大学校园记忆的开放空间建构浅论

通过梳理大学校园历史发展脉络,认为校园开放空间是个体记忆和集体记忆的物质载体。通过记忆机制存在的校园开放空间对构建师生身份认知,塑造场所精神、延续历史文脉、构建校园文化有着重要的意义。校园的开放空间营造可分为“场所营造”和“特征营造”两大内容,分别对应校园的物质和精神层面。在分析校园记忆特征的基础上,认为校园记忆具有可建构性,从而提出校园记忆的开放空间建构的5对基本要素—“事件”与“叙事”,“身体”与“运动”,“交流”与“知识”,“场域”与“景物”,“纪念物”与“符号”。     

Activation of microcarrier-attached lymphocytes in microgravity

A technology has been developed to achieve optimal attachment of adhesion-independent lymphocytes to microcarrier beads. The activation of T-lymphocytes by concanavalin A was tested under microgravity conditions in an experiment carried out in space during the first Spacelab Life Science Mission. Activation, measured as the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and the production of interferon-gamma, more than doubled in attached lymphocytes in microgravity. The depression of the activation discovered in previous space experiments is due to an impairment not of the lymphocyte but of the macrophage function. The system described here may be useful for radiobiological investigations on the effect of high-energy particles and for testing the efficiency of the immune system in humans during the long-duration space flight planned in the future. The biotechnological significance of the increased lymphokine production in space remains to be assessed.     

空间生物技术研究与应用动态

由于空间生物技术潜在重大社会和经济效益。加强探索空间生物技术的发展。目前已经成为空间科学技术发展的重点之一。我国的空间技术在系列应用卫星成功发展的基础上,已将进入到更先进的载人飞船阶段。我国的科技人员将会有更多的机会,更好的条件在空间开展生物技术的研究。以促进其发展和应用,造福于人类,本文简要地介绍了空间发展生物技术的优越性。空间生物技术发展的热点和趋势,以及空间生物技术硬件发展的动态。     

区域尺度生态修复空间辨识研究进展

区域尺度辨识生态修复空间是进行生态恢复与重建的重要前提,对区域生态文明建设和可持续发展具有重要作用。如何构建科学合理、面向政策和民众需求的生态修复空间辨识指标体系,目前已成为生态学研究的热点问题之一。系统梳理生态空间评价理论,综合构建生态修复空间辨识框架,包括评价对象的选择、评价指标筛选的原则、指标体系构建的主要方法和评价指标权重设定等方面,在区域生态评价的基础上,强调政策目标、民众需求,构建了生态质量、生态系统服务、生态系统健康3个方面18个指标,能够较全面反映区域生态空间主要特征,以期为构建区域尺度生态修复空间辨识指标体系提供参考,为生态恢复和重建提供科学依据。研究还展望了区域尺度下生态修复空间辨识的重点发展方向,即加强复合生态系统理论的应用,统筹社会、经济、自然因子开展综合评价,并推动多尺度评价结果的融合与应用。     

边缘幸存空间──一个新概念的提出

通过对物种及其生存空间的研究,提出了边缘幸存空间这一新的概念─—物种生存空间之外,居群不能稳定地延续,而生物个体可以存在的空间。还讨论了边缘幸存空间的存在特点及明确了几种在地层中识别边缘幸存空间的方法。最后,以这一概念为基础,讨论了西藏白垩纪赛诺曼期Ｂｉｓｃｕｔｕｍｅｌｌｉｐｔｉｃｕｍ的发现及其意义。     

基于MCE的饶河流域国土空间生态质量综合评价及其空间分异

开展国土空间生态调查与评价,摸清区域三类空间生态现状与问题所在,是进行区域国土空间生态修复、空间格局优化等工作的必要前提。基于城镇、农业和生态空间自身的结构、功能和效应,构建国土空间生态质量综合评价体系,以饶河流域所涉县市为研究区域,采用多目标综合评价法开展国土空间生态质量综合评价研究并进行分区,探究结果的空间分异特征。结果表明:(1)研究区国土空间生态质量整体水平良好,中等以上区域占比70.6%。(2)Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级分区主要分布于研究区东北部,该区域的生态环境、生态效益与社会经济呈协同发展态势。(3)研究区国土空间生态质量存在较强的空间相关性和聚集性特征,冷点和热点区域面积基本持平。(4)结合综合评估及障碍度诊断结果,建议依据研究区自然优势,调整社会经济结构,推进工业健康转型,改善城镇空间人居环境,整体提高生态效益水平。研究可为研究区国土空间规划、生态修复、生态-经济-社会可持续发展等提供科学依据和参考价值。     

Merging chemical and biological space: Structural mapping of enzyme binding pocket space

Structure‐based drug design tries to mutually map pharmacological space populated by putative target proteins onto chemical space comprising possible small molecule drug candidates. Both spaces are connected where proteins and ligands recognize each other: in the binding pockets. Therefore, it is highly relevant to study the properties of the space composed by all possible binding cavities. In the present contribution, a global mapping of protein cavity space is presented by extracting consensus cavities from individual members of protein families and clustering them in terms of their shape and exposed physicochemical properties. Discovered similarities indicate common binding epitopes in binding pockets independent of any possibly given similarity in sequence and fold space. Unexpected links between remote targets indicate possible cross‐reactivity of ligands and suggest putative side effects. The global clustering of cavity space is compared to a similar clustering of sequence and fold space and compared to chemical ligand space spanned by the chemical properties of small molecules found in binding pockets of crystalline complexes. The overall similarity architecture of sequence, fold, and cavity space differs significantly. Similarities in cavity space can be mapped best to similarities in ligand binding space indicating possible cross‐reactivities. Most cross‐reactivities affect co‐factor and other endogenous ligand binding sites. Proteins 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

证候空间和方剂空间的数学结构

本文考察了中医理、法、方、药原理,给出了证候空间和方剂空间的数学结构,以利于中医现代化和中医临床中应用电子计算机诊疗技术。     

The Disulfide Relay System of Mitochondria Is Required for the Biogenesis of Mitochondrial Ccs1 and Sod1

Cells protect themselves against oxygen stress and reactive oxygen species. An important enzyme in this process is superoxide dismutase, Sod1, which converts superoxide radicals into water and hydrogen peroxide. The biogenesis of functional Sod1 is dependent on its copper chaperone, Ccs1, which introduces a disulfide bond and a copper ion into Sod1. Ccs1 and Sod1 are present in the cytosol but are also found in the mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS), the compartment between the outer and the inner membrane of mitochondria. Ccs1 mediates mitochondrial localization of Sod1.Here, we report on the biogenesis of the fractions of Ccs1 and Sod1 present in mitochondria of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The IMS of mitochondria harbors a disulfide relay system consisting of the import receptor Mia40 and the thiol oxidase Erv1, which drives the import of substrates with conserved cysteine residues arranged in typical twin Cx₃C and twin Cx₉C motifs. We show that depletion of Mia40 results in decreased levels of Ccs1 and Sod1. On the other hand, overexpression of Mia40 increased the mitochondrial fraction of both proteins. In addition, the import rates of Ccs1 were enhanced by increased levels of Mia40 and reduced upon depletion of Mia40. Mia40 forms mixed disulfides with Ccs1, suggesting a role of Mia40 for the generation of disulfide bonds in Ccs1. We suggest that the disulfide relay system transfers disulfide bonds via Mia40 to Ccs1, which then shuttles disulfide bonds to Sod1. In conclusion, the disulfide relay system is crucial for the import of Ccs1, thereby affecting the transport of Sod1, and it can control the distribution of Ccs1 and Sod1 between the IMS of mitochondria and the cytosol.     

20世纪90年代以来中国生态空间演化的时空格局和梯度效应

改革开放以来中国经济和城市化的快速发展促使生产和生活空间挤占大量生态空间,系统认识和评估我国生态空间演化的宏观格局和过程对于生态文明建设具有重要的理论和现实意义。为揭示全国生态空间变化的时空过程,在对生态空间内涵进行界定的基础上,结合全国尺度时序土地利用数据构建生态空间分类体系,并评估1990—2015年中国生态空间演化特征。结果表明:1990—2015年中国生态用地面积持续减少,主要向半生态用地转变,发生在重要的粮食生产区域及周边;半生态用地面积波动明显,前期主要表现为不断扩张,后期大量转换为弱生态用地,发生在主要城市群地区;弱生态用地持续扩张,与城镇化进程不断加速相关。中国生态空间演变过程表现出一定的区域差异和梯度效应,不同区域生态空间变化发生的拐点时间有所不同,呈现"自东向西、由南到北"的3级梯度特征,区域生态空间状况与经济发展战略及生态空间管控具有较强的相关性。本研究对于国家生态空间管控近远期战略方案制订具有一定启示,建议处于不同梯度的各地区应基于区域生态空间演化所处阶段和不同驱动机制,确定分区域生态空间安全红线目标和生态空间管控方案。     

On the evaluation of ordinal data with conventional multivariate procedures

In a recent Forum paper, it is argued that, in most studies, ordinal data such as the Braun‐Blanquet abundance/dominance scale are not properly treated by multivariate methods. This is because conventional multivariate methods are generally adequate for ratio‐scale variables only, while for ordinal variables differences between states and their ratios are not interpreted. Conversely, in this paper it is shown that using conventional multivariate procedures for evaluating ordinal data should imply a shift from a metric space to a topological data space; as such the use of ordinal data does not represent a serious methodological error, provided that results are interpreted accordingly.     

Allosteric and electrostatic protein-protein interactions regulate the assembly of the heterohexameric Tim9-Tim10 complex

Protein-protein interactions are crucial processes in virtually all cellular events. The heterohexameric Tim9-Tim10 complex of the mitochondrial intermembrane space plays an important role during import of mitochondrial membrane proteins. It consists of three molecules of each subunit arranged alternately in a ring-shaped structure. While the individual protein Tim9 forms a homodimer, Tim10 is a monomer. Further to our previous investigation on the complex formation pathway, in this study, the assembly mechanism of Tim9-Tim10 was investigated using a stopped-flow technique coupled with mutagenesis. We show that while the initial velocity of the assembly depends on Tim9 concentration linearly, it presents a sigmoid curve on Tim10. In addition, the overall rate of assembly depends on the pH level in a bell-shaped profile, and two pK_a values that are in good agreement with the respective isoelectric points of Tim9 and Tim10 were determined. Using a Tim10F70W mutant, we were able to show that there was clear salt concentration dependence in the rate of assembly at the early stages. Taken together, the results of pH and salt concentration dependence indicate that electrostatic interactions are important and provide an initial driving force for the complex formation. Thus, this study not only demonstrates that allosteric and electrostatic interactions are two key regulators for the assembly of the Tim9-Tim10 complex but also has important implications for our understanding of how proteins interact with their partners.     

Subcellular organization of N2-fixing nodules of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) supplied with silicon

Summary Provision of silicon (0, 0.048, 0.096, 0.24, 0.48, and 0.96 g/1) in the form of silicic acid (H₄SiO₄) to nodulated cowpea plants(Vignia unguiculata [L.] Walp.) grown in liquid culture resulted in considerable changes in the internal organization of nodule structure. Compared to the control plants which received no added silicate, bacteroid numbers increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) at silicate concentrations of both 0.096 and 0.48 g/1. The number of symbiosomes also increased by 3.2-fold at the silicate concentration of 0.96 g/1 compared to the control. In contrast, the size of bacteroids and symbiosomes decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) inside nodules of silicate-treated plants. The peribacteroid space was also decreased considerably (P ≤ 0.05) with the application of 0.096 and 0.96 g of silicate per liter to plants. However, the size of intercellular spaces adjacent to infected and uninfected interstitial cells within the nodule medulla increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) at 0.096 g of silicate per liter followed by a sharply marked (P ≤ 0.05) decrease with each subsequent increase in silicate application. The result was a large decrease (P≤0.05) in the area of bacteria-infected tissue occupied by intercellular space at the highest silicate concentration, which was caused by a significant (P ≤ 0.05) increase in cell wall thickness. Our findings show that the positive effects of silicon on N₂ fixation might actually be due to an increased number of bacteroids and symbiosomes.     

A lead discovery strategy driven by a comprehensive analysis of proteases in the peptide substrate space

We present here a comprehensive analysis of proteases in the peptide substrate space and demonstrate its applicability for lead discovery. Aligned octapeptide substrates of 498 proteases taken from the MEROPS peptidase database were used for the in silico analysis. A multiple‐category naïve Bayes model, trained on the two‐dimensional chemical features of the substrates, was able to classify the substrates of 365 (73%) proteases and elucidate statistically significant chemical features for each of their specific substrate positions. The positional awareness of the method allows us to identify the most similar substrate positions between proteases. Our analysis reveals that proteases from different families, based on the traditional classification (aspartic, cysteine, serine, and metallo), could have substrates that differ at the cleavage site (P1–P1′) but are similar away from it. Caspase‐3 (cysteine protease) and granzyme B (serine protease) are previously known examples of cross‐family neighbors identified by this method. To assess whether peptide substrate similarity between unrelated proteases could reliably translate into the discovery of low molecular weight synthetic inhibitors, a lead discovery strategy was tested on two other cross‐family neighbors—namely cathepsin L2 and matrix metallo proteinase 9, and calpain 1 and pepsin A. For both these pairs, a naïve Bayes classifier model trained on inhibitors of one protease could successfully enrich those of its neighbor from a different family and vice versa, indicating that this approach could be prospectively applied to lead discovery for a novel protease target with no known synthetic inhibitors.     

三肽和四肽构象空间的可视化方法

研究蛋白质寡肽构象在构象空间中的分布情况,对提取寡肽模式并构建短肽库具有重要意义。通过构建一个保距映射,将以主链原子均方根距离(root mean square distance,RMSD)为距离测度的三肽构象空间变换为一维直线上的欧氏距离空间,从而直观地展现三肽构象的聚集情况,表明三肽主链构象可以用单一变量编码。应用该特性对四肽的构象空间加以分析,将四肽构象映射到三维空间中,从而以可视的方式描述四肽构象空间的聚集情况。对短肽构象空间的初步分析表明,短肽的聚集性和二级结构有着密切的联系。在四肽构象空间中存在有自然边界的离散区域(与螺旋等结构相关),也有一些区域(与折叠等结构有关)难以进一步划分。这种方法也为以可视方式分析高维空间中肽段的聚集性给出了一种可能的方案。     

Effect of a mass of lead in the incubator space of growing cells

Mouse fibroblasts (3T3 line) growing in vitro in an incubator were subjected to inclusion in the incubator space of different masses and different arrangements of metallic lead. It was found that the mass of lead was positively correlated with death of a percentage of the 3T3 cells. Aside from mass, a second property of the lead, that of shape, was also found to be related to the percentage cell death. Progeny of 3T3 cells whose parents had been previously exposed to lead during their growth were found to have developed a resistance to its cytocidal effect on subsequent exposure. Such progeny cells showed no increase in cell death over the period of time which proved lethal to cells which had not had prior exposure to lead in their environment.     

国外城市绿地研究的理论与方法

回顾了近10年国外在城市绿地研究领域的进展,阐述了城市绿地效益、绿地美学、立体绿化、植物造景、景观生态学、信息技术应用、城市林业、植被培育、绿地规划设计等的研究理论及方法,指出了今后国外绿地研究的发展趋势。     

上杭县城区公园绿地景观格局动态分析

以上杭县为例,对县城城区公园绿地景观格局演变进行研究.在ArcGIS和Fragstats景观指数分析软件的支持下,选取了破碎度、连接度、均匀度、聚集度、景观多样性和分维数等指数对上杭县城城区2009、2013和2018年公园绿地景观格局的动态变化进行了分析.结果表明:(1)2009—2018年,上杭县城区公园绿地总面积...     

多功能视角下的山区乡村空间功能分异特征及类型划分

以西部山区重庆乡村空间为研究对象,构建乡村空间多功能评价指标体系,将乡村空间多功能划分为农业生产功能、经济发展功能、生态保育功能、生态稳定性功能,社会保障居住家园功能五种子功能,采用熵权法定量核算2013年全市乡村空间功能值,运用GIS技术和Dagum基尼系数刻画重庆市不同地区乡村空间功能值地区差异特征,并划分了重庆市乡村空间多功能类型,研究结果表明:(1)山地型乡村地形复杂,景观类型多样,功能也极具多样性,研究区乡村空间除了生态稳定性功能外,其他各功能值具有显著的空间分异特征,有明显的空间集聚性。(2)Dagum基尼系数,是一种有效的技术方法,能够更为深入地刻画研究区乡村空间功能值地区间差异及区内差异特征。基尼系数测算及其分解结果显示,地区间差距是总体差距的主要来源,其贡献率都超过50%。(3)根据乡间空间多功能分布的差异性及山地乡村的特点和山区生态环境的脆弱性,将研究区乡村空间划分为农业生产-经济发展型,农业生产-人居生活型,人居生活-社会保障型,人居生活-经济发展型,水源涵养生态保育型,生态保育-经济发展型,生态保育-农业生产型,土壤保持生态保护型8种功能类型,能较好地体现地域特色,为科学健康的开发利用山地乡村空间土地资源提供有益借鉴,有利于区域协调可持续发展。     

多重空间尺度的神经表征

空间环境具有多重尺度特性,具体分成可操作的近尺度空间、可导航的单视点空间和环境空间,以及大尺度的地理空间,有效表征不同尺度的空间环境对于人和动物的日常生活至关重要。空间尺度的表征与其对应的功能需求有关,近尺度空间表征由顶叶负责;可导航空间表征在海马和皮层都表现出从后往前的“由粗到细”的梯度性;抽象社会空间的尺度表征则表现出二分性。未来研究应关注空间尺度表征的时间动态性及其对认知地图存在形式的影响。