Uncoupling Warburg effect and stemness in CD133<Superscript>+ve</Superscript> cancer stem cells from Saos-2 (osteosarcoma) cell line under hypoxia

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) which are known to be residing deep inside the core of the tumor in its hypoxia niche is responsible for relapse of cancers. Owing to this hypoxic niche, the residing CSCs simultaneously fuel their stemness, cancerous and drug resistance properties. Attributes of CSCs are still not properly understood in its hypoxia niche. Addressing this, we sorted CSCs from Saos-2 (osteosarcoma) cell line using CD133 antibody. The CD133^+ve CSCs exhibited quiescent cell proliferation in DNA doubling, Ca²⁺ signaling and cell cycle analysis. CD133^+ve CSCs exhibited increased production of ATP and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity under hypoxia. CD133^+ve cells exhibited decreased glucose uptake compared to ATP levels under hypoxia. Moreover, there was only negligible LDH activity in CD133^+ve cells under normoxia which do not rely on Warburg effect. Stemness markers (such as c-Myc, SOX2, Oct4 and TERT), metastasis marker (CD44) and drug resistance marker (ABCG2) were highly expressed in CD133^+ve cells. In summary, both CD133^+ve/?ve cells of Saos-2 (osteosarcoma) cell line did not exhibit Warburg effect under normoxic condition. Moreover, this significantly indicates an uncoupling between stemness and Warburg effect in CD133^+ve. This work provides a novel insight into the metabolic and functional features of CSCs in a hypoxic environment which could open new avenues for therapeutic strategies aimed to target CSCs.     

Changes in heat shock protein synthesis and heat sensitivity during mouse thymocyte development

Heat shock protein synthesis was examined in mouse thymocytes at three stages of development: early embryonic thymocytes, which are CD4^?CD8^?, adult thymocytes, which are primarily CD4⁺CD8⁺, and mature spleen T cells, which are CD4⁺CD8^? or CD4^?CD8⁺. After either a 41°C or 42°C heat shock, the synthesis of the maior heat-inducible protein (hsp68) was elevated during the first hour of recovery but then decreased abruptly in thymocytes from adult mice. In contrast, the synthesis of hsp68 continued for up to 4 h after heating embryonic mouse thymocytes or mature spleen T cells. The more rapid termination ofthe heat shock response in the adult thymocytes was not the result of eitherless heat damage or more rapid repair since the recovery of general protein synthesis was more severely delayed in these cells. As well, the double positive CD4⁺CD8⁺ cells were more sensitive to hyperthermia than either the double negative CD4^?CD8^? or single positive CD4⁺CD8^? or CD4^?CD8⁺ cells. Exposure of fetal thymus organ cultures to elevated temperature revealed that the double negative thymocytes were able to survive and differentiate normally following a heat shock treatment that was lethal for the double positive thymocytes. Exposure of thymocytes from adult mice to elevated temperatures induced apoptotic cell death. This was evident by the cleavage of DNA into oligonucleosome-sized fragments. Quantitation of the extent of DNA fragmentation and the number of apoptotic cells by flow cytometry demonstrated that the extent of apoptotic cell death was related to the severity of the heat stress. Double positive (CD4+CD8+) thymocytes are selected on the basis of their T-cell antigen receptor (TCR). Most of these cells are negatively selected and die within the thymus by an active process of cell deletion known as apoptosis. Restricting hsp synthesis in response to stress might be essential during developmental processes in which cell maturation is likely to result in death rather than functional differentiation. © 1993Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

CD133(+)EpCAM(+) phenotype possesses more characteristics of tumor initiating cells in hepatocellular carcinoma Huh7 cells

Background: EpCAM or CD133 has been used as the tumor initiating cells (TICs) marker in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We investigated whether cells expressing with both EpCAM and CD133 surface marker were more representative for TICs in hepatocellular carcinoma Huh7 cells.Methods: Four different phenotypes of CD133⁺EpCAM⁺, CD133⁺EpCAM^-, CD133^-EpCAM⁺ and CD133^-EpCAM^- in Huh7 cells were sorted by flow cytometry. Then cell differentiation, self-renewal, drug-resistance, spheroid formation and the levels of stem cell-related genes were detected to compare the characteristics of TICs. The ability of tumorigenicity was measured in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice to verify TICs.Results: CD133⁺EpCAM⁺ cells have many characteristics of TICs in Huh7 cells compared with CD133⁺EpCAM^-, CD133^-EpCAM⁺, CD133^-EpCAM^- cells, including enrichment in side population cells, higher differentiation capacity, increased colony-formation ability, preferential expression of stem cell-related genes, appearance of drug-resistant to some chemotherapeutics, more spheroid formation of culture cells and stronger tumorigenicity in NOD/SCID mice.Conclusion: CD133⁺EpCAM⁺ phenotype is precisely represented TICs in Huh7 cells. It might be useful for studying biology mechanism of TICs in hepatocellular carcinoma and screening new targets for cancer therapy.     

Atorvastatin inhibited Rho-associated kinase 1 (ROCK1) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) mediated adhesion and differentiation of CD133CD44 prostate cancer stem cells

Prostate cancer has become a global health concern and is one of the leading causes of cancer death of men after lung and gastric cancers. It has been suggested that the 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutarylcoenzyme-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor atorvastatin shows anticancer activity in prostate cancer cell lines. To this end, we analyzed the influence of atorvastatin on the cell adhesion and differentiation of CD133⁺CD44⁺ cells derived from prostate cancer biopsies and peripheral blood. CD133⁺CD44⁺ cells were treated with atorvastatin (16–64 μM) for different time periods. Cell adhesion to endothelial cell monolayers and differentiation into prostate cancer cells were evaluated. α1, β1 and α2β1 integrins adhesion receptors and the downstream target of atorvastatin Rho-dependent kinase (ROCK) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) were analyzed by Western blot. Further blocking studies with the ROCK inhibitor H1152, anti-FAK antibody and anti-integrin α1 and β1 antibodies were carried out. Atorvastatin treatment inhibited dose-dependently cell attachment to endothelium and differentiation. The inhibitory effect of atorvastatin on cell adhesion was associated with decreased expression of integrins α1 and β1 and phosphorylated MYPT1 and FAK. Furthermore, atorvastatin strongly reduced ROCK1 and FAK mediated differentiation of CD133⁺CD44⁺ cells, which was confirmed by antibody treatment. Atorvastatin modified the expression of cell adhesion molecules and differentiation markers. These beneficial effects of atorvastatin may be mediated by ROCK and FAK signaling pathway. The data presented may point to novel treatment options for prostate cancer.     

The Nerve Growth Factor Receptor CD271 Is Crucial to Maintain Tumorigenicity and Stem-Like Properties of Melanoma Cells

Background

Large-scale genomic analyses of patient cohorts have revealed extensive heterogeneity between individual tumors, contributing to treatment failure and drug resistance. In malignant melanoma, heterogeneity is thought to arise as a consequence of the differentiation of melanoma-initiating cells that are defined by cell-surface markers like CD271 or CD133.

Results

Here we confirmed that the nerve growth factor receptor (CD271) is a crucial determinant of tumorigenicity, stem-like properties, heterogeneity and plasticity in melanoma cells. Stable shRNA mediated knock-down of CD271 in patient-derived melanoma cells abrogated their tumor-initiating and colony-forming capacity. A genome-wide expression profiling and gene-set enrichment analysis revealed novel connections of CD271 with melanoma-associated genes like CD133 and points to a neural crest stem cell (NCSC) signature lost upon CD271 knock-down. In a meta-analysis we have determined a shared set of 271 differentially regulated genes, linking CD271 to SOX10, a marker that specifies the neural crest. To dissect the connection of CD271 and CD133 we have analyzed 10 patient-derived melanoma-cell strains for cell-surface expression of both markers compared to established cell lines MeWo and A375. We found CD271⁺ cells in the majority of cell strains analyzed as well as in a set of 16 different patient-derived melanoma metastases. Strikingly, only 2/12 cell strains harbored a CD133⁺ sub-set that in addition comprised a fraction of cells of a CD271⁺/CD133⁺ phenotype. Those cells were found in the label-retaining fraction and in vitro deduced from CD271⁺ but not CD271 knock-down cells.

Conclusions

Our present study provides a deeper insight into the regulation of melanoma cell properties and points CD271 out as a regulator of several melanoma-associated genes. Further, our data strongly suggest that CD271 is a crucial determinant of stem-like properties of melanoma cells like colony-formation and tumorigenicity.     

The most reliable surface marker for the identification of colorectal cancer stem-like cells: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Several surface markers have been proposed for the identification and characterization of colorectal cancer stem-like cells (CR-CSLCs). However, their reliability in CR-CSLCs identification remains controversial. This study evaluated the correlation between all candidate surface marker's expression and CSLCs properties (tumorigenicity) through monitoring in vivo tumor incidence and final tumor volume. PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were systematically searched until November 2017. A total of 27 studies were found that met the inclusion criteria for cluster of differentiation 133 (CD133) and CD44 markers. Results indicated that either CD133 or CD44 positive cells caused about twofold increase in tumor volume compared with the negative cells (p < 0.05). In two groups of cells derived from primary tumors and cell lines, CD133 ⁺ cells had 25 and 1.45 times higher tumor incidence potential than CD133 ⁻ cells, respectively ( p < 0.05). Also, cohort evaluation showed that CD133 overexpression at protein level is a marker of poor overall survival in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. While CD44 ⁺ cells displayed twofold tumorigenicity compared with the negative cells ( p < 0.05), combination of CD44 and CD133 showed about sevenfold tumorigenicity potential ( p < 0.05). In conclusion, the present meta-analysis suggests that CD133 is a robust biomarker to identify primary tumor CSLCs and can be proposed as a prognostic marker of CRC patient whereas it should be used with caution in cell lines. It seems to be more reliable to use CD133 in combination with CD44 as target biomarkers for the isolation of CR-CSLCs in both cell line and primary tumor cells populations.     

Efficient stem cell isolation from under vacuum preserved tissue samples

Different approaches for the isolation of stem/progenitor cells have been reported, including stem cell selection in stringent culture conditions. We evaluated the possibility of isolating human progenitor cells from surgical specimens preserved by under vacuum sealing and cooling, a clinical practice approached by several hospitals as alternative to formalin. Renal tissue samples (n = 20) maintained under vacuum from 6 to 48 h at 4°C were used to isolate human renal CD133⁺ progenitor cells. We obtained CD133⁺ progenitors from unsorted cells derived from disaggregated tissues from each sample. Phenotypic characterization as well as in vitro and in vivo differentiation of the obtained CD133⁺ lines showed results comparable with sorted CD133⁺ cells obtained from fresh tissue. These results indicate that the process of sealing under vacuum and cooling appears as a suitable tissue treatment to isolate hypoxia resistant cells, such as human stem/progenitor cells, and that this procedure can be exploited to render the extraction of stem cells from human samples more practical and feasible.     

Efficient stem cell isolation from under vacuum preserved tissue samples

Different approaches for the isolation of stem/progenitor cells have been reported, including stem cell selection in stringent culture conditions. We evaluated the possibility of isolating human progenitor cells from surgical specimens preserved by under vacuum sealing and cooling, a clinical practice approached by several hospitals as alternative to formalin. Renal tissue samples (n = 20) maintained under vacuum from 6 to 48 h at 4°C were used to isolate human renal CD133⁺ progenitor cells. We obtained CD133⁺ progenitors from unsorted cells derived from disaggregated tissues from each sample. Phenotypic characterization as well as in vitro and in vivo differentiation of the obtained CD133⁺ lines showed results comparable with sorted CD133⁺ cells obtained from fresh tissue. These results indicate that the process of sealing under vacuum and cooling appears as a suitable tissue treatment to isolate hypoxia resistant cells, such as human stem/progenitor cells, and that this procedure can be exploited to render the extraction of stem cells from human samples more practical and feasible.     

Identification and functional characterization of ion channels in CD34<Superscript>+</Superscript> hematopoietic stem cells from human peripheral blood

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are used therapeutically for hematological diseases and may also serve as a source for nonhematopoietic tissue engineering in the future. In other cell types, ion channels have been investigated as potential targets for the regulation of proliferation and differentiation. However, the ion channels of HSCs remain elusive. Here, we functionally characterized the ion channels of CD34⁺ cells from human peripheral blood. Using fluorescence-activated cell sorting, we confirmed that the CD34⁺ cells also express CD45 and CD133. In the CD34⁺/CD45⁺/CD133^high HSCs, RT-PCR of 58 ion channel mRNAs revealed the coexpression of Kv1.3, Kv7.1, Nav1.7, TASK2, TALK2, TWIK2, TRPC4, TRPC6, TRPM2, TRPM7, and TRPV2. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings identified voltage-gated K⁺ currents (putatively Kv1.3), pH-sensitive TASK2-like back-ground K⁺ currents, ADP-ribose-activated TRPM2 currents, temperature-sensitive TRPV2-like currents, and diacylglycerol-analogue-activated TRPC6-like currents. Our results lend new insight into the physiological role of ion channels in HSCs, the specific implications of which require further investigation.     

Gene analysis and dynamics of tumor stem cells in human glioblastoma cells after radiation

Glioblastoma is the most malignant central nervous system tumor. Patients with glioblastoma are treated with a combination of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy; however, this effect is not satisfactory with regard to the prognosis. It is reported that the tumor stem cells affect recurrence, and radio- and chemotherapy resistance of the tumor, and that these cells play an important role in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Using human glioblastoma cell lines (T98G and A172), irradiated (0, 30, 60 Gy) glioblastoma cells were prepared under the same conditions as clinical therapy. We analyzed cell proliferation rate, side population analysis by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and isolation of CD133⁺ cells, and performed genetic analysis (human stem cells) on these cells. We also investigated the difference in gene expression in the cells after radiation. The stem cell-related genes were highly expressed in the CD133⁺ cells compared with the CD133^? cells, suggesting that the cancer stem cells may be located in these CD133⁺ cells. In the T98G cell line, the cell proliferation rate of 30-Gy irradiated cells was higher than those of non-irradiated cells and 60-Gy irradiated cells. Stem cell-related genes were highly expressed in 30-Gy irradiated CD133⁺ T98G cells. In conclusion, we suggest that CD133⁺ cells may strongly affect tumor proliferation and the resistance against radiation therapy.     

Humoral Activity of Cord Blood-Derived Stem/Progenitor Cells: Implications for Stem Cell-Based Adjuvant Therapy of Neurodegenerative Disorders

Background

Stem/progenitor cells (SPCs) demonstrate neuro-regenerative potential that is dependent upon their humoral activity by producing various trophic factors regulating cell migration, growth, and differentiation. Herein, we compared the expression of neurotrophins (NTs) and their receptors in specific umbilical cord blood (UCB) SPC populations, including lineage-negative, CD34⁺, and CD133⁺ cells, with that in unsorted, nucleated cells (NCs).

Methods and Results

The expression of NTs and their receptors was detected by QRT-PCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescent staining in UCB-derived SPC populations (i.e., NCs vs. lineage-negative, CD34⁺, and CD133⁺ cells). To better characterize, global gene expression profiles of SPCs were determined using genome-wide RNA microarray technology. Furthermore, the intracellular production of crucial neuro-regenerative NTs (i.e., BDNF and NT-3) was assessed in NCs and lineage-negative cells after incubation for 24, 48, and 72 h in both serum and serum-free conditions. We discovered significantly higher expression of NTs and NT receptors at both the mRNA and protein level in lineage-negative, CD34⁺, and CD133⁺ cells than in NCs. Global gene expression analysis revealed considerably higher expression of genes associated with the production and secretion of proteins, migration, proliferation, and differentiation in lineage-negative cells than in CD34⁺ or CD133⁺ cell populations. Notably, after short-term incubation under serum-free conditions, lineage-negative cells and NCs produced significantly higher amounts of BDNF and NT-3 than under steady-state conditions. Finally, conditioned medium (CM) from lineage-negative SPCs exerted a beneficial impact on neural cell survival and proliferation.

Conclusions

Collectively, our findings demonstrate that UCB-derived SPCs highly express NTs and their relevant receptors under steady-state conditions, NT expression is greater under stress-related conditions and that CM from SPCs favorable influence neural cell proliferation and survival. Understanding the mechanisms governing the characterization and humoral activity of subsets of SPCs may yield new therapeutic strategies that might be more effective in treating neurodegenerative disorders.     

Development of a unique epigenetic signature during in vivo Th17 differentiation

Activated naive CD4⁺ T cells are highly plastic cells that can differentiate into various T helper (Th) cell fates characterized by the expression of effector cytokines like IFN-γ (Th1), IL-4 (Th2) or IL-17A (Th17). Although previous studies have demonstrated that epigenetic mechanisms including DNA demethylation can stabilize effector cytokine expression, a comprehensive analysis of the changes in the DNA methylation pattern during differentiation of naive T cells into Th cell subsets is lacking. Hence, we here performed a genome-wide methylome analysis of ex vivo isolated naive CD4⁺ T cells, Th1 and Th17 cells. We could demonstrate that naive CD4⁺ T cells share more demethylated regions with Th17 cells when compared to Th1 cells, and that overall Th17 cells display the highest number of demethylated regions, findings which are in line with the previously reported plasticity of Th17 cells. We could identify seven regions located in Il17a, Zfp362, Ccr6, Acsbg1, Dpp4, Rora and Dclk1 showing pronounced demethylation selectively in ex vivo isolated Th17 cells when compared to other ex vivo isolated Th cell subsets and in vitro generated Th17 cells, suggesting that this unique epigenetic signature allows identifying and functionally characterizing in vivo generated Th17 cells.     

Wnt/β-catenin Signaling Inhibitors suppress the Tumor-initiating properties of a CD44+CD133+ subpopulation of Caco-2 cells

Tumor-initiating cells or cancer stem cells are a subset of cancer cells that have tumorigenic potential in human cancer. Although several markers have been proposed to distinguish tumor-initiating cells from colorectal cancer cells, little is known about how this subpopulation contributes to tumorigenesis. Here, we characterized a tumor-initiating cell subpopulation from Caco-2 colorectal cancer cells. Based on the findings that Caco-2 cell subpopulations express different cell surface markers, we were able to discriminate three main fractions, CD44^-CD133^-, CD44^-CD133⁺, and CD44⁺CD133⁺ subsets, and characterized their biochemical and tumorigenic properties. Our results show that CD44⁺CD133⁺ cells possessed an unusual capacity to proliferate and could form tumors when transplanted into NSG mice. Additionally, primary tumors grown from CD44⁺CD133⁺ Caco-2 cells contained mixed populations of CD44⁺CD133⁺ and non-CD44⁺CD133⁺ Caco-2 cells, indicating that the full phenotypic heterogeneity of the parental Caco-2 cells was re-created. Notably, only the CD44⁺CD133⁺ subset of Caco-2-derived primary tumors had tumorigenic potential in NSG mice, and the tumor growth of CD44⁺CD133⁺ cells was faster in secondary xenografts than in primary transplants. Gene expression analysis revealed that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway was over-activated in CD44⁺CD133⁺ cells, and the growth and tumorigenic potential of this subpopulation were significantly suppressed by small-molecule Wnt/β-catenin signaling inhibitors. Our findings suggest that the CD44⁺CD133⁺ subpopulation from Caco-2 cells was highly enriched in tumorigenic cells and will be useful for investigating the mechanisms leading to human colorectal cancer development.     

Response to Stress in Early Tumor Colonization Modulates Switching of CD133-Positive and CD133-Negative Subpopulations in a Human Metastatic Colon Cancer Cell Line,SW620

According to the cancer stem cell (CSC) model, higher CD133 expression in tumor tissue is associated with metastasis and poor prognosis in colon cancer. As such, the CD133-positive (CD133⁺) subpopulation of cancer cells is believed to play a central role in tumor development and metastatic progression. Although CD133⁺ cells are believed to display more CSC-like behavior and be solely responsible for tumor colonization, recent research indicates that CD133⁻ cells from metastatic colon tumors not only also possess colonization capacity but also promote the growth of larger tumors in a mouse model than CD133⁺ cells, suggesting that an alternative mechanism of metastasis exists. This study investigated this possibility by examining the cell viability, tumorigenicity, and proliferation and growth capacity of the CD133⁺ and CD133⁻ subpopulations of the SW620 cell line, a human metastatic colon cancer cell line, in both an in vitro cell model and an in vivo mouse model. While both SW620 ^CD133− and SW620^CD133+ cells were found to engage in bidirectional cell-type switching in reaction to exposure to environmental stressors, including hypoxia, a cell adhesion-free environment, and extracellular matrix stimulation, both in vitro and in vivo, CD133⁻ cells were found to have a growth advantage during early colonization due to their greater resistance to proliferation inhibition. Based on these findings, a hypothetical model in which colon cancer cells engage in cell-type switching in reaction to exposure to environmental stressors is proposed. Such switching may provide a survival advantage during early colonization, as well as that explain previous conflicting observations.     

G Protein-Coupled Receptor 87 (GPR87) Promotes the Growth and Metastasis of CD133+ Cancer Stem-Like Cells in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prevalent disease worldwide, and the majority of HCC-related deaths occur due to local invasion and distant metastasis. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small subpopulation of cancer cells that have been hypothesized to be responsible for metastatic disease. Recently, we and others have identified a CSC population from human HCC cell lines and xenograft tumors characterized by their expression of CD133. However, the precise molecular mechanisms by which CD133⁺ cancer stem-like cells mediate HCC metastasis have not been sufficiently analyzed. Here, we have sorted HCC cells using CD133 as a cancer stem cell (CSC) marker by magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) and demonstrated that the CD133⁺ HCC cells not only possess greater migratory and invasive capacity in vitro but are also endowed with enhanced metastatic capacity in vivo and in human HCC specimens when compared to CD133⁻ HCC cells. Gene expression analysis of the CD133⁺ and CD133⁻ cells of the HCC line SMMC-7721 revealed that G protein-coupled receptor 87 (GPR87) is highly expressed in CD133⁺ HCC cells. In this study, we explored the role of GPR87 in the regulation of CD133 expression. We demonstrated that the overexpression of GPR87 up-regulated CD133 expression, promoted CSC-associated migratory and invasive properties in vitro, and increased tumor initiation in vivo. Conversely, silencing of GPR87 expression reduced the levels of CD133 expression. Conclusion: GPR87 promotes the growth and metastasis of CD133⁺ cancer stem-like cells, and our findings may reveal new targets for HCC prevention or therapy.     

Study on The Proliferation and Drug-resistance of Human Brain Tumor Stem-like Cells

Brain tumor stem-like cells (BTSLCs) have been implied to play an important role in genesis and development of glioma. However, their characteristics on proliferation and drug-resistance are uncertain thoroughly. In this experiment, some of the biological characteristics about BTSLCs were explored. Twenty cases of different grades of human glioma tissues were obtained from clinic. The primary glioma cells were collected and CD133⁺ cells from them were purified by magnetic cell sorting assay. The BTSLCs were identified by testing the expression of CD133, Nestin, NSE, and GFAP, along with the culture process. WST-8 assay kit was used to evaluate the proliferating situation of CD133⁺ cells in the different grade gliomas, and to compare the drug-resistance between the CD133⁺ and CD133 ⁻ cells in the medium containing different concentrations of teniposide (VM-26). The results showed that the CD133⁺ cells could regenerate by self-renewal, then generate and different into NSE⁺ and GFAP⁺ cells, respectively. CD133⁺ cells in the high grade of gliomas showed the faster generation than the ones in the low grade. The number of survived CD133⁺ cells in the medium containing VM-26 was much more than the CD133⁻ ones in it. Therefore, it was implied that the CD133⁺ BTSLCs existed in the glioma tissues possessed the more tolerant ability to the VM-26, and could proliferate much more easily in the high-grade glioma.     

Immune cell types involved in early uptake and transport of recombinant mouse prion protein in Peyer’s patches of calves

We have previously reported the early uptake and transport of foreign particles into Peyer’s patches (PPs) of newborn and 2-month-old calves and shown that the peak uptake of particles occurs 6 h after inoculation, in addition to site- and size-related effects on particle uptake. We now report the distribution of immune cells within PPs of the distal ileum in newborn and 2-month-old calves inoculated with carbon black. The types of immune cells involved in the early uptake and transport of recombinant mouse prion protein (rMPrP) within PPs of newborn calf were investigated by using monoclonal antibodies CD11c, CD14, CD68, CD172a, and CD21. CD11c⁺, CD14⁺, CD68⁺, CD172a⁺, and CD21⁺ immune cells were widely distributed in four tissue compartments (villi, dome, interfollicular region, and follicles) of PPs in the distal ileum of newborn and 2-month-old calves, whereas CD11c⁺, CD14⁺, CD172a⁺, and CD21⁺ immune cells were more prominently distributed in the dome areas of newborn calves than in 2-month-old calves. Moreover, CD11c⁺ and CD14⁺ dendritic cells, CD172a⁺ and CD68⁺ macrophages, and CD21⁺ follicular dendritic cells containing rMPrP were primarily observed in the dome and inner follicular regions. The deposition of rMPrP within CD11c⁺, CD14⁺, CD172a⁺, and CD68⁺ cells, but not CD21⁺ cells, was detected in villous regions. rMPrP-positive immune cells within the interfollicular regions included only CD11c⁺ and CD172⁺ cells. Although the particles used in this investigation do not include the infectious prion protein, PrP^Sc, our experimental setup provides a useful model for studying immune cells involved in the early uptake and transport of PrP^Sc.     

Down‐expression of miR‐154 suppresses tumourigenesis in CD133+ glioblastoma stem cells

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive form of brain cancer. Evidences have suggested that CD133 is a marker for a subset of glioblastoma cancer stem cells. However, whether miRNA plays a critical role in CD133⁺ GBM is poorly understood. Here, we identified that miR‐154 was upregulated in CD133⁺ GBM cell lines. Knockdown of miR‐154 remarkably suppressed proliferation and migration of CD133⁺ GBM cells. Further study found that PRPS1 was a direct target of miR‐154 in CD133⁺ GBM cells. Overexpression of PRPS1 exhibited similar effects as miR‐154 knockdown in CD133⁺ GBMs. Our study identified miR‐154 as a previously unrecognized positive regulator of proliferation and migration in CD133⁺ GBM cells and a potentially therapeutic target of GBMs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.