不同饵料对卤虫生长、总脂含量及脂肪酸组成的影响

为了提高养殖卤虫的饵料营养价值,了解其不同生长阶段营养成分变化情况,采用单因子试验研究了8种饵料（三角褐指藻、小球藻、微绿球藻、酵母液、三角褐指藻＋小球藻＋微绿球藻、三角褐指藻＋酵母液、小球藻＋酵母液和微绿球藻＋酵母液）对卤虫生长、总脂含量及脂肪酸组成的影响,结果表明：不同饵料种类对卤虫生长、总脂含量及脂肪酸组成的影响显著（P＜0.05）,增长率,以三角褐指藻＋酵母液最优;总脂含量、以三角褐指藻最优（19.67%）,除酵母液外,与其它饵料相差不显著（P＞0.05）;脂肪酸组成效果,以微绿球藻组最优（EPA：18.01%,DNA：0.55%,（n-3）HUFA：19.08%）,与三角褐指藻组相差不大（P＞0.05）,显著高于其它各组（P＞0.05）.同时以三角褐指藻为饵料,研究了卤虫不同生长阶段（体长2、4、6、8、10 mm）总脂含量、脂肪酸组成变化,结果表明：卤虫体长2～10 mm总脂含量为14.27%～20.93%,随体长的增长降低;EPA、DHA及（n-3）HUFA的含量,均随体长的增长降低,EPA含量为：10.47%～20.77%,DNA含量为：0～0.70%,（n-3）HUFA含量为：10.85%～22.01%.结论认为,卤虫以三角褐指藻或三角褐指藻＋酵母液为饵料培养营养价值最佳,其体长小于6 mm营养价值较佳.     

温度和食物浓度对老年低额溞生长与生殖的影响

在20℃和25℃培养温度下研究了3种食物浓度对老年低额(Simocephalus vetulusOF Müller)生长与生殖的影响。结果表明:老年低额有4个幼龄(在20℃、低食物浓度下有5个)和10-13个成龄。成龄的龄期明显高于幼龄,第一成龄的发育时间一般最长。在相同温度下,老年低额的首次怀卵所需时间及各龄期一般随食物浓度的增加而缩短,而各龄的平均体长及其生殖量则呈相反的趋势。在相同的食物条件下,25℃老年低额在生长后期的平均体长明显高于20℃,而各龄期却小于20℃。最大体长是2.82mm,出现在25℃、高食物浓度下的第16龄。老年低额的平均最大生殖量和最大内禀增长率分别为144个和0.41/d,均出现在25℃和高食物浓度下。统计分析显示老年低额的生殖量与体长之间存在显著的相关性。老年低额的食物浓度域值小于1×104cells/mL(Scenedesmus obliquus)。作者探讨了老年低额在渔业生产中作为活体饵料养殖对象的可能性。       

温度对喜马拉雅低额溞生长与生殖的影响

对采自中国云南省高海拔地区-稀有低额溞-喜马拉雅低额溞(Simocephalus himalayensis)在低海拔地区实验室内不同温度梯度下的生长及生殖能力进行了研究.结果表明:高海拔地区生活的低额溞在低海拔地区的相应环境中同样生长繁殖良好,其繁殖率、最大生殖量及种群的增长能力不受海拔高度及不同环境条件的影响.在一定温度条件下(15-31℃,误差为±1℃),喜马拉雅低额溞的发育速率随温度的升高而加快,但在32℃时减慢.在通常培养条件下,喜马拉雅低额溞一般有4个幼龄期(15℃时部分溞体有5个幼龄),16-19个成龄,平均寿命通常为74d(15℃)、54d(20℃)、39d(25℃)和24d(30℃).平均总产仔量在15-25℃最高,分别为449个(15℃)、482个(20℃)和447个(25℃).各温度梯度下的体长增长模型都表明,其体长与龄期之间存在显著的对数关系.每溞平均生殖量以20℃时最高,种群的内禀增长率(rm)和一生的生殖次数都以25℃时最高,净增殖率(R0)以20℃最高.喜马拉雅低额溞最适合的繁殖温度范围在15-25℃.研究还对该种与相应种类在不同温度条件下的生殖量和生物学特性进行了比较.     

直额裸腹蚤生长生殖的研究

直额裸腹蚤（Ｍｏｉｎａ ｒｅｃｔｉｒｏｓｔｒｉｓ）的龄期和寿命随温度升高而缩短,低温培养的个体普遍大于高温。在２０℃时有３个幼龄、１２个成龄,而在３０℃时有２个幼龄、１１个成龄。在２０℃、３０℃温度下平均产卵数分别为１６．２和１４．１,累计产卵数分别为１９４．２和１５５．６。     

不同饵料对玛丽仔鱼生长及存活的影响

通过投喂轮虫、蛋黄、人工配合饲料（基础、添加诱食剂、高蛋白）５种不同饵料,观察玛丽仔鱼的生长及存活情况。表明各饵料组间差异不显著。经养殖１５日,仔鱼平均体重从００２３ｇ增至００５８ｇ,平均增量倍数为２４１—２８０;平均体长从１１２７ｍｍ增至１５６１ｍｍ,平均增长倍数为１３６—１４６。存活率均在８４％以上。     

饵料淀粉水平对饥饿后日本沼虾生长代谢的影响

研究了饵料淀粉水平对饥饿后日本沼虾生长代谢的影响,探讨营养水平对日本沼虾补偿生长的作用.结果表明,在4 d饥饿后,饵料中20%、25%的淀粉水平能使日本沼虾达到完全补偿生长,机体代谢率高于对照组,而8 d的饥饿处理,各组日本沼虾的生长代谢均低于对照组,说明饥饿时间及恢复投喂后饵料淀粉水平对日本沼虾补偿生长有一定的影响.     

不同饵料和饥饿对魁蚶幼虫生长和存活的影响

在水温23.2-24.0℃,盐度29.5-30.0条件下,研究了5种单胞藻饵料和饥饿对魁蚶浮游幼虫生长与存活的影响.投喂不同饵料试验中,球等鞭金藻与4种单胞藻混合投喂试验组幼虫的特定生长率、眼点幼虫比例和壳长均显著高于单一投喂试验组,其中球等鞭金藻与小球藻混合投喂的效果最好;投喂单一饵料试验中,球等鞭金藻组幼虫的生长、眼点幼虫比例与存活率显著高于其它试验组.在饥饿试验中,不同饥饿天数条件下幼虫的存活率差异不显著;生长方面,饥饿1-2d较短时间与一直投喂对照组的幼虫相比较,特定生长率、眼点幼虫比例、壳长的差异不显著,但随着饥饿时间延长,幼虫的生长变慢且眼点幼虫比例下降,一直饥饿情况下幼虫的生长基本停滞.研究结果可以为魁蚶人工苗种繁育技术的改进提供参考依据.     

不同开口饵料对川陕哲罗鲑仔鱼生长和存活的影响

分别采用水丝蚓Limnodrilus sp.、丰年虫Artemia salina、鲫鱼Carassius auratus卵和2种不同配方的人工饲料饲养川陕哲罗鲑Hucho bleekeri开口仔鱼(20日龄),研究不同开口饵料对川陕哲罗鲑仔鱼生长和存活的影响。结果表明:在仔鱼开口后的0~10 d内,丰年虫投喂的川陕哲罗鲑仔鱼生长速度显著高于其他试验组,15~20 d丰年虫组仔鱼出现负增长(-0.38%),而10 d以后2个饲料组的生长速度迅速提升。在整个试验期内,水丝蚓组和鲫鱼卵组的生长较为平稳,特定生长率均介于丰年虫组和2个饲料组之间。试验结束时,丰年虫组的存活率最高,为(91.11±5.09)%,水丝蚓组的存活率最低,为(43.33±6.67)%。基于本试验的结果和川陕哲罗鲑的摄食特性,推荐最适的开口投喂方案为:0~10 d投喂丰年虫,10 d后逐步添加人工饲料进行转食。     

不同开口饵料对西伯利亚鲟仔鱼生长、存活和体成分的影响

分别采用水丝蚓（Limnodrilus sp.）、卤虫无节幼体（Artemia nauplii）、枝角类（Moina sp.）和人工饲料饲养西伯利亚鲟仔鱼30 d,研究不同开口饵料对西伯利亚鲟仔鱼生长、存活率和体成分的影响.结果表明：卤虫无节幼体为西伯利亚鲟最适开口饵料,仔鱼的存活率最高（96.67%）; 投喂水丝蚓组生长速度最快;而人工饲料组生长速度明显低于其他组,且成活率最低.不同开口饵料组间仔鱼体成分差异显著,人工饲料组水分含量最高,且粗蛋白和粗灰分含量最低.采用卤虫无节幼体为西伯利亚鲟仔鱼开口饵料,然后采用水丝蚓进行强化培育,能获得较好的生长速度和存活率.     

饵料对双齿围沙蚕生长发育的影响

一、前言双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis Grube)是江苏沿海潮间带大米草种植区滩涂中占优势的底栖环节动物,对江苏沿海土壤和气候有很强的适应性,产量高、个体大,成为当前出口活沙蚕的当家品种。近些年人们对它的生     

Combined effects of photoperiod and feeding frequency on survival and growth of juvenile cuttlefish Sepia officinalis L. in experimental rearing

The combined effects of photoperiod and feeding frequency on survival and growth of juvenile cuttlefish has been studied in experimental rearing. During juvenile cuttlefish growth, survival and growth rate were low when the photoperiod was short (8 h of light and 16 h of dark). Increased frequency of diet did not stimulate the appetite of animals reared in normal or long photoperiod (16 h of light and 8 h of dark). However, by studying the combined effects of photoperiod and feeding frequency, we have demonstrated that an increase in feeding frequency can enhance survival and growth in the group receiving the shortest period of light per day. Temperature is an important factor in the regulation of the incubation period of eggs and of growth after hatching, but it also appears in this investigation that the combined effect of photoperiod and feeding frequency must be considered during growth of juvenile cuttlefish.     

Consequences of larval intraspecific competition to stonefly growth and fecundity

Summary We conducted experiments in replicated circular streams to measure the effect of intraspecific larval density on growth rates, size at emergence, timing of emergence, and fecundity of two species of predatory stoneflies (Megarcys signata and Kogotus modestus, Perlodidae). Early instars of both species showed no significant effect of intraspecific larval density on mean growth rates, despite the observation that in the absence of competitors stoneflies ate on average, significantly more prey (Baetis bicaudatus, Ephemeroptera, Baetidae) than in the presence of competitors. However, larval size of stoneflies held at higher densities (two per chamber) diverged over time, resulting in a greater size variability (coefficient of variation) among Kogotus than in treatments with low densities of stoneflies (one per chamber). The effect of doubling the density of early-instar Megarcys larvae was also asymmetrical, resulting in one larger and one smaller individual. In contrast, doubling the density of last-instar stoneflies whose feeding rates declined significantly prior to emergence had few measurable consequences, except that male Megarcys, which continued to feed throughout the last instar, had lower average feeding rates in high-density than in low-density chambers, and emerged at a significantly smaller mean size. We conclude that competition between early-instar stonefly larvae results in an asymmetry of body sizes, but that competitive effects are reduced as larvae slow or cease feeding before emergence. Since larger females of both stonefly species produced more eggs, the probable cost to females of early-instar larval competition was a reduction in their potential contribution of offspring to the next generation. The cost of attaining a smaller body size for male stoneflies is unknown; but if, as in many other insects, larger males have greater reproductive success, larval competition may increase the opportunity for sexual selection among males. This hypothesis remains to be tested experimentally.     

Effect of reproductive state and body size on food consumption in captive Galago senegalensis braccatus

Measurements of food consumption for different types of foods were made for seven Galago senegalensis braccatus. Differences because of reproductive state in females and body size were found. Lactating females consumed more food in total and had greater energy and protein intake than they did during other reproductive states. Near-term pregnant females consumed less food, energy, and protein than they did during other reproductive states. Body size affected food intake, with smaller animals ingesting more per unit metabolic weight than larger subjects.     

Effect of short-term cold temperature stress on development,survival and reproduction of Dysdercus koenigii (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae)

Red cotton bug Dysdercus koenigii F. (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae), is found destructive pest in various cotton growing areas. Under natural conditions insects are highly subjected to thermal stresses. In present work the developmental duration and survival rate of all immature stages, adult longevity and reproduction of D. koenigii by exposed to rapid changes in very low temperatures were studied. When 3 h short-stress of low temperatures (12–0 °C) was given to different stages of D. koenigii, the results revealed that survival rate of all stages were significantly reduced. Survival rate of female was significantly higher than male after exposed to cold temperature stress. Mating percentage, fecundity and hatching percentage were decreased significantly with the decrease of short-term cold temperature stress. Based on these results, we concluded that the developmental duration, survival rate and reproduction of D. koenigii significantly affected when they exposed to short term cold temperature stress.     

酸性水对淡水螺类存活,生长与繁殖的影响

研究了酸性水对椭圆萝卜螺和铜锈环棱螺等淡水螺类存活、生长及繁殖的影响。结果表明,椭圆萝卜螺对低pH值的耐受能力,96小时LC_(50)值为pH3.96。pH值低于5.0时,淡水肺螺类产的卵袋数量较少,卵孵化时间较长,幼螺生长较缓慢。铜锈环棱螺仔螺在低pH(对照组)下生长到第35和45天时,其体长生长率分别为1.21和1.07％,而pH5.0组则仅有0.18和0.29％。pH5.5对淡水肺螺类无明显影响,pH3.0则不能生存。     

富钒酵母对多刺裸腹蚤的生物学效应

本文研究了富钒酵母对多刺裸腹蚤的寿命、存活率和生殖量的影响。结果表明: 不同钒浓度下富钒酵母组多刺裸腹蚤的平均寿命均长于相对应的无机钒组多刺裸腹蚤, 在相同钒浓度下, 富钒酵母和无机钒对多刺裸腹蚤的存活率和生殖量的影响差异更大, 富钒酵母比无机钒对多刺裸腹蚤的毒性要低。     

卡麦角林处理哺乳期小鼠对子代存活和生长的影响

哺乳期是兽类繁殖成功的关键阶段之一,本实验以不同浓度卡麦角林油溶液对哺乳早期雌性小鼠连续灌胃3 d,检测雌性小鼠体重和幼鼠存活及体重变化,以此确定卡麦角林对哺乳雌性小鼠繁殖成功的影响。结果发现,卡麦角林对雌性小鼠在哺乳期的体重相对增长率无显著影响,但处理组幼鼠出现部分死亡,0 μg / kg、50 μg / kg、100 μg/ kg、200 μg/ kg、400 μg/ kg 组幼鼠死亡率分别为1.30% 、3.85% 、4. 08% 、7.38% 、21.19% ,幼鼠死亡数和剂量呈正相关,400 μg / kg 组幼鼠成活率显著下降到78 8% ,其他剂量组幼鼠成活率与对照组差异不显著;给药后7 d 存活幼鼠的生长发育显著被抑制,之后处理组幼鼠体重变化与对照组无显著差异。上述结果表明卡麦角林处理哺乳早期雌性小鼠可降低幼鼠成活率并抑制存活幼鼠的生长发育,进而有可能降低雌性小鼠及其子代的繁殖成功率。     

Phenotypic plasticity and priority rules for energy allocation in a freshwater clam: a field experiment

We studied resource allocation among maintenance, reproduction and growth in the freshwater clam Anodonta piscinalis. Recent theoretical and empirical studies imply that organisms with indeterminate growth may have priority rules for energy allocation. That being so, the traits involved should potentially be capable of considerable phenotypic modulation, as a mechanism to adjust allocation. We tested this hypothesis using a 1-year reciprocal transplant experiment at six sites. Experimental clams were caged at higher than natural densities in order to detect any phenotypic modulation of the traits and discover the putative priority rules in energy allocation. We recorded the survival and shell growth of clams during the experiment, and the reproductive output, somatic mass and fat content of clams at the end of the experiment. Shell growth, somatic mass, and the reproductive output of females varied more among transplant sites than among the populations of origin, suggesting a high capacity for phenotypic modulation. However, the reproductive investment, somatic mass and shell growth were also affected by origin; clams from productive habitats invested more in reproduction and were heavier. In comparison to undisturbed clams, the reproductive output of the experimental clams was similar and their fat content was higher, whereas their shell growth was considerably slower and their somatic mass lower. These results suggests that when resources are limiting (due to high density) reproductive allocation overrides allocation to somatic growth. The highest mortality during the experiment coincided with the period of reproductive stress in the spring. Additionally, the proportion of reproducing females was lower in those transplant groups where the survival rate was lowest, suggesting that maintenance allocation overrides allocation to reproduction when available resources are scarce. The results of this field experiment support theoretical predictions and results of previous laboratory experiments that suggest that there are priority rules for energy allocation in organisms with indeterminate growth.     

The effects of tail loss on survival, growth, reproduction, and sex ratio of offspring in the lizard Uta stansburiana in the field

Tail autotomy is a defense against predators used by many lizard species but is associated with various costs, most of which have been measured only in the laboratory. We conducted a field experiment in which we induced tail autotomy to approximately half (58%) of a marked sample (n=326) of Uta stansburiana from western Texas in the fall, and left the other half with intact tails. The following spring we determined survival, measured growth, and brought females to the laboratory to allow them to oviposit their eggs, which we incubated until hatching. Based on past studies, we anticipated inferior survival, growth, and reproduction following tail autotomy. We also predicted that females with tail loss would be energetically compromised and would alter the sex ratio of their offspring toward more daughters (as predicted by the Trivers-Willard hypothesis). Tailless lizards experienced significantly reduced survivorship, but those that survived grew the same as their tailed counterparts. Tailed and tailless females produced clutches equivalent in number of eggs and total mass. Whereas tailed females showed a significant positive relationship between average egg mass and snout-vent length, tailless females did not. Contrary to our expectations, tailless females produced heavier hatchlings than tailed ones, and sex ratios of hatchlings were equivalent for tailed and tailless females. In this population, tail loss in subadults leads to an increased risk of death, but apparently does not impose an energetic handicap such that later growth and reproduction suffer. We suggest that because tailless females are faced with decreased reproductive value, they respond by growing as much and laying as many eggs of the same mass as tailed females, despite the fact that they are also regenerating the tail. In addition, they somehow produce larger hatchlings than tailed females. Nevertheless, tailless females probably end up with lower overall lifetime fitness than tailed females, and tail loss thus induces the conditional reproductive strategy ”make the best of a bad situation”. Because tailless females produce larger, not smaller, hatchlings, they do not produce more daughters as predicted; i.e., we found no evidence for the Trivers-Willard effect following tail autotomy. Received: 29 November 1998 / Accepted: 17 September 1999