中国全新世人群颞下颌关节尺寸的时代变化

本文通过对中国北方地区新石器时代(54例)、青铜铁器时代(189例) 和近代(92例) 成年男性颞下颌关节的多项测量项目的对比、分析, 对中国全新世人群颞下颌关节测量性状的变异问题进行了研究。结果显示近7000年来颞下颌关节的不同部位在全新世不同阶段有不同的变化特点。髁突、冠突在全新世厚度变薄, 髁突的变薄主要在新石器-青铜铁器时代, 冠突的变薄主要在青铜铁器-近代。髁突面积在全新世也在缩小, 在新石器-青铜铁器时代缩小的幅度更大。髁突顶缘弧度的变平、下颌窝的变浅主要发生在新石器-青铜铁器时代。髁突面积/下颌窝面积, 其变化主要发生在青铜铁器时代。这些变化可能与生活环境、食物结构改变、下颌骨与头骨不同的演化速率等有关。     

狶科化石一新种在内蒙古上始新统的发现

记述了在我国内蒙古沙拉木仑地区晚始新世乌兰戈楚组中发现的科化石———内蒙古短面 (新种 ) (Brachyhyopsneimongolensissp .nov .)。新种的主要特征是 :下颌骨深 ,前臼齿部分更缩短 ,下缘明显斜向前上方 ,颊齿主尖高锐 ,脊形 ,上臼齿梯形 ,已形成原脊 ,原尖位置靠后 ,M3具次尖 ,后齿带弱。研究表明Eoentelodon和Brachyhyops在下颌骨具骨质突起的刍形 ,前部缩短 ,下颌骨联合达p3,p3与p4彼此紧靠 ,下臼齿的下前尖与下后尖明显分开 ,以及上颊齿的形态上都很接近。Eoentelodon为Brachyhyops的后出同物异名     

国人(南京地区)颏孔的研究

为积累国人颏孔的资料和进行种族、地域的比较,本文对南京地区国人下颌骨颏孔的形状、位置和方向进行了观察。并对颏孔的大小及其与下颌骨各缘的距离进行了测量。
本文所用材料为南京地区出土的733个完整的成人下颌骨(共1466侧颏孔)。将下颌骨置于标准水平面上,在牙槽上加压,使下颌骨尽可能与平面接触,观察两侧颏孔的形的形状、开放方向及位置。通过颊孔的中心点O作水平线OA向后至下领支后缘, OB线向前至下领骨正中线;通过O点作垂线OC向下至基底缘、OD向上至牙槽缘;测量各线及颊孔的最大纵径和最大横径。     

陕西蓝田灞河组的小羚羊(Dorcadoryx Teilhard et Trassaert, 1938, Bovidae)

描述了牛科小羚羊(Dorcadorys Teilhard et Trassaert,1938)一新种:D.orientalis sp. nov.。材料发现于陕西蓝田Loc.6,晚中新世灞河组中部。它和属型种Dorcadoryx triquetricor- nis的主要不同在于它的角心长,向上分散度大,角后窝深而狭长,眼眶向头骨两侧突出不明显,下颌骨水平支低而纤细,颊齿窄和前臼齿列相对长等。Dorcadoryx是中国北方和蒙古地区晚中新世至早上新世的特有类型之一。我国山西晚中新世的?Tragoreas(Bohlin,1935)、蒙古新近纪晚期的Tragoreas sp.2和sp.3以及Olonbulukia(?)sp.(Dmitrieva,1977)可能是它的成员。经修订,属的主要特征是个体小至中等大小,头骨狭长,角基之间的额面不向上隆起,头骨弯曲发生在额顶骨之间,眶上孔小,眶前窝大,颅顶部狭长,基枕部具中沟,前结节不明显,角心位于眼眶之上、不旋转,内外侧扁,分散度不大,稍向后弯曲,角柄长,角后窝存在, 前臼齿列退化以及p4的下后尖和下前尖相连等。它可能属于山羊亚科,包含4—5种。新种可能是其中的一个早期类型。     

凉山地区树螱属一新种

凉山树螱Glyptotermes liangshanensis,新种 兵螱(图1A-F) 头赤棕色,近前缘略深,前唇基色淡,上唇淡黄褐色,,边缘略有透明感,上颚近黑色,颚基部色略淡,后颏前部淡赤棕色,后部为黄棕色,触角淡黄褐色,前胸背板色略淡,为黄棕色,中、后胸背板为淡黄白色,腿节淡黄,胫、跗节色略深。 背面观头呈长方形,两侧近乎平行,头最宽在中间或近后头处,后侧角宽圆,后缘几乎直。两额叶隆起极微;侧视之额坡面约为45°,头最厚在中段;头部被极稀少毛,后头几近无毛或仅具极少短毛。触角窝后方眼点极不明显,似不突出。后唇基长方形横     

山西榆社上新世山羊类一新属

本文记述山羊族(Caprini)—新属种:小型中国山羊(Sinocapra minor gen. et sp. nov.).化石产于山西榆社地区云簇盆地晚上新世麻则沟组中.它的主要特征是:角心短小,较直立于眼眶之上,不旋转,明显内外侧扁,无稜脊,角内中空或有窦;角基部之间的额面高于眼眶面,有一浅的角后窝存在.     

现代中国人群形成与分化的形态证据——中国与非洲和欧洲人群头骨非测量特征分析

现代人群形成与分化导致生活在世界不同地区的人类形成了具有明显体质特征差别的人群(或种族)。对更新世末期及全新世以来不同地理区域近代和现代人群体质特征差别、相互亲缘关系的分析是现代人群形成与分化研究的重要组成部分。本文通过对21项头骨非测量特征在近代和现代中国人群, 以及现代非洲和欧洲人群共330例标本的出现率和表现特点的观察和数据分析, 发现绝大多数特征的出现率或表现特点在三个人群间都具有不同程度的差异, 有些特征在人群间的差异甚至非常明显。与非洲及欧洲人群相比, 现代中国人头骨总体显得纤细, 眉弓、角圆枕、颧三角、颧结节等反映头骨粗壮程度的特征在现代中国人群的发育明显弱于非洲和欧洲人群。此外, 现代中国人群还具有一些明显不同于非洲和欧洲人群的头骨非测量特征, 包括锐利的眶外下缘、相对平坦的眉间鼻根点、较圆隆的颅侧壁、平坦的顶孔人字区、深弧形的上颌颧突下缘, 梯形和左右不一的鼻额-额颌缝走向等。采用判别分析可以将67.0%—79.5%的标本正确地判别归入其原来所属的组群。其中对中国人群的正确判别率分别达到70.4%和82.9%。个体标本分布显示非洲人群表现较大的分散性, 而中国和欧洲人群样本的分布明显密集集中, 提示中国和欧洲人群似乎具有更多的衍生性特征。本研究还发现多数在人群间差别显著的头骨非测量特征与头骨粗壮程度有关, 作者对相关的问题进行了分析探讨。     

贵州关岭新铺晚三叠世早期(Carnian)康尼克贝类腕足动物一新属--Pseudokoninckina

Pseudokoninckinagen.nov.归于康尼克贝类。模式种Pseudokoninckina xinpuensisgen.etsp.nov.的模式标本采自贵州关岭县城西南约35km新铺乡喇嘛村上三叠统下部(Carnian)竹杆坡组中部黑灰或黄灰色石灰岩。其贝体强烈膝曲,拖曳部长;背壳极为深凹,侧坡高又陡峭,两侧区和拖曳部呈薄壳状;两耳翼端强烈向背方膝曲;背三角孔覆有背三角双板,但腹三角孔洞开。腹内两侧隔板极高又长;腹中隔脊低宽,前部二分叉,后部三分叉。背内第三壳层厚,在背壳底两侧区隆起呈两条隆脊;主突起高强。壳表饰有微弱同心线和毛发状放射纹。这些特征在康尼克贝类中是很独特的。     

改良颅窝减压术在Chiari畸形Ⅰ型患者中的应用及对其脑脊液动力学的影响

目的:分析改良颅窝减压术在Chiari畸形Ⅰ型患者中的应用及其对脑脊液动力学的影响。方法:收集我院2013年3月至2015年3月诊治的82例Chiari畸形Ⅰ型患者,按照抽签法分为对照组和观察组,各41例,对照组予以传统颅窝减压术,观察组予以改良颅窝减压术,比较两组临床疗效、并发症、脑脊液动力学[包含脑导管层面、脑桥腹侧平面、C3腹侧平面头端最大峰值流速(VDmax)、尾端最大峰值流速(VUmax)、每博出量(SV)]以及颅脊角变化。结果:观察组疾病控制率(95.12%)显著高于对照组(80.49%)(P0.05),并发症发生率(4.88%)低于对照组(19.51%)(P0.05)。术后,观察组脑导管层面、脑桥腹和C3腹侧平面VDmax、VUmax、SV和颅脊角、枕骨大孔径值均明显优于对照组(P0.05)。结论:改良颅窝减压术在Chiari畸形Ⅰ型患者中的临床效果值得肯定,能够改善患者的脑脊液动力学。     

额叶蠊蜂属Trirogma二新种记述(膜翅目,泥蜂科:蠊蜂亚科)

额叶蠊蜂属Trirogma Westwood,1841的主要特征是:体长10—18毫米;蓝绿色至黑色;触角窝靠近,触角基部被1前部扁平的额叶所复盖;前胸领片隆起,有宽、深的中纵沟,两侧角呈瘤状突;中胸盾片后侧角强烈地弯折成1广阔的凹陷;前翅M脉在Cu-a脉上或之前分叉;而后翅M脉则在Cu-a之后分叉。该属主要狩猎蜚蠊目蜚蠊科的大蠊     

宝鸡、华县新石器时代人骨的错畸形

本文选宝鸡、华县发掘的新石器时代人骨中牙列较完整的颌骨标本进行观察及测量,以了解我国新石器时代人类中错(牙合)畸形的发病情况。发现在该时期的人类中已可见到多种今天常见的错(牙合)畸形。统计了错(牙合)的发病率,并对一例颜面不对称畸形标本的病理机制和病因进行了分析和讨论。     

The position of the Nazlet Khater specimen among prehistoric and modern African and Levantine populations

The morphometric affinities of the 33,000 year old skeleton from Nazlet Khater, Upper Egypt are examined using multivariate statistical procedures. In the first part, principal components analysis is performed on a dataset of mandible dimensions of 220 fossils, sub-fossils and modern specimens, ranging in time from the Late Pleistocene to recent and restricted in space to the African continent and Southern Levant. In the second part, mean measurements for various prehistoric and modern African and Levantine populations are incorporated in the statistical analysis. Subsequently, differences between male and female means are examined for some of the modern and prehistoric populations. The results indicate a strong association between some of the sub-Saharan Middle Stone Age (MSA) specimens, and the Nazlet Khater mandible. Furthermore, the results suggest that variability between African populations during the Neolithic and Protohistoric periods was more pronounced than the range of variability observed among recent African and Levantine populations. Results also demonstrate a general reduction in the degree of sexual dimorphism during the Holocene. However, this pattern of reduction pattern varies by geographic location and is not uniform across the African continent.     

Modulation in the feeding prey capture of the ant-lion, Myrmeleon crudelis

Ant-lions are pit-building larvae (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae), which possess relatively large mandibles used for catching and consuming prey. Few studies involving terrestrial arthropod larva have investigated prey capture behavior and kinematics and no study has shown modulation of strike kinematics. We examined feeding kinematics of the ant-lion, Myrmeleon crudelis, using high-speed video to investigate whether larvae modulate strike behavior based on prey location relative to the mandible. Based on seven capture events from five M. crudelis, the strike took 17.60 ± 2.92?msec and was characterized by near-simultaneous contact of both mandibles with the prey. Modulation of the angular velocity of the mandibles based on prey location was clearly demonstrated. M. crudelis larvae attempted to simultaneously contact prey with both mandibles by increasing mean angular velocity of the far mandible (65 ± 21?rad?sec(-1) ) compared with the near mandible (35 ± 14?rad?sec(-1) ). Furthermore, kinematic results showed a significant difference for mean angular velocity between the two mandibles (P<0.005). Given the lengthy strike duration compared with other fast-striking arthropods, these data suggest that there is a tradeoff between the ability to modulate strike behavior for accurate simultaneous mandible contact and the overall velocity of the strike. The ability to modulate prey capture behavior may increase dietary breadth and capture success rate in these predatory larvae by allowing responsive adjustment to small-scale variations in prey size, presentation, and escape response.     

Vegetational and environmental history during the Holocene in the Esbjerg area, west Jutland, Denmark

A pollen diagram from a site in the Esbjerg area, western Denmark, is used for reconstruction of the Holocene vegetational and environmental history there. During the Atlantic there was a parallel development of the landscape to that of other areas in Jylland (Jutland). From the late Neolithic onwards the development took its own course related to the approaching North Sea, which periodically inundated parts of the Esbjerg area. The record reflects landscape development in a formerly marine valley where sediments seem to be missing from parts of the Bronze Age and the early Iron Age. Consequently the landscape development during these times is only reflected in glimpses in the vegetation record, which shows gradually more open woodland and increasing human impact. During the late part of the Iron Age, Viking period and Middle Ages, the woodland was diverse in taxa but became increasingly open, finally reaching a stage during which there may have been too little wood even for daily use. At the same time the use of the land intensified. During the Sub-Atlantic, the Esbjerg area offered good natural resources with extensive grazing areas in the marine marshes in addition to good possibilities for farming and use of the woodland on higher ground, but devastating floods occurred.     

Some paleopathological cases of the ancient Anatolian mandibles

This paper deals with four cases of temporomandibular arthritis encountered in the mandibles of individuals who lived in Anatolia during protohistorical and historical times. Among these cases, are two mandibular condyles belonging to the Neolithic period and one mandibular condyle belonging to the Chalcolithic period showing an osteo-arthritic lesion. While in the temporomandibular joint of the individual belonging to Middle Bronze Age, arthritic double condyles is shown resulting in ankylosis.     

Mandible shape in marsupial and placental carnivorous mammals: a morphological comparative study using geometric morphometrics

We analysed mandible shape of the orders Dasyuromorpha, Didelphimorphia, and Carnivora using two‐dimensional geometric morphometrics, in order to explore the relationship between shape, size, and phylogeny. We studied 541 specimens, covering most of the genera of the terrestrial Carnivora (115 species) and a wide sample of marsupials (36 species). The observed shape variation had an ecological component. As an example, omnivorous carnivores have thick mandibles and large talonids in the carnassials, while hypercarnivores possess short mandibles and reduced talonids. There is also a discrimination between different taxonomic groups (i.e. marsupials and Carnivora), indicating some kind of constraint. Size explains a large percentage of total variance (large species had shorter and stronger mandibles, with anteriorly displaced carnassials), was significant when phylogeny was taken into account with a comparative method, but not when size and shape were optimized on the phylogeny. Carnivora presents a larger disparity and variation in body size, which could be related to the difference in teeth replacement. The optimization of mandible shape on the phylogenetic tree indicates that functional aspects, such as diet, are a key factor in the evolution of the carnivore mandible, but also that there is a phylogenetic pattern that cannot be explained by differences in diet alone. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 164 , 836–855.     

It's all relative: allometry and variation in the baculum (os penis) of the harp seal, Pagophilus groenlandicus (Carnivora: Phocidae)

We compared allometry and variation in the baculum (os penis), mandible, and humerus of the harp seal, Pagophilus groenlandicus. This species is presumed to have a promiscuous mating system in which choice of mate by females during intromission with different males is likely. The baculum is large and grows throughout life so may be an honest indicator of males' quality (size) or viability (age). We predicted that bacular size would exhibit stronger allometry relative to body size than mandibles or humeri. The baculum is less functionally (mechanically) constrained than mandibles or humeri so we also predicted it would be more variable, though less variable than sexually selected traits which do not function as honest indicators. Our sample (N=67 seals) represented broad ranges of size and age (0–35 yr) so we compared variation using residuals from allometric regressions of skeletal measurements on body length. Bacular size was isometric to body length until ∼ 137 cm (when some seals enter puberty) in body length then was highly positively allometric; mandibular and humeral size were negatively allometric to body length throughout growth. Bacula were more variable than mandibles or humeri. Bacular size in large specimens (>137 cm in body length) was related strongly to body length and weakly to age. We interpret bacular size to be an uncheatable honest indicator of male quality and viability. High bacular variation conforms with theoretical predictions of females' asymmetrical choice of mate and choice of extremes, and may reflect corresponding anatomical variation among females. Some bacular variation may also result incidentally from positive allometry coupled with lifelong bacular growth, which can amplify early differences between reproductive and somatic growth, enabled by weak selection on bacular form in relation to function.     

Environmental impact of neolithic and bronze age farming in the eastern Pyrenees forelands, based on multidisciplinary investigations at La Caune de Bélesta (Bélesta Cave), near Perpignan, France

Results of multidisciplinary studies, involving anthracology, archaeology and geoarchaeology, that have been carried out on Neolithic to Bronze Age deposits from Bélesta Cave, eastern Pyrenees, are reported. These show that the type of human activity, i.e. pastoralism alone or a more diversified farming economy, and continuity/discontinuity of occupation are the main factors that determine the structure and evolution of the Holocene vegetation in the region. Neolithic pastoral activities were not continuous and so did not have an enduring influence on the natural environment. The more continuous and diversified exploitation associated with Bronze Age cultures was responsible for the development and maintenance of the low garrigues.     

Morphological and ecological characteristics of moose, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Alces</Emphasis> cf. <Emphasis Type="Italic">alces</Emphasis> (Artiodactyla), from the southeast of Western Siberia in the Late Neopleistocene and Holocene

Fossil, subfossil, and recent materials of moose from the southeast of Western Siberia, including the remains of the skull, antlers, mandibles, and postcranial skeleton, has been analyzed. Adaptive features revealed in the structure of the mandible (a high pars dentalis) suggest that forests were a less typical habitat for ancient moose, compared to recent A. a. alces. The high pars dentalis of the mandible and the shape of antlers, with a long basal part and bifurcated spatula, are indicative of their close relation to A. americanus from Eastern Siberia. Thus, moose from the Late Neopleistocene and Holocene appear to represent the same species as A. americanus. It cannot be excluded, however, that A. cf. alces is a special type of European A. a. alces moose in which the characters convergent to Eastern Siberian A. americanus developed independently, due to habitation in similar open (forest-steppe and steppe) landscapes.