Study of a collection of Triticum spelta L. wheat species using gliadin polymorphism

Using gliadins, endosperm storage proteins of kernels, as markers, the genetic diversity of 170 samples from the Triticum spelta L. collection of the Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry was studied. High intraspecific polymorphism of the gliadin electrophoretic patterns was revealed. On the basis of similarity of the gliadin electrophoretic patterns, groups of samples were isolated, and the genetic structurization of the collection was performed.     

On the Use of Alleles of Gliadin-Coding Loci as Possible Adaptability Markers in the Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars during Seed Germination

Prolamine proteolysis is assumed to be among numerous adaptability factors in cereals. The patterns of gliadin proteolysis have been studied in 16 cultivars of spring wheat via analysis of electrophoretic spectra. Four proteolytic patterns have been identified. It is hypothesized that the cultivars characterized by early and rapid proteolysis (the first and third types) are the most adaptable. The gliadin genetic formulas of chromosomes of the first homeologous group have been determined. The alleles of gliadin loci (Gli-A1f, Gli-B1e, Gli-D1a, and Gli-D1b) have been found that can be used as markers of adaptability in spring wheat cultivars.     

冰草属(Agropyron Gaertn.)植物遗传多样性取样策略基于醇溶蛋白的研究

对冰草属(Agropyron Gaertn.)植物的5个种22个居群分8个取样梯度,分别随机取3、6、9、12、15、18、21、24粒种子的混合样进行醇溶蛋白的A-PAGE分析,结果发现:平均Simpson指数依取样量的增加表现增大,以3粒种子0.922表现最低,以21粒0.933表现最高,变异系数(CV%)为0.41.醇溶蛋白谱带数依所提取的混合样的籽粒数目发生显著变化,冰草属内5个种表现趋势相同,22个居群不同取样整体平均以3粒种子提取的醇溶蛋白谱带数18.38为最少,以18粒种子提取的醇溶蛋白谱带28.24为最多,CV%为13.21.取样量达到12粒以上醇溶蛋白谱带差异不明显(P=0.01),图谱表现基本一致.建议在利用生化指纹进行冰草属居群间及种间的遗传多样性研究中,混合取样量最低应保持在12个个体及以上方能代表居群整体,反映居群的整体遗传特性.     

Genetic aspects of wheat gliadin proteins

Inheritance of gliadin components unique to three different varieties of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was studied in F₁ and F₂ seeds of intervarietal crosses using protein patterns obtained by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in aluminum lactate buffer (pH 3.2). The patterns of F₁ seeds of the crosses Cheyenne × Justin and INIA 66R × Justin evidenced all the bands present in the patterns of the parents; band intensities reflected gene dosage levels dependent on whether the contributing parent was maternal or paternal in accordance with the triploid nature of endosperm tissue. Most of the gliadin components examined segregated in accordance with control by a single dominant gene, but in two instances single bands in the one-dimensional electrophoretic patterns segregated in the F₂ as expected if controlled by two genes. A method of two-dimensional electrophoresis was developed that resolved these apparently single bands into two components each, which could segregate independently. Linkage analysis provided evidence of codominant alleles and closely linked genes coding for gliadin protein components in both coupling and repulsion situations. The gliadin protein components seem to be coded for by clusters of genes located on chromosomes of homoeologous groups 1 and 6 in hexaploid wheats.Reference to a company or product name does not imply approval by the U.S. Department of Agriculture to the exclusion of others which may also be suitable.     

On the question of using alleles of gliadin-coding loci as possible markers of adaptive ability in cultivars of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during seed germination

Prolamine proteolysis is assumed to be among numerous adaptability factors in cereals. The patterns of gliadin proteolysis have been studied in 16 cultivars of spring wheat via analysis of electrophoretic spectra. Four proteolytic patterns have been identified. It is hypothesized that the cultivars characterized by early and rapid proteolysis (the first and third types) are the most adaptable. The gliadin genetic formulas of chromosomes of the first homeologous group have been determined. The alleles of gliadin loci (Gli-Alf, Gli-Ble, Gli-D1a, and Gli-D1b) have been found that can be used as markers of adaptability in spring wheat cultivars.     

Genetic diversity of French common wheat germplasm based on gliadin alleles

 Analysis of gliadin electrophoretic (APAGE) patterns made it possible to identify 79 alleles at six Gli-1 and Gli-2 loci (from 9 to 18 per locus) and 173 gliadin genotypes in the 187 French common wheat cultivars considered. Six new alleles were registered in the catalogue of gliadin alleles. The genetic diversity of French common wheats was found to be high (H=0.714) and had not changed much during the last 25–50 years. Analysis of genetic distances showed some gradual changes in French wheat germplasm over the course of time. Genetic distances between French and several European wheat germplasm were analysed; genotypes of European wheats were found to relate very distantly to Canadian genotypes. The considerable differentiation of wheat genotypes from different countries and cereal companies might be caused by breeders’ personal preferences and by hidden natural selection specific to each local environment. In French cultivars, genetic variation in earliness, and in the North/South habit of the cultivars studied, correlated significantly with allelic variation at Gli-B1, Gli-A2 and Gli-D2 for earliness, and at Gli-D2 for the North/ South habit. Early and late cultivars are grown mainly in Southern and Northern France, respectively (r ²=0.30). Cultivars having either the 1B/1R translocation or allele Gli-D2g are, on average, later and more resistant to cold; they hence are grown in the North of France. Alternatively, cultivars with the allele Gli-D2m are earlier and cold-sensitive, and are grown in the South of France. Received: 5 February 1997 / Accepted: 19 September 1997     

中国小麦地方品种内和品种间醇溶蛋白遗传多样性分析

为了揭示中国小麦地方品种内遗传异质性和品种间的遗传多样性,采用A-PAGE方法,对72份来自不同生态区的地方品种进行醇溶蛋白构成分析。结果发现,全部供试地方品种共观察到101条迁移率不同的务带,构成229种醇溶蛋白构型,每个品种醇溶蛋白条带数目为14—24。63份（87．5％）地方品种在品种内具有2种以上醇溶蛋白变异类型,其中,变异类型最多的品种二红皮小麦（ZM004659）30个子粒中有14种之多,多数品种具有2—3种变异类型。品种内醇溶蛋白构型一致的品种共有9个,占12．5％。这表明供试的大多数小麦地方品种内个体间在醇溶蛋白构成上具有遗传异质性。聚类分析表明,相同生态区的地方品种没有整齐地聚为一类。     

Genetic control of gliadin components in wheat <Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum spelta</Emphasis> L.

The componental composition of electrophoretic spectra of gliadin in Triticum spelta L. was studied. By analogy with common wheat T. aestivum L., it was established that genes controlling gliadin components in spelt are also located in short arms of chromosomes of homeological groups 1 and 6. Analysis of gliadin spectra in F₂ grains from the crosses k-20539 × Ershovskaya 32 and k-20558 × Ershovskaya 32 revealed linkage of some components and their grouping into blocks (alleles) of coinherited gliadin components. Alleles of gliadin-coding loci identical to alleles of common wheat and new alleles earlier unknown for wheat populations have been identified.     

Polymorphism and inheritance of gliadin polypeptides in T. monococcum L.

Summary More than 80 different gliadin electrophoretic patterns (spectra) have been found in 109 accessions of the diploid wheat Triticum monococcum. Each pattern consists of 15–20 gliadin bands. Some patterns are clearly related and might arise from one another through single mutations in the gliadin-coding loci. From the analysis of 15 grains of each, only 61 accessions were found to be uniform; others consisted of two or more grain variants differing in their gliadin spectrum. An analysis of F₂ grains from three crosses between different accessions showed that groups (blocks) of components are jointly and codominantly inherited. Two independent major Gli loci were established. The close resemblance of the composition of some blocks of T. monococcum to some of those in polyploid wheats indicates that one locus in each T. monococcum genotype is located on chromosome 1A (Gli-A1) and the other on 6A (Gli-A2). However, the blocks of T. monococcum include more bands than corresponding (equivalent) blocks of polyploid wheats. Two out of 275 F₂ grains of the cross k-14244 x k-20409 were found to have gliadin spectra which can be explained as a result of intralocus recombination. Also, a second gliadin-coding locus on chromosome 1A was found in the cross k-46140 x k-46753. This locus recombines with the main Gli-A1 locus with a frequency of about 22% and was clearly analogous to the additional Gli locus found earlier on chromosome 1A of certain polyploid wheats.     

赖草属植物醇溶蛋白的遗传多态性

用酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳 (A PAGE)对小麦族赖草属 2 0种和 1亚种的 45份材料进行醇溶蛋白遗传分析 ,结果表明 :(1 ) 4 5份材料共出现 43种不同的醇溶蛋白图谱 ,从中分离出的 38条带纹多态性高达 1 0 0 % ;(2 )赖草属植物具有丰富的醇溶蛋白遗传多态性 ,其种间和种内不同居群间均存在明显的醇溶蛋白遗传变异 ,其种间变异大于种内变异 ,醇溶蛋白图谱可以作为鉴定赖草属植物的指纹图谱 ;(3)醇溶蛋白图谱的聚类结果与形态学结果基本一致 ,表明醇溶蛋白资料可以运用于赖草属植物种间、种内遗传差异及亲缘关系研究     

Geographical trends within a diverse spring barley collection as identified by agro/morphological and electrophoretic data

For ex-situ germplasm conservation purposes, the concept of genetic diversity being concentrated in certain geographic regions is useful for the conscious selection of diverse forms. Numerous studies of barley and other major corp species often confirm the concentration of simply-inherited, phenotypicallyobvious markers within the Vavilovian centres of diversity/origin. However, more recent studies of electrophoretic patterns and or more complexly-inherited traits do not always confirm the same geographic patterns. Unfortunately, few studies of world germplasm collections have screened a range of agro/morphological/electrophoretic patterns using the same germplasm collection as a consistent base for evaluation purposes, making precise genetic estimates of diverse geographic areas difficult. A diverse collection of 1 118 spring-sown barley cultivars was, therefore, evaluated for both agro/morphological and biochemical genetic markers in an effort to identify appropriate criteria for the construction of a comprehensive ex-situ germplasm collection. On the basis of both agro/morphological and biochemical data, countries whose cultivated barley germplasm was identified as diverse and genetically distinct were Algeria, Afghanistan, Argentina, Ethiopia, India, Peru and Turkey. However, within broad limits, separate cluster analyses of the agro-morphological and electrophoretic patterns identified dissimilar groups of countries, which demonstrated that a collection strategy based solely on country of origin is inappropriate.     

波斯小麦醇溶蛋白遗传多样性分析

应用APAGE技术对来源于16个国家(地区)96份波斯小麦材料进行醇溶蛋白遗传多样性分析,结果表明,波斯小麦具有丰富的醇溶蛋白等位变异,共分离出55条迁移率不同的带纹。每份材料可电泳出13～26条,平均18.6条,带纹多态性为100%。96份材料共出现了75种电泳图谱类型,其中31份材料共同拥有10种图谱,剩余的65份材料的电泳图谱各不相同。供试材料间GS值变异范围为0.176～1.000,平均值为0.538。聚类分析表明,在GS值0.538水平上供试材料可聚为五大类群,且遗传聚类关系与材料的地理来源有一定的相关性。     

Colour polymorphism and genetic variation in Idotea baltica populations from the Adriatic Sea and Baltic Sea

Phenotypic and genetic variation was studied in two of the four European subspecies of the marine isopod Idotea baltica; the Mediterranean I. b. basteri and the Baltic I. b. baltica. Spatial and temporal patterns of colour polymorphism were analysed in northern Adriatic and western Baltic Sea populations. Pronounced differences in phenotype composition were observed between populations of both subspecies as seen in the distribution of various colour variants bilineata, lineata, flavafusca and several combined forms). Compared with Adriatic samples, western Baltic Sea populations show higher phenotypic diversity. To obtain an estimate of the degree of genetic divergence between the subspecies, 12 gene-enzyme systems were investigated electrophoretically. The results obtained indicate a relatively high level of genetic variation; I. b. basteri from the nothern Adriatic tends to be more polymorphic and more heterozygous than I. b. baltica from the western Baltic. Both subspecies share identical electrophoretic mobilities of the homologous enzyme proteins examined; however, in allelic composition they exhibit significant differences at approximately half the number of loci scored. The genetic distance (Nei's D) measured at the subspecific level was 0.04. Amounts and geographical patterns of variation, observed both in colour phenotype and electrophoretic variation, are considered.     

Linkage mapping of genes controlling endosperm storage proteins in wheat

Summary A translocation mapping procedure was used to map gene-centromere distances for the genes controlling endosperm proteins on the short arm of each of the chromosomes 1A, 1B and 1D in wheat. The genes controlling triplet proteins (tentatively designated Tri-1) were found to be closely linked to the centromere on chromosome arms 1AS and 1DS and loosely linked to the gliadin genes (Gli-1) on the same arms. The Gli-1 genes segregated independently or were very loosely linked to their respective centromeres. The Gli-B1-centromere map distance on 1BS was also estimated using conventional telocentric mapping and the result was similar to that obtained with the translocation mapping. A simple two-step one-dimensional electrophoretic procedure is described which allows the low-molecular-weight (LMW) glutenin subunits to be separated from the gliadin bands, thus facilitating the genetic analysis of these LMW subunits. No recombination was observed between the genes (designated Glu-3) controlling some major LMW glutenin subunits and those controlling gliadins on chromosome arms 1AS and 1DS. However, in a separate experiment, the genes controlling LMW glutenin subunits on 1BS (Glu-B3) showed a low frequency of recombination with the gliadin genes.Portion of the Ph.D. thesis submitted by the senior author     

The Isolation of Bacterial Polysaccharides with Anti-inflammatory Activity

It was found in the previous paper that wheat gluten polypeptides gave higher molecular weights in SDS-PAGE than in sedimentation equilibrium. To clear the cause of the abnormality of gluten polypeptides in SDS-PAGE, behaviors of the SDS complex of gliadin IV were investigated in comparison with those of the standard proteins. The amount of bound SDS for reduced and alkylated gliadin IV was not different from the value obtained with usual proteins. In accordance with the results of Reynolds et al., the plot of log [η] against log M gave a slope of 1.1, supporting a rodlike structure of the complex. The intrinsic viscosity of the SDS complex of gliadin IV gave a higher value of 0.28 dl/g in comparison with the corresponding value of 0.15 dl/g for the standard proteins. The sedimentation constant was lower in gliadin IV (1.61 S) than in the standard (1.77 S). These facts indicate that the gliadin IV complex has a higher frictional coefficient for its molecular weight of protein, suggesting a more elongated structure than usual. The helix content of the complex of gliadin IV was extremely low (12%). It was suggested that the high proline content of gliadin gives an elongated structure to the SDS complex and this structure causes a low electrophoretic migration mobility and overestimation of molecular weight in SDS-PAGE.     

Some features of the inheritance of avenins,the alcohol soluble proteins of oat

Summary The inheritance of avenin components, the prolamins (or alcohol soluble proteins) of Avena, is studied by means of gel electrophoresis. Avenin is composed of rather similar proteins which appear as a polymorphic group from a biochemical point of view. After a first preliminary investigation it showed a surprisingly high interspecific variability. The average number of its constituents increases with the ploidy level but it still is much lower than that of wheat gliadin.The avenin electrophoretic patterns of 47 samples (F₄, F₅ or F₆ seeds) resulting from 3 hexaploid crosses are compared with the parental patterns. Four kinds of inheritance are observed. Roughly 50% of progeny profiles are identical to those of one of the parents. They are composed occasionally of partial sections of parental patterns. Complete additiveness occurs rather seldom. However, in one of the crosses a significant number of progeny samples show a band, one of the very slow moving constituents, which was not present in either of the parents.The study of avenin in F₁ seeds, arising from reciprocal crosses between two homozygous parent plants, shows a significant effect of maternal gene dose in the triploid endosperm.Because of both the variability and the relatively small number of avenin constituents, these results show that typical endosperm proteins such as oat prolamin constitute a useful tool for phylogenetic studies of the genus Avena.     

Catalase in Plodia interpunctella I. Genetic control and enzymatic patterns during development

Three electrophoretic patterns of catalase were demonstrated in the adults of the Indian Meal Moth Plodia interpunctella (Hüb) (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae). All the types gave only single bands of catalase activity, which were distinguishable on the gel by mobility. Evidence that the variation between these patterns is controlled by a single sex linked gene with two codominant alleles, was obtained from appropriate genetic crosses. The electrophoretic pattern during ontogenesis of the insect shows that the variation in the enzymic content undergoes progressive alteration, both qualitatively and quantitatively.     

野生垂穗披碱草种质的醇溶蛋白遗传多样性分析

用酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(A-PAGE) 对采集自中国新疆、青海、四川、西藏四省区的33份垂穗披碱草Elymus nutans材料进行醇溶蛋白分析,获得下述结果:（1）供试材料共分离出38条带纹,多态率达92.10%。4个电泳分区（α、β、γ、ω）的平均Shannon指数为0.55,Nei-Li遗传相似系数（GS）变异范围为0.36~0.93,平均值为0.63。这些结果说明供试野生垂穗披碱草材料具有较为丰富的醇溶蛋白遗传多样性。（2）对所有材料的聚类分析和主成分分析发现,在GS值为0.67的水平上供试材料可聚成7个类群,绝大部分来自于相同或相似生态地理环境的材料聚成一类,即醇溶蛋白图谱类型与材料的生态地理环境具有一定的相关性。（3）基于Shannon 多样性指数估算了5个垂穗披碱草地理类群内和类群间的遗传分化,发现类群内遗传变异占总变异的42.94 %,而类群间的遗传变异占总变异的57.06 %。这可能与该草以自花传粉为主的繁育系统有关。（4）对各地理类群基于Nei氏无偏估计的遗传一致度的聚类分析表明,各地理类群间的遗传分化与其所处的地理生态环境具有较高的相关性。 .     

New electrophoretic evidence of genetic variation and diploidy inTrypanosoma cruzi,the causative agent of Chagas' disease

By changing electrophoretic conditions additional genetic variability was observed in both previously and newly analysed enzymatic systems inTrypanosoma cruzi. Inferences on the quaternary structure of enzymes emerge from the electrophoretic patterns. The results of the present work are consistent with those obtained formerly in supporting both diploidy and lack of mating. These observations are relevant to the main question of the evolutionary origin ofT. cruzi isozymic strains.     

Allelic diversity at gliadin-coding gene loci in cultivars of spring durum wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum durum</Emphasis> Desf.) Bred in Russia and former Soviet republics in the 20th century

Allelic diversity at five gliadin-coding gene loci has been studied in the most important spring durum wheat cultivars released in Russia and former Soviet republics in the 20th century (66 cultivars). Seven, 5, 8, 13, and 2 allelic variants of blocks of gliadin components controlled by the loci Gli-A1 ^d , Gli-B1 ^d , Gli-A2 ^d , Gli-B2 ^d , and Gli-B5 ^d , respectively, have been identified. The allelic diversity did not exhibit a consistent trend during the period studied. Nei’s diversity index (H) was 0.68 in the period from 1929 to 1950, increased to 0.70 in 1951–1980, and decreased to 0.58 after the year 1981. It has been found that the most frequent alleles in this collection are relatively rare in other regions of the world, which suggests unique ways of the formation of the diversity of durum wheat cultivars in the former Soviet Union. The efficiency of electrophoresis of storage proteins as a method for identification of durum wheat cultivars by the gliadin electrophoretic pattern has been estimated.