新生儿窒息复苏后的观察与护理

新生儿窒息是围产儿常见的危象，复苏后由于种种病 理因素又易出现呼吸暂停等，病死率仍极高，如何观察妥善 处理，以降低死亡率一直成为医护工作者的共同目标。我科 １９９６～１９９７年共收治确诊为“新生儿窒息复苏后”患儿３１ 例，经积极治疗及精心护理，效果满意，现总结如下。 １　临床资料 　　本组３１例中男２１例，女１０例，其中早产儿１６例，足 月儿１０例，过期儿５例，出生体重最小９５０ｇ，最大５０００ｇ， 平均２６００ｇ，生后５ｍｉｎ阿氏法评分０～３分５例，４～７分 ２６例，因重度窒…     

新生儿Ⅰ期胃代食管术治疗Ⅲa型食管闭锁的疗效观察

目的:探讨Ⅰ期胃代食管术治疗Ⅲa型食管闭锁的疗效。方法:对2008年3月至2013年6月我院采用Ⅰ期胃代食管术治疗的8例Ⅲa型食管闭锁进行回顾性分析。其中男6例,女2例,食管两盲端距离均大于3 cm。结果:所有患儿均顺利完成手术。6例治愈出院,1例死亡,1例家长放弃治疗。术后5例有严重肺炎,近期吻合口瘘2例。随访6个月至5年,吻合口狭窄2例,均行食管扩张术治愈,轻度胃食管反流4例,均未行抗反流手术,采用少量多餐及体味喂养治疗后症状缓解。结论:新生儿期采用Ⅰ期胃代食管术治疗Ⅲa型食管闭锁临床可行,避免了分期手术,缩短了治疗周期,有助于提高治愈率。     

兰索拉唑治疗胃食管反流病的临床疗效及食管功能变化观察

目的:探讨兰索拉唑治疗胃食管反流病的临床疗效,并观察食管功能变化.方法:回顾性分析我院2009年10月-2012年5月收治的GERD患者500人,根据治疗方法不同分为分为兰索拉唑组和法莫替丁组,比较两组的治疗效果;并采用超声内镜测定食管运动功能的在服药前后的变化.结果:兰索拉唑组有效率为89.2％,法莫替丁组有效率为78.4％,二者进行比较,X2=16.850,P＜0.05,差异有统计学意义.兰索拉唑组与法莫替丁组治疗Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级胃食管反流病效果比较,P均＜0.05,差异有统计学意义(X2=3.943,X2=5.223,X2=4.028,X2=3.988).兰索拉唑组顶端收缩指数、收缩周期、顶端被动扩张管腔的最大截面积与法莫替丁组比较,P均＜0.05,差异有统计学意义(t=4.271,t=3.982,t=4.028).兰索拉唑组的不良反应发生率为4.8％,法莫替丁组不良反应发生率为13.6％,两组不良反应发生率比较,X2=11.588,P＜0.05,差异有统计学意义.结论:兰索拉唑治疗胃食管反流病效果良好,不良反应发生率低,安全性高,适应临床应用.     

金双歧预防早期新生儿高胆红素血症的临床观察

目的 评估益生菌在足月新生儿高胆红素血症中的预防作用及患儿不良反应的发生情况。方法 选取成都市妇女儿童中心医院2017年1月至2017年6月产科出生的健康足月儿320例,随机分为预防组（160例）和对照组（160例）。预防组给予益生菌（金双歧）治疗,0.5 g/次,2次/d,连续口服5 d,对照组不做处理。全部新生儿均为母乳喂养,并在生后5 d内检测经皮胆红素平均值,记录临床结果。比较新生儿每天经皮胆红素平均值,需要光疗的比例,不良反应发生情况等一系列临床指标。结果 第4、5天预防组新生儿经皮胆红素平均值明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。预防组与对照组相比,光疗比例明显降低,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。两组新生儿发生腹泻和呕吐的情况差异无统计学意义。结论 益生菌可以显著降低健康足月新生儿经皮胆红素值,降低需要光疗的比例,安全性较高。     

胃食管反流性咳嗽的临床诊断分析

目的:探讨胃食管反流(GER)性咳嗽的临床特征、诊断和治疗.方法:对33例X线胸片、组胺激发试验、鼻部检查正常的慢性咳嗽患者进行24 h食管pH监测,并利用症状相关性概率(SAP)来分析咳嗽与反流的相关性.对Demeester总积分≥14.72,和(或)咳嗽与反流SAP≥75%者进行为期12周的抗反流治疗.结果:33例患者中,有23例诊断为GER性咳嗽,并给予抗反流治疗,完成疗程后,有12例患者咳嗽完全消失,咳嗽与反流的SAP(上电极为0.80±0.18,下电极为0.87±0.11)显著高于另11例对抗反流治疗反应较差或无效的患者(上电极为0.39±0.27,下电极为0.48±0.31;P＜0.05).结论:GER是不明原因慢性咳嗽的一个重要的独立原因.24 h食管pH监测结合症状相关性分析有助于GER性咳嗽的诊断,抗反流治疗对其有较好的近期疗效.     

以胸痛为主要表现的胃食管反流病36例临床分析

目的：探讨以胸痛为主要表现的胃食管反流病的病因、临床特点及诊治方法。方法：选择本院近年来诊治的36例已排除心源性及食管器质性病变,诊断为胃食管反流病的胸痛患者,予以埃索美拉唑20mg,每日两次;吗叮林10mg,每日三次治疗8周,观察其疗效并分别于2周,4周,8周记录症状缓解情况。结果：经抗反流治疗8周后,30例（83.33%）胸痛完全消失,4例（11.11%）明显缓解,2例（5.56%）无效,总有效率达94.44%。胸痛症状在治疗2周后积分下降不明显,而治疗4周,8周后显著改善,与治疗前比较有显著性差异（P〈0.01）。结论：胃食管反流病病因复杂、临床表现多样易误诊漏诊,胃镜检查结合24小时食管动态ph监测,必要时给予质子泵抑制剂试验性治疗可提高本病的确诊率。     

奥美拉唑联合多潘立酮治疗小儿胃食管反流病的疗效观察

目的:探究奥美拉唑联合多潘立酮治疗小儿胃食管反流病的临床疗效。方法:选择2012年10月~2015年12月期间内因胃食管反流病入院接受治疗的患儿80例,所有患儿均采用奥美拉唑和多潘立酮联合治疗。在治疗前和治疗后8周内,观察患者的临床治疗效果、24 h食管下段p H值监测、电子胃镜检查和内镜下黏膜活检。结果:研究对象用药前后呕吐、恶心、反酸、上腹痛、烧心、胸骨后痛、咳嗽、气喘等八项临床症状得到了明显的改善,甚至消失,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);患儿治疗后的反流次数、反流时间≥5 min的次数、最长反流时间、总PH4时间占总时间的百分比以及综合评分均较治疗前明显降低,差异具有统计学意义(t=33.385、40.862、47.710、21.806、53.508,P0.05);与治疗前对比,研究对象治疗后有1例存在重度反流性食管炎未能恢复,28例存在不同程度改善,43例完全恢复,差异有统计学意义(Z=37.775,P0.05);不良反应出现5例(3例轻微腹泻、2例轻微腹痛),发生率为6.25%。结论:奥美拉唑联合多潘立酮治疗小儿胃食管反流病的临床效果较为显著,能够明显改善小儿胃食管反流症状,安全性较高,值得在临床上进一步推广使用。     

早期洗胃防治羊水Ⅲ°胎粪污染新生儿呕吐的临床观察

目的观察早期洗胃对防治羊水Ⅲ°胎粪污染新生儿呕吐的疗效。方法将164例羊水Ⅲ°胎粪污染新生儿随机分为两组,治疗组于出生后1h内予早期洗胃,对照组不行洗胃,观察两组呕吐情况。结果治疗组82例中,呕吐24例;对照组82例中,呕吐43例。治疗组出现呕吐的发生率明显低于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论早期洗胃可尽早去除污染羊水对胃黏膜的刺激．减少新生儿的呕吐。     

丽珠肠乐治疗早期新生儿高胆红素血症的临床效果观察

通过随机抽样,将９２例早期新生儿高胆红素血症的病人分为治疗组４９例,对照组４３例,治疗组使用丽珠肠乐配以蓝光照射治疗,显效率７７．６％．对照组以酶诱导剂及蓝光照射治疗,显效率４４．２％。两组存在明显差异,说明丽珠肠乐对治疗早期新生儿高胆红素血症优于酶诱导剂。     

胃食管反流病患者餐后近端胃内酸分布及与食管酸暴露的关系

目的:探讨餐后胃食管反流病(GERD)病人近端胃内酸度的分布状态及其和食管酸暴露的相关性。方法:抽选我院12例GERD患者,应用3级锑电极对定位于LES上缘近侧5 cm(食管)和LES上缘远侧5 cm的贲门下(近端胃内)、LES上缘远侧10cm的近端胃远侧(近端胃内)进行pH监测,监测时间为空腹1 h和餐后4 h,同期抽选健康志愿者12例为对照组,计算两组患者食管酸暴露以及胃内整合酸度(IA)。结果:两组空腹时近端胃内IA和食管酸暴露比较无显著性差异(P0.05);对照组中,试检者餐后1、2、3、4 h贲门下IA均显著低于近端胃远侧部位(P0.05),但GERD组中IA部位差异不明显(P0.05);餐后2 h,两组近端胃内IA均有所回升,但是对照组未超过基线(P0.05),而GERD组明显高于基线水平(P0.05);两组食管酸暴露均主要在餐后2h发生,并且两组比较差异显著(P0.05);在餐后各时段,两组中食管酸暴露与IA均无显著相关性。结论:GERD餐后晚期近端胃酸分泌增高,扩大了酸性近端胃池,可部分解释GERD进食后食管过度酸暴露。     

Very Preterm Infants Failing CPAP Show Signs of Fatigue Immediately after Birth

Objective

To investigate the differences in breathing pattern and effort in infants at birth who failed or succeeded on continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) during the first 48 hours after birth.

Methods

Respiratory function recordings of 32 preterm infants were reviewed of which 15 infants with a gestational age of 28.6 (0.7) weeks failed CPAP and 17 infants with a GA of 30.1 (0.4) weeks did not fail CPAP. Frequency, duration and tidal volumes (VT) of expiratory holds (EHs), peak inspiratory flows, CPAP-level and FiO₂-levels were analysed.

Results

EH incidence increased <6 minutes after birth and remained stable thereafter. EH peak inspiratory flows and VT were similar between CPAP-fail and CPAP-success infants. At 9-12 minutes, CPAP-fail infants more frequently used smaller VTs, 0-9 ml/kg and required higher peak inspiratory flows. However, CPAP-success infants often used large VTs (>9 ml/kg) with higher peak inspiratory flows than CPAP-fail infants (71.8 ± 15.8 vs. 15.5 ± 5.2 ml/kg.s, p <0.05). CPAP-fail infants required higher FiO₂ (0.31 ± 0.03 vs. 0.21 ± 0.01), higher CPAP pressures (6.62 ± 0.3 vs. 5.67 ± 0.26 cmH₂O) and more positive pressure-delivered breaths (45 ± 12 vs. 19 ± 9%) (p <0.05)

Conclusion

At 9-12 minutes after birth, CPAP-fail infants more commonly used lower VTs and required higher peak inspiratory flow rates while receiving greater respiratory support. VT was less variable and larger VT was infrequently used reflecting early signs of fatigue.     

Factors Affecting Developmental Increase of Tyrosine Aminotransferase in Rat Liver Immediately after Birth

Labeling with ³⁵S-methionine of dispersed hepatocytes prepared from neonatal rat liver and successive immunoprecipitation with antiserum against tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) indicated that increase of TAT activity to a peak about 12 hours after birth and the decrease thereafter are mainly due to changes of TAT synthesis. Similar changes of TAT activity was also observed in the livers of premature neonates which were taken out by Caesarian section and nursed by foster mothers. This indicated that the appearance of TAT activity at this period is not an event programmed along with fetal development but is triggered by birth. The level of glucagon in neonatal plasma increased after birth. Administration of glucagon to neonates caused a great increase of TAT activity whereas the effect of dexamethasone was not so evident. These suggested that glucagon is an important factor affecting the abrupt appearance of TAT after birth.     

Time Course Study of Blood Pressure in Term and Preterm Infants Immediately after Birth

Objective

To describe temporal changes in systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure (SBP, DBP, and MBP, respectively) in term and preterm infants immediately after birth.

Methods

Prospective observational two-center study. In term infants SBP, DBP, and MBP were assessed non-invasively every minute for the first 15 minutes, and in preterm infants every minute for the first 15 minutes, as well as at 20, 25, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after birth. Regression analyses were performed by gender and respiratory support in all neonates; and by mode of delivery, cord clamping time, and development of ultrasound-detected brain injury in preterm neonates.

Results

Term infants (n = 54) had a mean (SD) birth weight of 3298 (442) g and gestational age of 38 (1) weeks, and preterm infants (n = 94) weighed 1340 (672) g and were 30 (3) weeks gestation. Term infants’ SBP, DBP and MBP within the first 15 minutes after birth were independent of gender or respiratory support. Linear mixed regression analysis showed that preterm infants, who were female, born vaginally, had delayed cord clamping and did not require positive pressure ventilation nor develop periventricular injury or ventriculomegaly, had significantly higher SBP, DBP, and MBP at some measurement points within the first hour after birth.

Conclusions

We present novel reference ranges of BP immediately after birth in a cohort of term and preterm neonates. They may aid in optimization of cardiovascular support during early transition at all gestations.     

Changes in Positive End-Expiratory Pressure Alter the Distribution of Ventilation within the Lung Immediately after Birth in Newborn Rabbits

Current recommendations suggest the use of positive end-expiratory pressures (PEEP) to assist very preterm infants to develop a functional residual capacity (FRC) and establish gas exchange at birth. However, maintaining a consistent PEEP is difficult and so the lungs are exposed to changing distending pressures after birth, which can affect respiratory function. Our aim was to determine how changing PEEP levels alters the distribution of ventilation within the lung. Preterm rabbit pups (28 days gestation) were delivered and mechanically ventilated with one of three strategies, whereby PEEP was changed in sequence; 0-5-10-5-0 cmH₂O, 5-10-0-5-0 cmH₂O or 10-5-0-10-0 cmH₂O. Phase contrast X-ray imaging was used to analyse the distribution of ventilation in the upper left (UL), upper right (UR), lower left (LL) and lower right (LR) quadrants of the lung. Initiating ventilation with 10PEEP resulted in a uniform increase in FRC throughout the lung whereas initiating ventilation with 5PEEP or 0PEEP preferentially aerated the UR than both lower quadrants (p<0.05). Consequently, the relative distribution of incoming V_T was preferentially directed into the lower lobes at low PEEP, primarily due to the loss of FRC in those lobes. Following ventilation at 10PEEP, the distribution of air at end-inflation was uniform across all quadrants and remained so regardless of the PEEP level. Uniform distribution of ventilation can be achieved by initiating ventilation with a high PEEP. After the lungs have aerated, small and stepped reductions in PEEP result in more uniform changes in ventilation.     

215 例出生缺陷围生儿临床分析

目的:探讨近几年出生缺陷发生率的变化,反思出生缺陷的发生与干预措施之间的关系。方法:收集1999年1月至2010年12月在我院分娩的围生儿7875例,回顾分析十二年我院检查及分娩的胎儿出生缺陷变化情况,分析其出生缺陷的种类及发生率的变化。结果:有出生缺陷的围产儿215例,发生率为27.30‰,行产前诊断确诊后在孕妇知情同意下选择治疗性引产的88例,纠正足月活产婴儿的出生缺陷率为16.13‰,差异有显著意义(x2=22.16,P<0.01)。结论:有效的产前诊断技术能及早作出出生缺陷的宫内诊断,对优生优育、提高人口素质及疾病控制有很大帮助。     

215例出生缺陷围生儿临床分析

目的：探讨近几年出生缺陷发生率的变化,反思出生缺陷的发生与干预措施之间的关系。方法：收集1999年1月至2010年12月在我院分娩的围生儿7875例,回顾分析十二年我院检查及分娩的胎儿出生缺陷变化情况,分析其出生缺陷的种类及发生率的变化、结果：有出生缺陷的围产几215例,发生率为27．30‰。行产前诊断确诊后在孕妇知情同意下选择治疗性引产的88例,纠正足月活产婴儿的出生缺陷率为16．13‰,差异有显著意义（X2=22．16,P〈0．01）。结论：有效的产前诊断技术能及早作出出生缺陷的宫内诊断,对优生优育、提高人口素质及疾病控制有很大帮助。     

硬膜外麻醉分娩镇痛临床分析

目的:观察硬膜外麻醉用于分娩镇痛的效果及对产程、母婴的影响.方法:选择300例足月单胎、产前检查无阴道分娩禁忌、无椎管内硬膜穿刺禁忌的初产妇.ASA Ⅰ-Ⅱ级,随机分为硬膜外麻醉作为观察组,自然分娩组作为对照组,每组150例.观察产妇的生命体征,镇痛效果、产程时间、产后出血量、分娩方式、新生儿Apgar评分.结果:观察组产妇镇痛有效率为95.33%,活跃期与对照组相比明显缩短(p＜0.01),第二产程时间及产后出血量与对照组相比无显著差异(P＞0.05),剖宫产率明显低于对照组的剖宫产率(P＜0.05);两组新生儿Apgar评分均无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论:硬膜外麻醉镇痛效果确切,相对安全,是目前分娩镇痛的理想方法.     

胃癌根治术后早期应用肠内营养的临床疗效分析

目的:观察胃肠根治术后早期应用肠内营养的疗效及不良反应。方法:选取我院2012年1月到2012年6月住院进行手术治疗的胃癌患者36例,随机分成2组,每组18例。对照组进行常规的肠外营养支持,观察组通过术中放置空肠造瘘管给予能全力。观察并记录所有患者术后排气时间、术后排便时间、流质饮食时间、半流质饮食时间、住院总天数及术后并发症;于术前1d及术后第7d采集静脉血检测总蛋白、前白蛋白、白蛋白及血红蛋白的含量。结果:术后观察组和对照组排气时间分别为(3.14±1.12)d和(4.68±1.20)d、排便时间分别为(4.41±1.23)d和(5.67±1.41)d、流质饮食时间分别为(5.23±1.41)d和(6.21±1.54)d、半流质饮食时间分别为(8.12±1.65)d和(9.65±1.45)d及住院时间分别为(14.0±2.21)d和(16.0±3.14)d,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);与对照组相比较,观察组术后7d总蛋白、白蛋白、前白蛋白及血红蛋白的水平均显著增加(P<0.05);并发症发病率对照组显著高于观察组(P<0.05)。结论:早期肠内营养不仅可促进胃癌根治术术后胃肠功能的尽早恢复,还可显著改善术后患者营养状况,是一种胃癌患者术后有效、安全的营养支持方式。