鸭绿江口湿地滩涂表层沉积物重金属空间分布特征及生态风险评价

利用GIS软件空间内插值法分析鸭绿江河口近海湿地滩涂表层沉积物重金属的空间分布特征,并采用环境风险指数法和潜在生态危害指数法进行重金属元素的生态风险评价.结果表明: 研究区表层沉积物中的重金属含量与国内典型河口湿地相比处于较高水平.从空间分布上看,重金属含量东部高于西部,在人类活动密集区存在明显的累积性.环境风险指数法分析结果表明,Cu对该区域环境污染的影响最大,而Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法分析结果表明,Hg和Cd的潜在生态危害最大,重金属的综合潜在生态危害指数介于93.65～507.20,平均值为189.30,属于中等生态危害,并以东部潜在危害程度最大,应作为今后重金属污染防治的重点区域.     

太湖区域环境中基于PBPK模型的DDTs和HCHs混合健康风险

针对太湖区域环境中DDTs和HCHs混合暴露的健康危害,基于对居民DDTs及HCHs不同途径暴露量的分析,通过建立DDTs及HCHs的PBPK模型,分析其在人体内的累积分布过程,并应用内效应综合危害指数评价其混合暴露的健康风险。结果表明,居民健康风险度分别为0.147～2.499（男性）和0.138～2.223（女性）,超过可接受风险的概率分别为24.6%（男性）和16.5%（女性）。相较于传统的混合健康风险评价方法（HI法）,基于PBPK模型的内效应综合危害指数法（HI_tissue-dose）更能反映混合健康风险的发展趋势。     

土壤重金属污染评价方法

土壤中的重金属长期停留和积累在环境中,对生态环境和人体健康存在诸多现实和潜在风险,受到越来越多的关注.因此,评价土壤中的重金属污染程度对于环境和健康问题有着重要意义.评价土壤中重金属的污染程度需选用一种或几种正确的评价方式.本文综述了目前国内外常用于土壤中重金属评价的指数法、模型指数法和基于重金属形态分析、有效态含量和总量、人体健康风险以及GIS和地统计学的评价方法.其中,指数法主要包括内梅罗指数法、富集因子法、地累积指数法、潜在生态危害指数法;模型指数法则主要包括模糊数学模型、灰色聚类模型及层次分析法等.文章对各种评价方法进行了综述,并指出使用各种方法的优越性、局限性.     

北京市南沙河沉积物重金属污染特征及风险评价

北京南沙河是海淀北部地区的重要排水和风景观赏性河道,为全面了解南沙河底泥沉积物中重金属的污染特征,采集了表层沉积物样品,分析了重金属元素的含量和形态,并利用单因子指数法、Hakanson综合污染指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对沉积物重金属进行了生态风险评价.结果表明:南沙河表层沉积物各种重金属元素存在较好的同源性,污染程度为:Cr＞Cd＞Zn＞Cu＞Pb＞Ni.基于单项潜在生态风险指数的评价表明,该区域重金属生态风险等级由强至弱依次为:Cd＞Pb＞Cu≈Cr＞Ni≈Zn,其中,仅Cd具有较高的潜在生态风险,综合潜在生态风险指数表明,除了京藏高速桥河段危害等级较高外,南沙河总体处于轻微的生态风险等级.形态分析表明,Cd的酸提取态含量高,迁移性最强,最容易对生物造成直接危害,其次是Pb和Zn,Cu和Ni具有一定程度的潜在环境危害,Cr产生环境危害的可能性较小.     

洞庭湖流域区域生态风险评价

对于生态系统 ,灾害性事件的产生多为外界胁迫因素与系统内部生态结构不稳定性因素共同作用的结果 ,因此对流域生态风险进行评价时应充分考虑系统内部的生态结构与外界的胁迫性因素。目前国内外对于外界胁迫性因素的研究多集中在自然灾害 (如洪涝灾害 )以及外界污染物主要集中在重金属类的排入 ,而事实上 ,其他类型的污染物 ,如氮、磷等也将对生态系统产生一定的危害 ,由于这些污染物浓度在个别地区超标程度较高并可能对受体产生巨大的影响 ,因此将该类污染物作为一类重要因素纳入生态风险评价体系中是非常必要的 ,而由此得出的评价结果也更为系统和全面。以洞庭湖地区的东、南、西三部分作为研究区域 ,根据其特殊的背景 ,将工业污染、农业污染及血防污染作为其污染类风险源 ,引入由氮毒性污染指数、磷毒性污染指数、重金属类毒性污染指数共同构成的毒性污染指数与自然灾害指数和系统本身的生态指数 ,包括生物指数、多样性指数、物种重要性指数以及脆弱性指数完成了对洞庭湖流域的区域生态风险评价。     

山西省化肥投入区域分异及环境风险评价

基于1985—2017年化肥施用量和作物播种面积, 采用化肥施用环境风险评价模型, 探讨了山西省化肥施用及环境风险的时空变化特征。结果表明, 山西省化肥施用总量在1985—2017年间整体呈增加趋势, 2017年山西省化肥施用强度为285.14 kg·hm-2, 大多数地区农田化肥投入过量; 其基本趋势是从晋北到晋南逐步增加, 晋西北投入少、晋东南投入高。总化肥施用强度极值比为2.4, 氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的极值比分别是1.9、2.7和3.4。全省11个地市氮磷钾投入比例是1:0.69:0.62, 不尽合理。山西省2017年化肥施用环境总风险指数为0.52, 呈低度环境风险; 氮、磷、钾肥施用的环境风险指数分别为0.50、0.58和0.55。氮肥施用的环境风险处于安全状态; 磷肥的环境风险区域集中在晋东南和晋中地区, 钾肥的环境风险区域集中在晋东南和运城地区, 均呈现中度、严重风险程度并有成片聚集特征。研究结果有利于调控山西农田施肥合理分布并进行分区指导, 制定不同施肥方案, 协调粮食增产和生态保护间的关系, 为防治农业面源污染提供决策参考。     

基于景观格局的甘肃白龙江流域生态风险评价与管理

流域生态风险评价是流域生态保护与环境管理的重要研究内容.开展以人类活动为风险源的生态风险评价,揭示流域生态风险的空间变化规律,对于促进流域生态保护和环境管理及社会发展具有重要的指导意义.本文基于景观格局指数和生态环境脆弱度构建了流域生态风险综合指数,以甘肃白龙江流域2010年土地利用数据为基础,以ArcGIS和Fragstats软件为平台,通过空间采样和地统计空间插值得到白龙江流域生态风险的空间分布规律.结果表明：白龙江流域生态风险空间分布差异明显,总体而言,白龙江流域西北部和北部的生态风险高于流域的西部和南部山区;在白龙江流域各县区中,武都和宕昌县的生态风险较高,迭部县和文县的生态风险较低.今后应加强流域土地利用综合管理和人类活动调控,开展植被恢复和生态重建,降低不合理人为干扰的生态风险和危害,实现流域经济、社会与生态保护的“多赢”,促进区域可持续发展.     

转基因植物的生态风险评价

自从１９８３年第一株转基因植物诞生以来,至今各种类型的转基因植物进入大田试验的已不计其数,近１０种转基因作物的产物已经商品化。与此同时,转基因植物向环境释放后可能带来的生态风险问题也越来越受到人们的重视。关于转基因植物的生态风险或对环境的危害,科学家提出了不同的概念和测试方法。生态毒理学的经验以及８０年代发展起来的,为作环境决策用的生态风险评价的经验可以借鉴以作转基因植物生态风险的评价。本文介绍了转基因植物对农田生态系统和自然生态系统可能带来的危害以及从基因、基因组、个体、种群以至生态系统等各级水平上危害测试的方法。对风险的判断作了详细的论述,对风险的管理也作了概略的介绍,并对生态风险评价当前发展的水平进行了讨论。     

深圳市不同功能区土壤表层重金属污染及其综合生态风险评价

在综合考虑深圳市城市功能区分异特征的基础上,进行全市表层土壤系统采样,全面监测土壤表层8种重金属元素污染状况,分析不同重金属元素含量的统计学特征,探讨不同城市功能区对土壤表层重金属污染的影响,采用内梅罗指数和潜在生态危害指数评估不同重金属元素和不同城市功能区的生态风险水平,分别进行基于两种方法的全市重金属污染生态风险分区。结果表明: 1)深圳市土壤表层的Mn、Ni、Cr和Pb 4种元素受人为活动的影响程度较低,Cd、Zn、Cu和As 4类元素受人为活动影响较大。地表环境约束因素背景下的高强度城市化和工业化过程,是各种重金属污染区域分异和功能区分异的决定性因素。2)深圳市土壤重金属污染风险较高的重金属元素为Cd、Zn、Cu和Pb,特别是Pb污染问题尤为突出,必须加强管控工作。深圳市总体土壤表层重金属污染风险水平高于国内相关城市,需要引起足够重视。3)内梅罗指数法和潜在生态危害指数法的侧重点不同,在单一重金属元素风险判断、不同城市功能区生态风险的总体评价,以及市域土壤重金属污染生态风险分级评价方面结果差异较大,组合使用效果更好。     

丽香铁路建设对沿线景观格局影响的尺度效应及其生态风险

高原铁路作为大型廊道工程,线长点多、途经环境敏感,其对沿线生态环境影响评价范围的界定在环评工作实践中易产生争议.本文以丽香铁路唐布至建塘段为研究对象,利用2012年1∶10000土地利用现状图和数字高程模型为数据源,采用缓冲区与景观指数方法,构建了廊道切割度指数和廊道干扰累积作用指数,改进了衡量铁路建设后的生态风险指数.通过定量分析不同空间尺度下铁路建设前后景观格局时空变化特征和演变规律,得到本段铁路最适宜评价尺度,并在该尺度内对铁路建设前后生态风险时空变化特征进行分析.结果表明：廊道切割度指数有效反映出铁路廊道对各种景观类型的切割方式和程度,廊道干扰累积作用指数可衡量铁路风险源与风险受体之间暴露与危害关系;铁路建设后,铁路廊道将对沿线景观产生较大的正中切割作用,边缘切割和内部切割作用较小,林地和草地所受影响最大;景观格局指数在600 m缓冲区内尺度效应最明显,因此设置600 m为本段铁路最适宜生态影响评价范围;铁路建设前,600 m评价区以低生态风险为主,铁路建设后,生态风险显著增加,以中等以上生态风险区域为主;研究区生态风险具有南低北高,多核环形的分布特征.     

A HIVE model for regional integrated environmental risk assessment: A case study in China

Regional environmental risk assessment has been a significant means of environmental management and decision-making. To assess the regional integrated environmental risk at a nationwide scale, a new index system named the Hazard, Intensity, Vulnerability, and Effectiveness (HIVE) model was designed and evolved from previous researches. The HIVE model consisted of a relatively complete framework with accessible indexes related to environment and social economy, and it considered different risk sources, pathways, and receptors as well as the influence of the risk control. As an important segment of the assessment process, a simple gridding information diffusion method was also proposed to assess the diffusion effect of risk factors in nationwide rivers. Taking China as a case study, this study calculated the environmental risk value of every sub-unit. Through the clustering function of Statistical Package for Social Sciences and the visual representation of a geographic information system, the study area was divided into nine zones that were visualized on maps according to their different risk levels and risk characteristics. This study also identified the dominant factors of each zone, which could provide the foundation for regional environmental management. Moreover, the results implied some significant correlations between risk system components and the regional social economy in China.     

A Simulation-Assessment Modeling Approach for Analyzing Environmental Risks of Groundwater Contamination at Waste Landfill Sites

An integrated simulation-assessment modeling approach for analyzing environmental risks of groundwater contamination is proposed in this paper. It incorporates an analytical groundwater solute transport model, an exposure dose model, and a fuzzy risk assessment model within a general framework. The transport model is used for predicting contaminant concentrations in subsurface, and the exposure dose model is used for calculating contaminant ingestion during the exposure period under given exposure pathways. Both models are solved through the Monte Carlo simulation technique to reflect the associated uncertainties. Based on consideration of fuzzy relationships between exposure doses and cancer risks, risk levels of different exposure doses for each contaminant can be calculated to form a fuzzy relation matrix. The overall risks can then be quantified through further fuzzy synthesizing operations. Thus, probabilistic quantification of different risk levels (possibilities) can be realized. Results of the case study indicate that environmental risks at the waste landfill site can be effectively analyzed through the developed methodology. They are useful for supporting the related risk-management and remediation decisions.     

Integrating Environmental Impact Assessment within Kuwait Master Plans as a Tool for Human and Ecological Risk Control

Although it was claimed that the Kuwait Master Plans have helped guide the development in Kuwait from a small mud brick town of 150,000 inhabitants to today's modern metropolis of about 3 million inhabitants, this article argues that the implementation of the first plan in 1952 planted the seeds of human and ecological risk problems in Kuwait, which were intensified later in the 1960s and 1970s. As the latest 2007 Master Plan comprises major development projects, which could certainly have adverse ecological impacts on the environment and human well-being, this article highlights the importance of integrating environmental impact assessment (EIA) and the development projects within the Master Plan as a tool for sustainable development and as an assessment of human and ecological risks before the implementation of such projects. According to the current status, the level of collaboration among the concerned organizations responsible for preparing the Master Plans and conducting the EIA is behind the ambition. This article recommends setting out documented environmental criteria for land use planning and major development projects implementation, so as to control pollution and prevent any environmental change that might impair the public's health or influence future ecological stability.     

Adopting Lead-Free Electronics: Policy Differences and Knowledge Gaps

For more than a decade, the use of lead (Pb) in electronics has been controversial: Indeed, its toxic effects are well documented, whereas relatively little is known about proposed alternative materials. As the quantity of electronic and electrical waste (e‐waste) increases, legislative initiatives and corporate marketing strategies are driving a reduction in the use of some toxic substances in electronics. This article argues that the primacy of legislation over engineering and economics may result in selecting undesirable replacement materials for Pb because of overlooked knowledge gaps. These gaps include the need for: assessments of the effects of changes in policy on the flow of e‐waste across state and national boundaries; further reliability testing of alternative solder alloys; further toxicology and environmental impact studies for high environmental loading of the alternative solders (and their metal components); improved risk assessment methodologies that can capture complexities such as changes in waste management practices, in electronic product design, and in rate of product obsolescence; carefully executed allocation methods when evaluating the impact of raw material extraction; and in‐depth risk assessment of alternative end‐of‐life (EOL) options. The resulting environmental and human health consequences may be exacerbated by policy differences across political boundaries. To address this conundrum, legislation and policies dealing with Pb in electronics are first reviewed. A discussion of the current state of knowledge on alternative solder materials relative to product design, environmental performance, and risk assessment follows. Previous studies are reviewed, and consistent with their results, this analysis finds that there is great uncertainty in the trade‐offs between Pb‐based solders and proposed replacements. Bridging policy and knowledge gaps will require increased international cooperation on materials use, product market coverage, and e‐waste EOL management.     

Minimizing Environmental Risks Using Fuzzy TOPSIS: Location Selection for the ITU Faculty of Management

ABSTRACT

Environmental risk is a measure of potential threats to the environment and combines the probability that events will cause or lead to degradation of the environment and the severity of that degradation. Evaluation of environmental risk factors requires linguistic terms to be used rather than exact numerical assignments. The fuzzy set theory provides a useful tool for converting linguistic terms into numerical evaluations. In this article, we will try to select the best location for the Faculty of Management of the Istanbul Technical University taking care of the predetermined environmental criteria by using fuzzy TOPSIS. The decision matrix is composed of linguistic evaluations for the alternatives with respect to the environmental risk criteria. The Macka Campus area has been selected after the multicriteria evaluation. A sensitivity analysis is also realized to see if the minor changes in criteria weights cause any change in the ranking of alternatives. Unless the importance of the criteria rock or soil structure, remoteness to health facilities, transportation availability, and transportation costs is changed to be from low to extremely low importance, the Macka Campus is still the selected alternative.     

A Comparative Screening-Level Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment for Dredged Material Management Alternatives in New York/New Jersey Harbor

Managers of New York and New Jersey Harbor dredging projects are developing strategies to dispose and manage the large volumes of sediment that must be dredged to maintain passable waterways. The various management alternatives include aquatic containment facilities, upland containment, and treatment with beneficial reuse. An important consideration in the selection of an appropriate alternative is the evaluation of potential risks to ecological and human receptors. This study presents a framework for a screening-level ecological and human health risk assessment that compares risks associated with management alternatives for contaminated dredged materials. The major objectives of the work were to identify exposure routes that show the potential for risk and develop a framework that can be used to compare relative potential risks among eight management alternatives. Managers can use this framework to: ? identify characteristics of the placement/treatment alternatives that contribute to potential risk, ? choose one alternative over another for sediments with high concentrations of contaminants, ? implement controls that mitigate risk, or ? identify the need for a more comprehensive site-specific risk assessment.     

The role of human factor in maritime environment risk assessment: A practical application on Ballast Water Treatment (BWT) system in ship

The role of human factor plays a critical role in the safe and clean operation of maritime industry. Human error prediction can be beneficial to assess risk in maritime industry since shipping activities can pose potential hazards to human life and maritime ecology. The aim of this paper is to propose a risk assessment tool by considering the role of human factor. Hence, the desired safety control level in maritime transportation activities can be ascertained. In the proposed approach, a Success Likelihood Index Method (SLIM) extended with fuzzy logic is used to calculate human error probability (HEP). Severity of consequences are adopted in the proposed approach to assess risk. The quantitative risk assessment approach under fuzzy SLIM methodology will be applied to a very specific case on-board ship: Ballast Water Treatment (BWT) system. In order to improve consistency of research and minimize subjectivity of experts' judgments, the paper adopts the dominance factor which is used to adjust the impact level of experts' judgments in the aggregation stage of the methodology. The paper aims at not only highlighting the importance of human factor in maritime risk assessment but also enhancing safety control level and minimizing potential environmental impacts to marine ecology.     

An integrated approach for environmental assessments

LCA is a system-wide assessment, and the LCIA phase is confronted with the difficulties of local and regional effects in a number of impact categories. We integrate three different environmental techniques to demonstrate how these effects can be addressed in an environmental assessment. The techniques are life cycle inventory, environmental fate models, and an ecological impact assessment using fuzzy expert systems. Results of the LCI are mass and energy flows. In the environmental fate modelling step these mass flows are transformed into concentration and immission values by dispersion-reaction models. A generalised fuzzy expert system for the environmental mechanisms compares calculated exposure with site specific buffering capacities and formulates a generalised dose-response relationship. This generalised fuzzy expert system is used as a template for the assessment of local and regional environmental impacts. An application of this integrated approach is shown for a practical problem: production of magnesium car components. The environmental fate of nitrogen oxides which are released due to the major combustion source within that production system is simulated. Fuzzy expert models for crop damage, soil acidification and eutrophication determine the possible environmental impact of the immited nitrogen oxides. The important methodological extension of this integrated approach is a regionalised impact assessment depending on the spatial distribution of environmental characteristics.     

Predicted Effect of Landscape Position on Wildlife Habitat Value of Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program Wetlands in a Tile‐drained Agricultural Region

Justification for investment in restored or constructed wetland projects are often based on presumed net increases in ecosystem services. However, quantitative assessment of performance metrics is often difficult and restricted to a single objective. More comprehensive performance assessments could help inform decision‐makers about trade‐offs in services provided by alternative restoration program design attributes. The primary goal of the Iowa Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program is to establish wetlands that efficiently remove nitrates from tile‐drained agricultural landscapes. A secondary objective is provision of wildlife habitat. We used existing wildlife habitat models to compare relative net change in potential wildlife habitat value for four alternative landscape positions of wetlands within the watershed. Predicted species richness and habitat value for birds, mammals, amphibians, and reptiles generally increased as the wetland position moved lower in the watershed. However, predicted average net increase between pre‐ and post‐project value was dependent on taxonomic group. The increased average wetland area and changes in surrounding upland habitat composition among landscape positions were responsible for these differences. Net change in predicted densities of several grassland bird species at the four landscape positions was variable and species‐dependent. Predicted waterfowl breeding activity was greater for lower drainage position wetlands. Although our models are simplistic and provide only a predictive index of potential habitat value, we believe such assessment exercises can provide a tool for coarse‐level comparisons of alternative proposed project attributes and a basis for constructing informed hypotheses in auxiliary empirical field studies.