technique allowing for an accurate measurement of the spatial component in addition to the spectral factor of the signal is highly desirable.

Methodology/Principal findings

Consumer-level digital cameras potentially provide access to both colour and spatial information, but they are constrained by their non-linear response. We present a robust methodology for recovering linear values from two different camera models: one sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and another to visible wavelengths. We test responses by imaging eight different plant species varying in shape, size and in the amount of energy reflected across the UV and visible regions of the spectrum, and compare the recovery of spectral data to spectrophotometer measurements. There is often a good agreement of spectral data, although when the pattern on a flower surface is complex a spectrophotometer may underestimate the variability of the signal as would be viewed by an animal visual system.

Conclusion

Digital imaging presents a significant new opportunity to reliably map flower colours to understand the complexity of these signals as perceived by potential pollinators. Compared to spectrophotometer measurements, digital images can better represent the spatio-chromatic signal variability that would likely be perceived by the visual system of an animal, and should expand the possibilities for data collection in complex, natural conditions. However, and in spite of its advantages, the accuracy of the spectral information recovered from camera responses is subject to variations in the uncertainty levels, with larger uncertainties associated with low radiance levels.     

Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Skin Lesions Using Conventional Digital Photography: A Reliability and Feasibility Study

Background

Computer-aided diagnosis (CADx) software that provides a second opinion has been widely used to assist physicians with various tasks. In dermatology, however, CADx has been mostly limited to melanoma or melanocytic skin cancer diagnosis. The frequency of non-melanocytic skin cancers and the accessibility of regular digital macrographs have raised interest in developing CADx for broader applications.

Objectives

To investigate the feasibility of using CADx to diagnose both melanocytic and non-melanocytic skin lesions based on conventional digital photographic images.

Methods

This study was approved by an institutional review board, and the requirement to obtain informed consent was waived. In total, 769 conventional photographs of melanocytic and non-melanocytic skin lesions were retrospectively reviewed and used to develop a CADx system. Conventional and new color-related image features were developed to classify the lesions as benign or malignant using support vector machines (SVMs). The performance of CADx was compared with that of dermatologists.

Results

The clinicians'' overall sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 83.33%, 85.88%, and 85.31%, respectively. New color correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) features improved the classification ability of the baseline CADx (p = 0.001). The estimated area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (Az) of the proposed CADx system was 0.949, with a sensitivity and specificity of 85.63% and 87.65%, respectively, and a maximum accuracy of 90.64%.

Conclusions

We have developed an effective CADx system to classify both melanocytic and non-melanocytic skin lesions using conventional digital macrographs. The system''s performance was similar to that of dermatologists at our institute. Through improved feature extraction and SVM analysis, we found that conventional digital macrographs were feasible for providing useful information for CADx applications. The new color-related features significantly improved CADx applications for skin cancer.     

The Thermometer and the Calorimeter, or the Best Choice for Data Acquisition in the Sampling of Biological Rhythms

The comparison between measurements effected by different apparati shows that a given class of instruments provides an integral set of measurements. This characteristic has a certain disadvantage: the modification of the spectral bandwidth is limited to an attenuation of 3 dB. However, it also has certain advantages. The integral measurement (or the counting measurement) makes it possible to satisfy Shannon's sampling criteria by avoiding the necessary anti-aliasing filtering which is commonly impossible to realize on measurements of a biological nature. A second advantage is linked to the reduction of the background noise on the band.     

The Thermometer and the Calorimeter,or the Best Choice for Data Acquisition in the Sampling of Biological Rhythms

The comparison between measurements effected by different apparati shows that a given class of instruments provides an integral set of measurements. This characteristic has a certain disadvantage: the modification of the spectral bandwidth is limited to an attenuation of 3 dB. However, it also has certain advantages. The integral measurement (or the counting measurement) makes it possible to satisfy Shannon's sampling criteria by avoiding the necessary anti-aliasing filtering which is commonly impossible to realize on measurements of a biological nature. A second advantage is linked to the reduction of the background noise on the band.     

Shrinkage of Dental Composite in Simulated Cavity Measured with Digital Image Correlation

Polymerization shrinkage of dental resin composites can lead to restoration debonding or cracked tooth tissues in composite-restored teeth. In order to understand where and how shrinkage strain and stress develop in such restored teeth, Digital Image Correlation (DIC) was used to provide a comprehensive view of the displacement and strain distributions within model restorations that had undergone polymerization shrinkage.Specimens with model cavities were made of cylindrical glass rods with both diameter and length being 10 mm. The dimensions of the mesial-occlusal-distal (MOD) cavity prepared in each specimen measured 3 mm and 2 mm in width and depth, respectively. After filling the cavity with resin composite, the surface under observation was sprayed with first a thin layer of white paint and then fine black charcoal powder to create high-contrast speckles. Pictures of that surface were then taken before curing and 5 min after. Finally, the two pictures were correlated using DIC software to calculate the displacement and strain distributions.The resin composite shrunk vertically towards the bottom of the cavity, with the top center portion of the restoration having the largest downward displacement. At the same time, it shrunk horizontally towards its vertical midline. Shrinkage of the composite stretched the material in the vicinity of the “tooth-restoration” interface, resulting in cuspal deflections and high tensile strains around the restoration. Material close to the cavity walls or floor had direct strains mostly in the directions perpendicular to the interfaces. Summation of the two direct strain components showed a relatively uniform distribution around the restoration and its magnitude equaled approximately to the volumetric shrinkage strain of the material.