新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情对辽宁省食用菌产业的影响及应对措施

概述了新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间辽宁省食用菌产业生产和管理现状,分析了疫情对辽宁省食用菌产业产前、产中、产后的影响,指出了原辅料准备、菌种(棒)生产、养菌管理、产品销售以及人员用工、交通物流等存在的诸多问题,明确了疫情对食用菌产业结构、销售市场结构、投资市场结构主要的影响因素,提出了应对交通不畅、劳动力匮乏、资金短缺、技术缺乏的具体措施,并对辽宁省食用菌产业健康持续高质量发展提出建议。     

温带地区表土植硅体对温度的响应

植硅体的现代过程研究是利用植硅体这一指标精准恢复区域古植被、古气候的前提和关键环节,探讨表土植硅体组合的空间分布特征及其对环境因子的响应尤为重要。本研究在东北地区沿着年降水量为600 mm等降水线采集54块表土样品,研究单一温度控制下表土植硅体的空间分布规律,以期寻找对温度比较敏感的植硅体类型。结果表明: 54块表土样品中植硅体类型相同,共鉴定出15类,分别是棒型、尖型、块状、扇型、扁平状、帽型、鞍型、哑铃型、齿型、三棱柱型、硅化气孔、导管型、硅质突起、弓型、椎骨状,且主要以棒型、尖型为主,短细胞、块状、扁平状次之,其他类型植硅体的平均百分含量不足1.0%。小兴安岭、松辽平原和辽西低山丘陵3个区域的表土植硅体组合特征存在差异,判别分析结果能够将3个区域样点有效区分开,总的判别正确率为94.4%,其中棒型、尖型、三棱柱型的平均含量在小兴安岭最大,在辽西低山丘陵最小;而鞍型、哑铃型、硅质突起与之相反;块状、扁平状、扇型则主要是在松辽平原最大,且棒型、尖型、三棱柱型、鞍型、哑铃型、硅质突起、块状、扁平状和扇型的百分含量在3个区域之间存在显著差异。棒型、尖型、三棱柱型的百分含量与年均温之间存在显著负相关,块状、扁平状、扇型、哑铃型、硅质突起的百分含量与年均温呈显著正相关,而鞍型、帽型、齿型的百分含量与年均温没有显著相关性。     

Spatial structure of acid properties of litter in the succession row of swamp birch woods

The general potential, exchange, and actual (pH) acidities were investigated in the litter of the succession row of swamp birch woods. Their variabilities constitute, respectively, 75.9–174.4, 3.7–25.8 mmol (+)/100 g of the sampling, 3.7–5.5. For the first time, using the methods of geostatistics, their spatial variability was analyzed and the contributions of the trend, autocorrelation component, and the radius of the spatial correlation were estimated. It was established that in combination with the woody plants detritus, which is uniformly distributed along the ecological profile, the specific composition of the grass-moss tier, which corresponds to the humidity of edaphon, forms the picture of the spatial structure of acid properties of the litter. It was noted that the prime cause of variability consists in the particularities of the water regime of the habitats of swamp birch woods.     

缙云山大头茶幼苗种群构件结构及与环境因子的多元分析

基于构件理论,采用灰色关联度分析技术,对四川缙云山１９８９年风灾迹地林窗内大头茶（Ｇｏｒｄｏｎｉａａｃｕｍｅｎａｔａ）幼苗种群构件结构及其与环境因子的关系进行了研究。结果表明,四川缙云山大头茶幼苗种群构件结构主要分为一级枝、二级枝、当年生枝、空间结构、叶片等几大部分,分别可以以一级枝数或茎粗或长度、二级枝数或基粗或长度、当年生枝数、３年生一级枝数、总叶数等的变化特征来表达其动态特点。前四者间的相关性亦很高,后者（包括主茎上叶面积）和主茎上第一一级枝离地面高、主茎上第一叶距地高为比较稳定的特征,受其它生态因子作用影响不十分显著。相对而言,土壤全Ｎ、全Ｐ、全Ｋ、有机质含量及其ｐＨ值是比较关键的环境因子;而海拔高度和林自大小及地形坡度却比较次要。灰色关联度分析不失为一种比较简捷而有效的分析植物种群构件结构特征间及与环境因子间关系的方法。关键词     

国家大型煤电基地生态环境监测技术体系研究——以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟煤电基地为例

随着我国煤电基地建设进程的不断加快,煤电基地建设与开发活动引起的环境问题也日趋严重。了解生态环境质量现状,评估其对生态系统与人民健康水平的影响,制定合理的保护、治理、恢复策略是煤电基地环境保护工作的重中之重,而生态环境监测是解决上述问题的基础。然而,现有的监测技术体系普遍存在自动化水平较低、成本较高、时空覆盖面较低等问题。鉴于物联网技术在提高信息采集效率和改善信息获取方式方面的作用日益显著,所以将物联网技术应用于煤电基地生态环境监测,从感知层、传输层、支撑层、应用层、用户层的角度明确生态环境监测技术体系,为解决上述问题提供有效途径。     

赤松毛虫越冬幼虫生化物质变化与抗寒性的关系

昆虫的抗寒性与其体内生化物质的种类、含量密切相关。测定了赤松毛虫(Dendrolimusspectabilis)越冬幼虫体内和血淋巴内抗寒物质含量的变化,结果表明,血淋巴内小分子碳水化合物总量1月份为10月份的3.8倍,其中以葡萄糖、海藻糖和山梨醇增加幅度较大,依次为10月份的10.08倍、2.84倍、7.44倍。3月份有较大幅度的下降,虫体内糖原含量下降了56.5%。越冬期苏氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、丙氨酸、胱氨酸增加幅度较大,分别比越冬前增加了493.8%、433.7%、474.2%、21.5%和47.1%,甘氨酸、天门冬氨酸、蛋氨酸、亮氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、组氨酸、精氨酸、脯氨酸含量则有较大幅度的降低。越冬幼虫体内脂肪含量下降,蛋白质含量上升。应用蛋白质垂直平板电泳法对糖蛋白进行电泳分析发现糖蛋白含量增加,为越冬前的300%。综合分析认为赤松毛虫越冬幼虫体内抗寒物质系统为小分子碳水化合物类(山梨醇、海藻糖、葡萄糖)-糖蛋白-氨基酸类(丙氨酸、苏氨酸、谷氨酸等)。该系统可随生态条件的改变而变化。     

旅游城镇化不可转移生态足迹演变及驱动因素

研究沿用不可转移生态足迹反映旅游城镇化地区所承受的生态压力,利用偏最小二乘法构建足迹与驱动因子之间的回归模型,并通过构建驱动指数模型,比较各驱动因素对不可转移生态足迹变化的贡献。以张家界为案例地,研究旅游城镇化各阶段足迹演变及驱动规律。研究结果显示：（1）旅游城镇化地区不可转移生态足迹、人均不可转移生态足迹总体上呈现出平缓增长的动态变化,发展能力具有不稳定性。对外开放程度的提高,并不能抑制足迹的增长。在不控制生产总量的情况下,资源生产效率的提高会带来更多的不可转移足迹。（2）各因素对人均不可转移生态足迹影响的弹性系数由大到小分别为城镇居民人均可支配收入、第二产业增加值、城镇化率、第三产业增加值、资源生产效率、城市建设用地、第一产业增加值、旅游人口密度。产业内部结构会影响产业增加值对人均不可转移足迹的弹性系数。（3）旅游城镇化初级阶段,不可转移生态足迹增加,最主要的驱动因素是第二产业增加值、旅游人口密度、第三产业增加值;旅游城镇化高级阶段,不可转移生态足迹增加,最主要的驱动因素是第三产业增加值、第二产业增加值、第一产业增加值。建议如下：在旅游城镇发展的初级阶段,合理推进城镇化进程,控制旅游规模,提高第二产业、第三产业生产效率,改变高能耗结构,培养居民、旅游者生态意识;在旅游城镇发展的高级阶段,调整第一产业和第三产业内部结构,提高第二产业效率,培育以旅游引导的技术密集型业态,提高第三产业比重和质量,通过贸易实现生物生产性足迹输出,有效控制不可转移生态足迹的增长,显著提高旅游城镇化地区发展能力。     

Comparing development with physical fitness, motor ability, and health of children among various living environment

This study had the purpose to compare with development of fitness, motor ability and health among various living environments of the sea-side, the urban, and the mountain districts, where were situated at Nadachi town on the suburbs of Niigata Prefecture. Five hundred thirty-five children (aged 4-15 yrs) were measured at the kindergarten, the fundamental school, and the junior high school. Measuring items of the physique were the height, the weight, the chest circumference, the sitting height, and the foot area. Physical fitness tests were the muscular grip-strength, the lung vital capacity, the closed-eye single-leg balance, the dipping time of the upper extremity, the vertical jump, the standing trunk flexibility, the endurance run, and pull-up. And, motor ability tests were the finger tapping, 5m shuttle run, 50m dash, and the ball throwing. As items of health inspection, the blood pressure (systolic and diasystolic) and the visual ability were adopted. As results of this study, following data were obtained; 1) At the sea-side environment, development of the muscle power, the respiratory function, and the physique were showed much faster rate of growth at the childhood than that of the other ones, significantly (P less than 0.01). 2) At the mountain environment, the arch-bend of the foot print only were appeared larger areas than that of the other ones, significantly (P less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

基于生态系统服务视角的山水林田湖草生态保护与修复——以洞庭湖流域为例

山水林田湖草系统保护与修复的重要目标是维护和提升区域生态系统服务。基于山水林田湖草生命共同体理念,以维护和提升人类福祉所需的重要生态系统服务为目标,提出生态系统服务视角下的山水林田湖草系统治理框架,以实现流域生态系统整体保护、质量提升和格局优化。基于该框架,以洞庭湖流域为例,通过流域生态系统格局、生态系统质量状况分析、流域生态系统服务重要性评估和生态问题识别,构建流域生态安全格局,为实现可持续的山水林田湖草生命共同体提出系统保护与修复布局建议。通过洞庭湖流域的分析案例为流域山水林田湖草生态保护与修复重要区域的识别提供了可借鉴的指标和定量分析方法,为流域尺度构建生态安全格局、实现山水林田湖草系统保护和修复提供思路和途径。     

基于DPSIR模型的国家级生态文明先行示范区生态文明建设分析评价——以湘江源头为例

结合国家级生态文明先行示范区生态文明建设的基本要求,将欧洲环境局的DPSIR环境管理模型引入到其生态文明建设分析评价当中,阐述了其分析评价的四个核心要点,并据此从生态制度、生态经济、生态社会和生态环境4个方面选取40个指标建立了评价指标体系,以湘江源头国家级生态文明先行示范区为研究对象,运用粗糙集理论和方法,就其生态文明建设展开分析评价,验证了评价模型的合理性、可操作性。结果表明:一是DPSIR模型能够很好地体现生态文明建设各因素间的因果关系信息,模型显示,可通过增强"驱动力"、降低"压力"、优化"状态"、妥对"影响"、全面"响应"等途径来增强示范区生态文明建设效果。二是从指标权重和研究的结果来看,对生态文明建设有着正向影响且权重较大的指标,要重视其正向影响并积极推动其效应最大化,对一些制约或影响生态文明建设的负向指标,要严格做好控制工作并减少其影响效应。三是研究得出湘江源头国家级生态文明先行示范区宁远、江华和蓝山三县生态文明建设总体水平呈现稳步上升的趋势。生态社会、经济和制度的"驱动力"持续增强,生态资源和环境"状态"不断改善,生态社会和经济"影响"逐渐合妥,生态社会、经济和环境"响应"全面迅速,但经济转型、资源和环境"压力"仍然亟待降低。建议从生态文明先行示范区创建的要求着手,对照目标,弥补差距,推动示范区建设高质量发展。     

Mass ratios of magnesium to calcium and phosphorus in the arteries of Japanese and Thai

To elucidate quantitative changes of Ca, P, and Mg in the arteries with aging, the authors investigated changes of the mass ratios of Mg to Ca and P in the arteries of Japanese and Thai by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. The arteries of Japanese that were used were the thoracic and abdominal aortas, coronary, common iliac, internal iliac, external iliac, and femoral arteries, in which very high accumulations of Ca and P occurred in old age. The arteries of Thai that were used were the abdominal aorta, ramifying site of the abdominal aorta, coronary, common iliac, internal iliac, and external iliac arteries. It was found that there were extremely significant correlations both between Ca and Mg contents and between P and Mg contents in all of the arteries of the Japanese and the Thai. With regard to the mass ratio, the mass ratios of Mg to Ca ranged from 1.5% to 2.1% in the six arteries of the Japanese, except for the thoracic aorta at 3.1%, at an advanced stage of atherosclerosis, being similar to each other. In the arteries of the Thai, the mass ratios of Mg to Ca ranged from 1.9% to 3.0%, except for the coronary artery at 0.5%, at an advanced stage of atherosclerosis. The mass ratios of Mg to P ranged from 2.5% to 2.7% in the six arteries of the Japanese, except for the coronary artery at 1.8%, at an advanced stage of atherosclerosis. With regard to the arteries of the Thai, the mass ratios of Mg to P ranged from 1.9% to 3.3%, except for the coronary artery at 0.7%, at an advanced stage of atherosclerosis. These results revealed that both the mass ratios of Mg to Ca and Mg to P were almost similar among the arteries of Japanese and Thai, except for the coronary arteries. Therefore, these results suggested that the inorganic deposits in the coronary arteries of Japanese and Thai were similar to those in the intimal tunica of the thoracic aorta, whereas in the other arteries, they were similar to those in the middle tunica of the thoracic aorta.     

Traditional management of ear, nose and throat (ENT) diseases in Central Kenya

Animals and products derived from different organs of their bodies have constituted part of the inventory of medicinal substances used in various cultures since ancient times. The article reviews the history of healing with animals in the Levant (The Land of Israel and parts of present-day Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan, defined by the Muslims in the Middle Ages as Bilad al-Sham) in the medieval and early Ottoman periods. Intensive research into the phenomenon of zootherapy in the medieval and early Ottoman Levant has yielded forty-eight substances of animal origin that were used medicinally. The vast majority of these substances were local and relatively easy to obtain. Most of the substances were domestic (honey, wax, silkworm, etc.), others were part of the local wildlife (adder, cuttle fish, flycatcher, firefly, frog, triton, scorpion, etc.), part of the usual medieval household (milk, egg, cheese, lamb, etc.), or parasites (louse, mouse, stinkbug, etc.). Fewer substances were not local but exotic, and therefore rare and expensive (beaver testicles, musk oil, coral, ambergris, etc.). The range of symptoms that the substances of animal origin were used to treat was extensive and included most of the known diseases and maladies of that era: mainly hemorrhoids, burns, impotence, wounds, and skin, eye, and stomach diseases. Changes in the moral outlook of modern societies caused the use of several substances of animal origin to cease in the course of history. These include mummy, silkworm, stinkbug, scarabees, snail, scorpion, and triton.     

缙云山大头号茶幼苗种群构件结构及与环境因子的多元分析

 基于构件理论,采用灰色关联度分析技术,对四川缙云山1989年风灾迹地林窗内大头茶(Gordonia acumenata)幼苗种群构件结构及其与环境因子的关系进行了研究。结果表明,四川缙云山大头茶幼苗种群构件结构主要分为一级枝、二级枝、当年生枝、空间结构、叶片等几大部分。分别可以以一级枝数或茎粗或长度、二级枝数或茎粗或长度、当年生枝数、3年生一级枝数、总叶数等的变化特征来表达其动态特点。前四者间的相关性亦很高,后者(包括主茎上叶面积)和主茎上第一级枝离地面高、主茎上第一叶距地高为比较稳定的特征,受其它生态因子作用影响不十分显著。相对而言,土壤全N、全P、全K、有机质含量及其pH值是比较关键的环境因子;而海拔高度和林窗大小及地形坡度却比较次要。灰色关联度分析不失为一种比较简捷而有效的分析植物种群构件结构特征间及与环境因子间关系的方法。     

The modeling of interactions of the CYP2E1 isoform of human cytochrome P450 with substrates

The interactions between the substrates of the 2E1 isoform of the human cytochrome P450 and receptor were simulated. It was found that the CP4 isoform of the cytochrome of the bacterial cell is highly homologous to the 2E1 isoform of the human cytochrome P450. The orientation of the substrates of the 2E1 isoform in the CP4 isoform of the bacterial cell cytochrome was performed. A cavity in the receptor was found that is responsible for the binding of the substrate. Amino acid residues Phe87, Pro89, Val119, Thr185, Leu244, Leu245, Leu246, Val247, Gly248, Gly249, Thr252, Val295, Asp297, Cys357, Ile395, and Val396, the heme, and water molecules are involved in the formation of the cavity. The mode of the interactions of the substrate molecule with cytochrome was analyzed. Active sites of the receptor, and a part of the substrate molecule responsible for the binding to cytochrome were found. Equations for the dependence of the Michaelis constant on the structural parameters of complexes of substrates with cytochrome were derived.     

试谈禾本科植物生殖器官主要性状的分类价值及其适用等级

生殖器官性状一直是禾本科植物分类的主要依据,但由于各个性状所附实体的形态特点、着生位置、发育程度和环境饰变的差异,其分类价值是不尽相同的。为了克服该类性状使用上的种种弊病,本文特对主要宏观性状的分类价值进行了评述,总结了它们在应用中各自适宜的等级范围。其中象花序的类型、小穗的着生、小花和果实的形状等价值较高,通常适合于族级以上类群的划分;花序的形状、小穗的排列、果实的类型等价值偏低,通常适合于属、种级类群的区分;而花序的长短与粗细、小穗轴、内稃等价值较低,通常适合于种级或种级之下类群的鉴分。     

床板珊瑚形珊瑚自动鉴定方法

根据床板珊瑚形珊瑚的系统分类特点，自动鉴定程序从高级分类单位开始，逐步向较低级别进行，直至将标本鉴定到种。在仔细分析研究属以上级别分类单位鉴定特征性质的基础上，首次提出了归属度的概念，通过归属度计算判定被鉴定标本的归属；在对每一属的各个种进行数值分类的基础上，利用相似性系数对被鉴定标本进行统计识别，将标本鉴定到种。     

Folding funnels, binding funnels, and protein function.

Folding funnels have been the focus of considerable attention during the last few years. These have mostly been discussed in the general context of the theory of protein folding. Here we extend the utility of the concept of folding funnels, relating them to biological mechanisms and function. In particular, here we describe the shape of the funnels in light of protein synthesis and folding; flexibility, conformational diversity, and binding mechanisms; and the associated binding funnels, illustrating the multiple routes and the range of complexed conformers. Specifically, the walls of the folding funnels, their crevices, and bumps are related to the complexity of protein folding, and hence to sequential vs. nonsequential folding. Whereas the former is more frequently observed in eukaryotic proteins, where the rate of protein synthesis is slower, the latter is more frequent in prokaryotes, with faster translation rates. The bottoms of the funnels reflect the extent of the flexibility of the proteins. Rugged floors imply a range of conformational isomers, which may be close on the energy landscape. Rather than undergoing an induced fit binding mechanism, the conformational ensembles around the rugged bottoms argue that the conformers, which are most complementary to the ligand, will bind to it with the equilibrium shifting in their favor. Furthermore, depending on the extent of the ruggedness, or of the smoothness with only a few minima, we may infer nonspecific, broad range vs. specific binding. In particular, folding and binding are similar processes, with similar underlying principles. Hence, the shape of the folding funnel of the monomer enables making reasonable guesses regarding the shape of the corresponding binding funnel. Proteins having a broad range of binding, such as proteolytic enzymes or relatively nonspecific endonucleases, may be expected to have not only rugged floors in their folding funnels, but their binding funnels will also behave similarly, with a range of complexed conformations. Hence, knowledge of the shape of the folding funnels is biologically very useful. The converse also holds: If kinetic and thermodynamic data are available, hints regarding the role of the protein and its binding selectivity may be obtained. Thus, the utility of the concept of the funnel carries over to the origin of the protein and to its function.     

中国两栖类生活史和生态学特征数据集

截至2021年底, 中国共记载591种两栖类(不包括外来入侵种), 是世界上两栖类物种数最多的国家之一。物种特征影响和决定了物种在环境中的生存能力, 在进化生物学、生态学和保护生物学研究中具有重要作用。目前, 中国两栖类在线数据库(https://www.amphibiachina.org)已经整理了我国两栖类的形态特征、生物学信息和地理分布等部分物种特征, 但仍缺乏一个完整的、可自由检索的数据集。通过系统查阅文献和数据检索, 本文收集整理了中国全部591种本土两栖类的22个特征数据, 包括物种发现时间(最早发现和描述新物种文章的发表时间)、模式产地、中国受威胁等级、全球受威胁等级、致危因子、是否中国特有种、是否岛屿特有种、雄性体长、雌性体长、窝卵数、卵径、产卵地点、幼体主要生境、成体微生境、活动模式、生殖周期、繁殖时间、是否有亲本照顾、受精方式、海拔范围、分布地区、分布省份数。除了物种发现时间、是否岛屿特有种、分布地区、分布省份数外, 其余特征数据都有不同程度的缺失, 数据完整度为27.92%-100%, 平均完整度为71.72%, 标准差为24%。本数据集是目前我国两栖类最新和最全的物种特征数据库, 希望可以为我国两栖类生态学、保护生物学、生物地理学等研究提供数据支持。     

Integrated population genetic and medical genetic study of two raions of the Tver oblast

An integrated medical genetic an population genetic study has been performed in two raions (administrative districts) of the Tver oblast (region) of Russia: the Udomlya raion located in the zone affected by the Kalininskaya Nuclear Power Plant and the Ostashkov raion, which served as a control district. No significant differences has been found with respect to the genetic parameters studied. The values of these parameters in the populations of the town of Udomlya, the town of Ostashkov, the Udomlya raion, and the Ostashkov raion, respectively, are the following: random inbreeding, 0.00006, 0.00011, 0.000167, and 0.000366; endogamy index, 0.05, 0.43, 0.30, and 0.42; local inbreeding, 0.0003, 0.00045, 0.0009, and 0.0011; the degree of isolation by distance, 0.0003, 0.00045, 0.0009, and 0.0005; sigma, 2098, 1338, 1473, and 1189; the load of autosomal dominant (AD) diseases, 0.71, 0.92, 0.92, and 1.37; the load of autosomal recessive (AR) diseases, 0.68, 0.69, 0.67, and 0.82; and the load of X-linked diseases, 0.18, 0.64, 0.83, and 0.27.