乳腺癌乏氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)与雌激素受体表达的关系

目的探讨乳腺癌乏氧诱导因子-1α(hypoxia induci blefactor-1α,HIF-1α)与雌激素受体(ER)表达的关系。方法利用免疫组织化学方法在42例乳腺癌组织中进行HIF-1α染色,并与ER表达情况及其他临床病理资料进行相关性分析。结果乳腺癌组织中HIF-1α阳性表达率为54.76%,ER表达阳性率为66.67%(28/42)。ER表达率在HIF-1α阳性者中为56.52%,HIF-1α阴性者中为78.95%,P=0.125。而在细胞水平上,ER在HIF-1α阳性者和阴性者中的表达量积分,分别为2.96±1.97、5.11±2.58,t=3.06(P=0.004),Spearman等级分析,r=-0.49(P=0.003)。另外,HIF-1α表达除常见于绝经后患者外,与肿瘤大小、病理类型、孕激素受体、腋窝淋巴结转移、Ki67、C-erbB-2表达均无显著相关。结论乳腺癌组织中HIF-1α表达可能参与了ER表达下调的机制。     

乏氧诱导因子及其与非小细胞肺癌的关系

乏氧诱导因子-1广泛存在于哺乳动物的细胞中,是调节细胞乏氧应答的关键因子,由于乏氧诱导因子-1能够在低氧的条件下促进血管的发生、红细胞生成、抑制肿瘤细胞的凋亡,同时能够诱导p-糖蛋白(p-glycoprotein,P-gp)和多药耐药相关蛋白(multidrug resistance related protein,MRP)等的表达,从而引起肿瘤细胞多药抗性,严重影响肿瘤患者的化疗效果。该文介绍乏氧诱导因子-1与非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)的关系。     

乏氧诱导因子-1α基因沉默对肺癌细胞乏氧应答相关基因表达的影响

乏氧诱导因子-1α (HIF-1α)是肿瘤细胞适应乏氧微环境的关键调控因子,具有作为治疗靶基因的潜力,以克服乏氧诱导的治疗抗拒等效应.下调其表达可能影响肿瘤细胞内一系列乏氧应答相关基因的表达.本研究采用已构建的HIF-1α RNAi慢病毒载体转导肺腺癌A549细胞,经杀稻瘟素（blasticidin）筛选建立HIF-1α基因稳定沉默的A549细胞株.应用cDNA微阵列技术检测并比较HIF-1α基因沉默A549细胞株和其亲本细胞株在常氧和乏氧状态下的基因表达谱改变. 应用定量RT PCR方法验证部分cDNA芯片差异表达基因的表达改变.HIF-1α基因稳定沉默细胞株A549/HIF-1α,在常氧和乏氧条件下HIF-1αmRNA水平分别较A549细胞下降89.2％和88.1％,HIF-1α蛋白水平分别下降97.2％和88.4％. 在乏氧条件下,cDNA微阵列检测的1 280个基因中,52个基因表达上调,15个基因表达下调. HIF-1α基因沉默显著影响其中27个基因的乏氧诱导效应.定量RT-PCR验证其中ENO2、BCL-2、CXCR4和MMP11的表达水平,与cDNA芯片结果相符合.结果提示,HIF-1α基因沉默能够在一定程度上阻断肺癌细胞的乏氧应答,在克服乏氧导致的肺癌治疗抗拒方面具有潜力.     

慢性鼻病中乏氧诱导因子与5-脂加氧酶表达变化及其与疾病严重程度关系研究

摘要 目的：探究慢性鼻病中乏氧诱导因子（HIF-1α）与5-脂加氧酶（5-LOX）表达变化及其与疾病严重程度关系。方法：选取我院2019年7月-2020年11月期间收治的75例慢性鼻病患者作为研究对象;其中鼻息肉25例,变态反应性鼻炎25例,鼻窦炎25例;同期选择30例经鼻中隔偏曲矫正下鼻甲成形术患者的下鼻甲黏膜组织设为对照组。比较四组患者乏氧诱导因子与5-脂加氧酶蛋白及mRNA水平;并分析在不同鼻部疾病中,HIF-1α、5-LOX的相关性。结果：鼻息肉组、变态反应性鼻炎组、鼻窦炎组患者HIF-1α、5-LOX表达水平高于对照组（P<0.05）;鼻息肉组、变态反应性鼻炎组、鼻窦炎组患者HIF-1α、5-LOX表达水平比较无统计学意义（P>0.05）。鼻息肉组、变态反应性鼻炎组、鼻窦炎组患者HIF-1α、5-LOX mRNA表达水平高于对照组（P<0.05）;鼻息肉组、变态反应性鼻炎组、鼻窦炎组患者HIF-1α、5-LOX mRNA表达水平比较无统计学意义（P>0.05）。Parman相关分析,在不同鼻部疾病中,HIF-1α蛋白表达与5-LOX蛋白表达呈正相关（P<0.05）。结论：在慢性鼻病（鼻息肉、变态反应性鼻炎、鼻窦炎）中,HIF-1α、5-LOX表达水平显著升高,且在慢性疾病发展中可能相互促进、互相影响。     

细胞内低氧感受器:缺氧诱导因子-1脯氨酰羟化酶研究进展

哺乳动物细胞对低氧的适应性调节是通过改变一系列基因表达来实现的。调控这些基因表达最重要的转录因子是缺氧诱导因子-1（HIF-1）,而能够直接感受氧分压、作为氧感受器的一种双加氧酶——脯氨酰羟化酶（PHD）则是调节HIF-1的关键分子。常氧状况下,HIF-1α的两个关键氨基酸残基Pro402和Pro564被PHD羟基化进而被蛋白酶水解,此时细胞内无HIF-1聚集,形成一种氧分压正常的信号状态。低氧状况下,PHD羟基化HIF-1α反应受阻,HIF-1聚集并入核诱导多种靶基因表达,启动低氧应答反应。本文就PHDs家族如何调控HIF-1α及PHD的调节剂研究进展进行综述。     

PMA 及乏氧诱导VEGF 上调的细胞模型构建及用于RNAi 研究

目的:探讨佛波酯(PMA)与乏氧诱导对小鼠黑色素瘤细胞B16-F10中血管内皮细胞生长因子(VEGF)表达量的影响,构建适合RNA干扰(RNAi)的体外细胞模型。方法:通过酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA法)在蛋白质水平上检测细胞分泌的VEGF量,并用激光共聚焦显微镜观察小干扰RNA(siRNA)转染的细胞胞吞及细胞形态。结果:1 M PMA处理细胞2 h能明显上调B16-F10细胞中VEGF蛋白的合成及分泌,与常规培养相比,细胞可增加50%的VEGF水平。再经乏氧诱导48 h,稳定释放到培养液里的VEGF浓度大幅提高200%,范围在55-65 pg/mL/h。结论:经PMA和乏氧诱导后,B16-F10细胞稳定的VEGF分泌量与一定时间内分泌的稳定性均表明其适合作为RNAi的体外细胞模型。初步的RNAi结果表明,TKO/siRNA纳米粒与壳聚糖/siRNA纳米粒对于VEGF的沉默效率达40%。     

芳香烃受体核转位蛋白的结构及相关功能

芳香烃受体核转位蛋白（aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator,ARNT）是碱性螺旋-环．螺旋转录因子超家族中新发现的PAS亚家族的成员之一。它是体内许多bHLH-PAS蛋白共同的专性配偶体,可以与芳香烃受体、低氧诱导因子、果蝇SIM蛋白等形成异二聚体并介导许多信号转导过程,从而使个体对环境污染物（如二恶英）、低氧状态等外界因素的改变产生相应的生物学效应,本文就ARNT的基本结构及其在体内的主要生理功能等方面作一综述。     

细胞氧感受器：天冬酰胺酰羟化酶

缺氧诱导因子（hypoxia-inducible factor, HIF）是异二聚体的转录因子,由氧敏感的α亚基和在细胞内稳定表达的β亚基组成,在细胞缺氧应答反应中起核心作用.缺氧诱导因子脯氨酰羟化酶（prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing proteins, PHDs）和天冬酰胺酰羟化酶,即缺氧诱导因子抑制因子(factor-inhibiting HIF, FIH）是调节缺氧诱导因子蛋白质水平和活性的2类关键酶,它们自身的催化活性受细胞内氧张力的调节,因而被称为细胞氧感受器.目前,大多数的研究都集中于PHDs,而对FIH的研究相对较少.本文主要就FIH的发现、晶体结构、生物学特征以及表达水平和活性调节等方面作一综述.     

辅调节因子在核受体基因表达调控中的作用

核受体 ( nuclear receptor)在增强或抑制基因转录时 ,需借助于诸多辅调节因子的协同作用 ,使调节更为精细、有效及特异 .辅调节因子 ( coregulator)可区分为辅激活因子 ( coactivator)和辅抑制因子 ( corepressor)两大类 ,均具有多种功能各异的蛋白质因子 ,分别汇聚于核受体上构成不同复合体 .它们的主要作用机理是 :( 1 )促使核小体中的组蛋白乙酰基化 ,导致与 DNA的结合松散 ;或脱乙酰基 ,而使组蛋白与 DNA的结合回复紧密状态 ,从而创造一个有利于转录或封闭转录的局部环境 ;( 2 )作用于通用转录因子及 RNA聚合酶 ,以激活转录或抑制转录 .     

低氧诱导因子脯氨酰羟化酶与OS－9在大鼠低氧肺动脉高压中的协同作用

目的：研究HIF-1α、PHDs及OS-9的表达变化在低氧性肺动脉高压（HPH）中的作用和意义。方法：SD大鼠随机分5组（n=8）;对照组（C组）和低氧3、7、14和21d组,常压低氧复制HPH大鼠模型。原位杂交、RT-PCR检测mRNA表达,免疫组化、Westernblot检测蛋白质表达。结果：①HIF-1αmRNA对照纽和低氧3d无明显差异,低氧14d后表达明显增高;HIF-1α蛋白质低氧3d组表达明显增高,7d达高峰;②对照组PHD1mRNA呈阳性表达,各低氧组与对照组比较差异不显著,PHD1蛋白质在对照组强阳性表达,低氧14d下降,低氧21d保持较低水平;对照组PHD2mRNA呈阳性表达,低氧3d增高,14d达到高峰,21d维持高水平,其蛋白质表达趋势与mRNA相同;对照组PHD3mRNA和蛋白质表达不明显,低氧3dmRNA明显增高,蛋白质低氧3d明显增高,低氧7d保持高水平,低氧14d和21d下降。③OS-9mRNA在对照组呈强阳性表达,低氧3d后迅速降低,14d达到最低水平;其蛋白质表达趋势与mRNA相同。相关分析表明,肺小动脉壁OS-9蛋白质表达水平与OS-9mRNA呈正相关,与RVHI、mPAP、WA％及LA％呈负相关。结论：HIF-1α、PHDs及OS-9均在大鼠HPH的发病机制中发挥作用。OS-9可能通过增强PHDs的活性来调节HIF-1α的表达,从而在HPH的发生和发展中发挥作用。     

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor, more than a xenobiotic-interacting protein

The aryl hydrocarbon (dioxin) receptor (AhR) has been studied for several decades largely because of its critical role in xenobiotic-induced toxicity and carcinogenesis. Albeit this is a major issue in basic and clinical research, an increasing number of investigators are turning their efforts to try to understand the physiology of the AhR under normal cellular conditions. This is an exciting area that covers cell proliferation and differentiation, endogenous mechanisms of activation, gene regulation, tumor development and cell motility and migration, among others. In this review, we will attempt to summarize the studies supporting the implication of the AhR in those endogenous cellular processes.     

Differential and Reciprocal Regulation between Hypoxia-inducible Factor-α Subunits and Their Prolyl Hydroxylases in Pulmonary Arteries of Rat with Hypoxia-induced Hypertension

Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-α subunits (HIF-1α,HIF-2α and HIF-3α),which play a pivotalrole during the development of hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (HPH),are regulated through post-U'anslational hydroxylation by their three prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing proteins (PHD 1,PHD2 and PHD3).PHDs could also be regulated by HIF.But differential and reciprocal regulation between HIF-α and PHDs duringthe development of HPH remains unclear.To investigate this problem,a rat HPH model was established.Meanpulmonary arterial pressure increased significantly after 7 d of hypoxia.Pulmonary artery remodeling indexand right ventricular hypertrophy became evident after 14 d of hypoxia.HIF-1α and HIF-2α mRNA increasedslightly after 7 d of hypoxia,but HIF-3α increased significantly after 3 d of hypoxia.The protein expressionlevels of all three HIF-α were markedly upregulated after exposure to hypoxia.PHD2 mRNA and proteinexpression levels were upregulated after 3 d of hypoxia;PHD 1 protein declined after 14 d of hypoxia withoutsignificant mRNA changes.PHD3 mRNA and protein were markedly upregulated after 3 d of hypoxia,then themRNA remained at a high level,but the protein declined after 14 d of hypoxia.In hypoxic animals,HIF-lotproteins negatively correlated with PHD2 proteins,whereas HIF-2α and HIF-3α proteins showed negativecorrelations with PHD3 and PHD 1 proteins,respectively.All three HIF-α proteins were positively correlatedwith PHD2 and PHD3 mRNA.In the present study,HIF-α subunits and PHDs showed differential andreciprocal regulation,and this might play a key pathogenesis role in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension.     

Induction of SM-20 in PC12 cells leads to increased cytochrome c levels,accumulation of cytochrome c in the cytosol,and caspase-dependent cell death

Sympathetic neurons deprived of nerve growth factor (NGF) release cytochrome c into the cytosol and undergo caspase-dependent cell death through a process that requires de novo gene expression. Expression of the SM-20 gene increases after NGF withdrawal, and ectopic SM-20 expression induces cell death in NGF-maintained neurons. To further evaluate the mechanism by which SM-20 promotes cell death, we developed a PC12-derived cell line in which SM-20 expression can be induced by addition of doxycycline to the culture medium. Induction of SM-20 in either undifferentiated or NGF-differentiated cells resulted in cell death. Cell death was accompanied by an increase in caspase activity and was inhibited by the caspase inhibitor zVAD-FMK. Analysis of cytochrome c in cytosolic and mitochondria-enriched subcellular fractions revealed that induction of SM-20 led to the accumulation of cytochrome c in the cytosol. Surprisingly, SM-20 expression also resulted in a selective increase in the total amount of cytochrome c protein. Thus, induction of SM-20 expression appears to affect both the amount and subcellular localization of cytochrome c in PC12 cells. These results suggest that SM-20 promotes caspase-dependent cell death through a mechanism involving cytochrome c.     

免疫系统防御强，遇到缺氧HIF帮

缺氧诱导因子（hypoxia-inducible factor,HIF）是一类受氧调控的转录因子。其α亚基是氧敏感性亚基,包括HIF-1α、HIF-2α和HIF-3α,与β亚基形成异源二聚体,活化目标基因的表达以调节细胞对低氧的反应。HIF本身受到精细调节,包括转录组水平的调节,以及通过蛋白质翻译后修饰所进行的蛋白质水平的调节,以确保细胞对低氧压力产生适当反应。免疫应答常伴随局部组织的低氧状况,HIF是低氧环境中先天免疫和适应性免疫应答的重要调节因子。在天然免疫系统,HIF激活一系列与代谢相关的基因表达,调节中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞和树突状细胞的发育、极化和功能。对于适应性免疫,近年来的研究确立了HIF在CD4⁺T细胞分化和功能中的重要作用。本综述将重点讨论近年来有关HIF调节机制,及其在免疫细胞功能研究的进展。     

Manipulation of oxygen tensions for in vitro cell culture using a hypoxic workstation

It is increasingly clear that oxygen tension exerts potent effects on many biologic processes in a range well above that at which aerobic metabolism is compromised. Cell culture ex vivo is traditionally performed in unstirred liquid media at ambient oxygen concentrations in the laboratory, with no attention to the level of oxygen experienced by the cells. This is certainly not reflecting physiology, and oxygenation may be further altered during cell handling and extraction procedures. The hypoxia-inducible factor pathway illustrates the potential for oxygen tension to have dramatic effects in terms of post-translational modification of proteins, and to influence a broad range of cellular pathways including those involved in substrate transport, metabolic pathways, growth factor signaling and differentiation. While the standard laboratory approach may remain suitable for many biologic applications, there are other situations in which more attention to oxygenation will be appropriate. This review discusses a workstation that allows investigators to manipulate oxygenation.