The microtopography and papillar arrangement on adult Gorgoderina vitelliloba (Olsson) (Digenea, Gorgoderidae) from amphibians in relation to fish gorgoderids

Specimens of Gorgoderina vitelliloba recovered from Rana temporaria and R. pipiens purchased in Eire are described using SEM. The microtopography is illustrated with particular emphasis on the type, number and arrangement of papillae. Significant differences in papillar arrangement were observed between the present specimens of G. vitelliloba from amphibians and that described earlier for the type species of Phyllodistomum from pike, Esox lucius , and Phyllodistomum from salmonids. The differences in papillae number and arrangement on the ventral sucker of G. vitelliloba and the Phyllodistomum species are interpreted as confirmation of their generic separation. The papillae types found are illustrated by SEM and discussed.     

EPIDERMAL FEATURES AND SILICA DEPOSITION IN LEMMAS AND AWNS OF ZIZANIA (GRAMINEAE)

In four species of Zizania (Gramineae: Oryzeae) epidermal features of pistillate and staminate lemmas, paleas, and awns were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Features observed were silica bodies, siliceous papillae, pitted siliceous papillae, stomata, microhairs, and prickle hairs. Staminate lemmas have all of these features. Pistillate lemmas have silica bodies and prickle hairs, lack stomata, and differ among species in occurrences of microhairs and siliceous papillae and pitted siliceous papillae. Awns of pistillate lemmas have silica bodies, prickle hairs, microhairs, and stomata; therefore, they possess a more complete set of features than their attached lemmas. Shapes of silica bodies on pistillate lemmas differ among species. A taxonomic key based on SEM observation of pistillate lemmas separates the four species by the shapes of silica bodies, arrangement of prickle hairs, and occurrences of microhairs and siliceous papillae. The main silica-containing structures are silica bodies, siliceous papillae, pitted siliceous papillae, and to a lesser extent prickle hairs. Pitted siliceous papillae with circular raised rims are formed by collapse or exfoliation of the tops of siliceous papillae; these have not been previously described in grasses. Comparison of epidermal features in the lemmas and leaves of Zizania shows that the former lack three kinds of nonsilicified papillae and epicuticular wax that are present on the latter but the lemmas have siliceous papillae and pits that are absent in leaves.     

Life cycle of Brachylaima mascomai n. sp. (Trematoda: Brachylaimidae), a parasite of rats in the Llobregat delta (Spain)

The terrestrial triheteroxenous life cycle of Brachylaima mascomai n. sp. (Trematoda: Brachylaimidae) is elucidated. Operculated, assymetric, embryonated eggs (25.4 x 12.7 microm) are passed with feces of the natural (Rattus norvegicus and R. rattus) and experimental (albino and wild mice, albino rats, Apodemus sylvaticus, Mus spretus [Muridae] and the golden gerbil) definitive hosts and ingested by the helicid gastropod Pseudotachea splendida, the only natural and experimental first intermediate host. Microcaudate cercariae harbored in branched sporocysts in the digestive gland emerge from this snail and contact P. splendida, Otala punctata, Theba pisana, and Helix (C.) aspersa snails developing into unencysted infective metacercariae in the kidney. Definitive hosts are infected by ingestion of infected snails; the adult parasites inhabit the small intestine. Chaetotaxic cercarial pattern specific at acetabular (S(II) 8-10 papillae) and cephalic (C(III) 13-15 papillae, H 16 papillae) levels. Three types of cercarial papillae are observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and their arrangement is correlated with chaetotaxy for the first time in trematodes: argentophilic papillae with fingerlike process (cephalic, body, and acetabular levels), argentophilic papillae with opening (2 papillae in the M body level), and nonargentophilic dome-shaped papillae (alternated with argentophilic S(II) papillae on the ventral sucker). SEM detected interlacing network of ridges covering the metacercarial body. Adults with multidigitate tegumentary spines were observed by SEM. Subequal suckers; the acetabulum located in the posterior part of anterior fifth of body. Vitellaria extend from between middle level and anterior margin of anterior testis to between middle level and posterior margin of acetabulum. Uterus almost reaches the intestinal bifurcation.     

A new species of Cephalobium (Rhabditida,Cephalobiidae), a parasite of Anurogryllus muticus (De Geer) (Orthoptera,Gryllidae) in Argentina

Cephalobium odontolateralis n. sp. (Nematoda, Cephalobiidae) is described and illustrated from the nymphs of Anurogryllus muticus (De Geer) (Orthoptera, Gryllidae) from Buenos Aires province, Argentina. It is characterized by a lateral large tooth in the stoma and by the arrangement and number of the genital papillae in the male; there are 6 pairs of postanal papillae, but none is preanal.     

Dichelyne (Cucullanellus) bodiani n. sp. and Cucullanus hansoni Olsen, 1952 (Nematoda: Cucullanidae) from fishes off New Caledonia

Two species of cucullanid nematodes collected from the intestine of marine fishes off New Caledonia were studied with the use of light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM): Dichelyne (Cucullanellus) bodiani n. sp. from Bodianus perditio (Quoy & Gaimard) (Perciformes: Labridae), characterised mainly by the small size of the body (males and gravid females 2.26–3.13 mm and 2.46–3.32 mm long, respectively), the presence of very long spicules (1.53–1.66 mm in length), the remarkably large seminal vesicle and the arrangement of caudal papillae, is the second known species of Dichelyne Jägerskiöld, 1902 parasitising fishes of the Labridae and the second nominal species of this genus recorded from fishes in New Caledonian waters. Cucullanus hansoni Olsen, 1952, originally described from Hawaii, is now, after 67 years, again reported from its type-host, Sufflamen fraenatum (Latreille) (Tetraodontiformes: Balistidae), from off New Caledonia. The SEM examination of C. hansoni, used in this species for the first time, revealed some new morphological details, such as the presence of a median precloacal cuticular elevation or the shape of deirids and distal tips of spicules, as well as the exact location of caudal papillae and phasmids in the male. This is the seventh species of Cucullanus Müller, 1777 recorded from fishes off New Caledonia.

     

The tegumental surface of Phyllodistomum conostomum (Olsson, 1876) (Digenea), revealed by scanning electron microscopy

The external surface of P. conostomum is characterized by relatively large ridges encircling the anterior part of the worm at regular intervals. On the posterior part depressions on the ventral side at regular intervals and relatively small ridges on the dorsal side are present. Ventroposteriorally cobblestone-like protuberances observed are arranged in longitudinal rows. No corresponding arrangement was found dorsally. Only domed papillae (with and without a central knob) were observed, tentatively identified as sensory organs. The regular pattern of these papillae on the ventral and oral sucker is described, in addition to their arrangement ventrally and at the anterior end. A frontal pit anterior of oral suckers and a notch at the posterior end are figured and briefly described. No spines were observed on the body tegument.     

Carnoya kermarreci n.sp. (Rhigonematidae: Nematoda) from Anadenobolus politus (Porat) (Rhinocricidae: Diplopoda) from Guadeloupe

Summary Carnoya kermarreci n.sp. (Rhigonematidae; Nematoda) is described from Anadenobolus politus (Porat) (Rhinocricidae; Diplopoda) from Guadeloupe. The new species most closely resembles C. martiniquensis Adamson, 1984 from A. politus in Martinique and C. venezuelensis Adamson, 1984 from Rhinocricus flavocinctus from Venezuela in that the lips in the male are broad and the arrangement of caudal papillae is almost identical in the three species. Males of C. kermarreci are easily distinguished by the absence of spines, by the form of the cuticular projections at the base of the buccal cavity and by the fact that the most anterior pair of caudal papillae are located very close together. Females are distinguished by the presence of three pairs of somatic papillae near the level of the vulva. The nematode fauna of A. politus includes species from two distinct orders and presumably reflects the fact that diplopods are among the most ancient hosts of nematodes.     

Description of a new species of Thynnascaris Dollfus, 1933 (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from the stomach of the marine teleost fish Rachycentron canadus (Linnaeus)

A new species of the nematode genus Thynnascaris obtained from the teleost Rachycentron canadus (Linnaeus) is reported. A detailed examination of this specimen has allowed us to erect a new species Thynnascaris to accommodate the worm. It shows remarkable differences from other known species of Thynnascaris in respect of body size, length of the oesophageal appendix and intestinal caecum, location of nerve ring and excretory pore, on the papillae on the lips arrangement, type of the striations on the cuticle, vulva position, arrangement of caudal papillae and size of the spicules. The new species is designated as Thynnascaris shyamasundarii.     

Stephanofilaria thelazioides n. sp. (Nematoda: Filariidae) from a hippopotamus and its affinities with the species parasitic in the African black rhinoceros

Stephanofilaria thelazioides n. sp. (Filarioidea: Filariidae: Stephanofilariinae) is described from a hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius. This nematode is close to S. dinniki Round, 1964, a parasite of the black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis in Africa, but differs from it in the number of cuticular spines surrounding the mouth, the arrangement of the cloacal papillae and the measurements of the spicules, gubernaculum and microfilariae. Species of the genus Stephanofilaria possess spines on the head which have been derived by modification of the sensory papillae. S. thelazioides is the most primitive species of the genus and has the least modified arrangement of these papillae, with six bifid internal labial spines, four bifid external labial spines and four cephalic papillae. The genus appears to have diversified in various mammals which have in common a thick skin, such as rhinoceroses, elephants, buffaloes and now the hippopotamus. It appears to have become adapted secondarily to domestic bovines, initially in Asia and subsequently in North America.     

Durettechina beveridgei n. g., n. sp. (Nematoda: Seuratidae) from Antechinus spp. (Dasyuridae: Marsupialia) from Australia

Durettechina beveridgei n. g., n. sp. (Nematoda: Seuratidae) is described from Antechinus flavipes (Dasyuridae) from Victoria and New South Wales. A single female from A. bellus from the Northern Territory may also be D. beveridgei. This new genus is compared with other genera of the Echinonematinae, to which it has been assigned. The genus has a unique body armature and most closely resembles Chabaudechina, in the armature of the cephalic bulb, but has four rather than five rows of hooks, and Linstowinema, in having body hooks on the cuticle of the anterior region, but has 18–22 hooks in each row rather than 14–16. The hooks of Durettechina are also smaller and have a less complex root morphology than those of Linstowinema. Durettechina resembles Seurechina and Chabaudechina in having caudal alae into which papillae extend, but differs from both these genera in the number and arrangement of the caudal papillae, as well as in the body armature. Durettechina, is most different from Bainechina, which has neither hooks on a cephalic bulb nor body hooks on the anterior region nor caudal alae.     

Thaumamermis zealandica n sp (Mermithidae: Nematoda) parasitising the intertidal marine amphipod Talorchestia quoyana (Talitridae: Amphipoda) in New Zealand,with a summary of mermithids infecting amphipods

A new nematode, Thaumamermis zealandica n. sp. (Mermithidae; Nematoda), is described parasitising the intertidal marine amphipod Talorchestia quoyana Milne-Edwards (Talitridae) from the coast of South Island, New Zealand. The new species is characterised by the degree of dimorphism of the spicules, the arrangement of the genital papillae, the shape and length of the vagina and the anteriorly-placed amphids. This is the first known marine host of a member of the family Mermithidae. Published records of mermithid nematodes from amphipods are presented.     

Hysterothylacium pseudotumbili n.sp. (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from the marine fishes of Visakhapatnam, Bay of Bengal.

Hysterothylacium pseudotumbili n.sp. from the stomach and body cavity of marine fishes. Chrorinemus tol Couvier. Saurida undosquamis (Richardson), Lutianus russelli (Bleeker), Rastrilliger kanagurta (Cuvier) and Saurida pseudotumbili Dutt and Vidyasagar collected from Visakhapatnam (Bay of Bengal) is described and figured. A detailed examination has allowed us to erect a new species of Hysterothylacium to accommodate the worm. It shows remarkable differences from other known species of Hysterothylacium in respect of body measurements, the papillae on the lips arrangement, location of nerve ring and excretory pore, long intestinal caecum, position of vulva, number and arrangement of caudal papillae and size of the spicules. The new species is designated as Hysterothylacium pseudotumbili. Saurida pseudotumbili is the new host record. This is the first report of the genus in this host. Visakhapatnam coast is the new locality record.     

Two new kathlaniid species (Nematoda: Cosmocercoidea) parasitic in salamanders of the genus Andrias (Amphibia: Caudata: Cryptobranchidae)

The new nematode species, Falcaustra hanzaki n. sp. and Urodelnema takanoensis n. sp. (Cosmocercoidea: Kathlaniidae), were found from the intestine of giant salamanders in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. The first species is featured by the number and arrangement of caudal papillae (3 pairs of precloacal papillae, 8 pairs of postcloacal papillae and a single ventral precloacal papilla), the presence of a single pseudosucker, spicules equal in size (520–638 μm long), and V-shaped gubernaculum in males; vulva situated about 3/5 of a body in females. The second species is characterized by the number and arrangement of caudal papillae (5 pairs of precloacal papillae, 6 pairs of postcloacal papillae and a single ventral precloacal papilla), spicules equal in size (403–593 μm long), V-shaped gubernaculum in males; vulva situated about 3/5 of a body in females. The molecular phylogenetic analysis was performed using the partial 18S and 28S ribosomal DNA and the internal transcribed spacers 1 region in the nuclear DNA. This phylogenetic study raised a question about the validity of Family Kathlaniidae and related families of Cosmocercoidea.     

Tetrameres (Tetrameres) megaphasmidiata n. sp. (Nematoda: Tetrameridae), a parasite of the two-banded plover, Charadrius falklandicus, and white-rumped sandpiper, Calidris fuscicollis, from Patagonia, Argentina

Tetrameres (Tetrameres) megaphasmidiata n. sp. is described from the proventriculus of the two-banded plover, Charadrius falklandicus, and the white-rumped sandpiper, Calidris fuscicollis, from Patagonia, Argentina. The new species shares with T. (T.) nouveli, T. (T.) paradisea, T. (T.) prozeskyi, T. paraaraliensis, T. (T.) cladorhynchi, and T. lobybicis the absence of the right spicule and the presence of 4 rows of somatic spines. Tetrameres (T.) megaphasmidiata n. sp. differs from the first 4 species mainly by its longer left spicule. The new species can be distinguished from T. (T.) cladorhynchi by the extension of the lateral alae, the number and arrangement of the caudal papillae, and the absence of polar filaments in the eggs. Tetrameres lobybicis differs from the new species by having shorter rows of dorsal spines and a different number and arrangement of the caudal papillae. This report is the first record of a species of Tetrameres in C. falklandicus and C. fuscicollis.     

Ackertia globulosa sp. n. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from rodents in Kenya.

Ackertia globulosa sp. n. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) is described from the pulmonary arteries of the striped mouse, Lemniscomys striatus striatus (L.), in Kenya. Distinguishing features are the small size of the adults; the short left spicule and arrangement of the caudal papillae (3 pairs preanal, 4 pairs postanal) of the male; small projecting lobes on the tail of the females; and 10 to 12 refractile globules in the microfilarial sheath. The microfilariae are found in the skin, mostly of the ear. The probable intermediate host is a hard tick, Haemaphysalis leachi.     

纤细背孔吸虫体被超微结构的研究

本文对人工感染获得的纤细背孔吸虫Notocotylus attenuatus(Rud.,1809)成虫的体被进行了扫描电镜观察。发现虫体不同部位的体被有着不同的被式。口吸盘处为放射状条索;虫体腹面口吸盘后至中列第一腹腺前为无棘区,呈石板条块状,其余部分均为银杏叶和尖叶形体棘所覆盖。虫体背面边缘一圈为有棘区,其圈内为珠状突起结构。     

Cuticular structures of the priapulid Halicryptus spinulosus: A scanning electron microscopical study

Summary The surface anatomy and the structures lining the pharynx of Halicryptus spinulosus were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The structures were compared and contrasted with those reported for other priapulids, particularly those features previously studied with SEM. Buccal papillae and pharyngeal teeth of two types were described. Surface structures observed with SEM were: scalids, abdominal setae, anal papillae, posterior warts and ring papillae. The latter three structures are unique among described priapulids. The anal papillae are composed of several rounded, perhaps pedunculate, structures; the posterior warts are composed of mitriform structures in close association with columnar structures. Both are located in separate depressions in the posterior integument. The ring papillae occur on the annuli close to the posterior end. Halicryptus spinulosus was previously thought to lack these structures.     

Surface ultrastructure of Pygidiopsis summa (Digenea: Heterophyidae) adult flukes

A scanning electron microscopic study was performed on the surface ultrastructure of Pygidiopsis summa (Digenea: Heterophyidae) adults. Metacercariae were collected from gills and muscles of mullets (Mugil cephalus) caught in a known endemic area, and adult flukes were harvested from dogs after 8 weeks of experimental infection. The worm was calabash form with its posterior part broader than the anterior part. Tegumental spines were densely distributed over the body surface, except on the suckers and genital apparatus, and around the excretory pore. Well differentiated spines were observed on the anterior half of the body, with 14-16 tips ventrally, and 19-20 tips dorsally. On the oral sucker, three pairs of type I sensory papillae (uni-ciliated knob-like swellings) and one pair of type II sensory papillae (aciliated round-swellings) were observed on the anterior and posterior parts of the lip, respectively. On the lip of the ventral sucker, one pair of type II sensory papillae was distributed only on its posterior part. Sperms were seen emerging from or entering into the genital apparatus. The results showed that the surface ultrastructure of P. summa was unique among the heterophyid trematodes, especially in digitation of tegumental spines and in distribution of sensory papillae on oral and ventral suckers.     

Tetrameres (Gynaecophila) aspicula n. sp. (Nematoda: Tetrameridae), a proventricular parasite of the white-faced ibis Plegadis chihi in Argentina

Tetrameres (Gynaecophila) aspicula n. sp. is described from the proventriculus of the white-faced ibis Plegadis chihi (Vieillot) (Ciconiiformes, Threskiornithidae) from Argentina. The new species is characterised by the absence of spicules, by possessing two ventral rows of extremely small spines in males, extending along the second half of body length, and by the tiny, very feebly developed postcloacal papillae. T. (G.) aspicula n. sp. is compared to the remainder of the species in the subgenus as well as to other species of Tetrameres which lack or possess feebly developed spines. The absence of spicules is a character shared with two other species in the genus, T. (G.) gynaecophila and T. (G.) deccani,from which the new species differs in body size, the arrangement of caudal papillae and the somatic spination in males. A pair of somatic papillae, previously unreported in species of this genus, was found just on or ventral to the lateral line at various regions of the body length. The homology of these structures to other paired somatic papillae described in nematodes is discussed.