高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔骨骼中非必需微量元素的测定

铅、镉、砷、汞、锑和铋等元素是人与动物生命活动非必需且有害的微量元素[1] 。哺乳类动物体内的这些微量元素主要由食物链传递所产生[2 ,3] 。本文对高原鼢鼠 (Ｍｙｏｓｐａｌａｘｂａｉｌｅｙｉ)和高原鼠兔(Ｏｃｈｏｔｏｎａｃｕｒｚｏｎｉａｅ)骨骼中非必需微量元素砷、锑、汞、铋、铅、镉的分布、种间含量差异及其相关性进行了分析和讨论 ,为高寒草甸生态系统研究小哺乳动物的营养生态学、化学生态学以及生态系统的物质循环[4 ,5] 等提供基础资料。1　材料与方法1 1　样品预处理1994年 5～ 6月在中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站…     

Accumulation of trace elements in agricultural topsoil under different geological background

For establishing rational farming mechanism, it is essential to know the relative contribution of different geological background and anthropogenic activities to trace elements in agricultural soil. In this paper, 282 surface soil samples were collected based on the different geological background. Five harmful trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb) were analyzed. The results indicated most of trace elements contents were far beyond the threshold of uncultivated soil background, which indicate anthropogenic input strongly influenced on trace elements in agricultural soil. In addition, correlation analysis showed trace element contents exhibited high relationships with soil pH, C/N and physical clay (<0.01 mm) (p?<?0.05). The principal component analysis showed that the first component included Cd, Cr and Hg, while Pb and As formed the second component. Furthermore, in the agricultural topsoil derived from carbonate rock, the high background values of trace elements and alkaline condition made the enrichments of Cd, Cr and Hg were the most significant. In the agricultural topsoil derived from red residua, the Pb and As contents was the highest values among the soil categories, partly because the type of soil had amount of physical clay (<0.01 mm). In the agricultural topsoil derived from shale, the pH or physical clay had significant relationship with Cd, Pb, Hg and As (p?<?0.01). In the agricultural topsoil derived from sand stone, the acid condition and loose texture might account for the lowest values of Cd, Cr, Pb and As content to some extent.     

西安市蔬菜中重金属污染分析评价

采用原子吸收光谱法和原子荧光光度法,测定了西安市郊区10种蔬菜40个样品中汞、砷、铅、铬和镉的含量;并以国家标准(GB18406.1-2001)为依据.对蔬菜重金属污染状况进行分析评价,以明确西安市蔬菜中重金属污染状况.结果表明,西安市10种蔬菜总体合格率为83%,铅是蔬菜中的主要污染元素,在测定的10种蔬菜中普遍存在,总体超标率为77.5%;汞和铬只在芹菜和茼蒿上出现污染,总体超标率分别为10%和2.5%;叶菜类蔬菜铅污染>茄果类蔬菜;砷和镉含量均末超过国家标准规定,合格率为100%.铅的污染程度按蔬菜种类依次为:生菜>茼蒿>韭菜>茄子>芹菜>豇豆>青椒>油麦菜>西红柿>黄瓜,按不同生产区域依次为:西郊>北郊>东郊>南郊.     

浙江油茶产地土壤和果实金属元素含量特征

为探讨油茶(Camellia oleifera)产地土壤和油茶果实中金属元素分布和富集特征,在油茶果实成熟期,对浙江5个油茶产地土壤及油茶果实中金属元素进行污染分析和富集能力评价.结果表明,浙江油茶产地土壤中Pb、Cr、Cd、As、Hg、Ni、Cu和Zn含量低于农用地土壤污染风险筛选值,综合污染等级为安全.个别产区常山...     

金毛狗对重金属的富集特性的研究

为探讨金毛狗[Cibotium barometz(L.) J. Sm.]对重金属的富集能力,在广东省选取6个样点(南岭、南昆山、白云山、大岭山、梧桐山、西樵山)采集金毛狗的叶片、根状茎和根际土壤,采用ICP-MS测定9种重金属元素(Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg、Pb)的含量。结果表明,样地土壤已受到不同程度的重金属污染,土壤中Cd和Hg含量均高于广东省土壤背景值,分别为背景值的1.61~4.82倍和4.74~11.79倍。西樵山土壤中Cd含量最大,南岭土壤中Hg含量最大。在9种元素中,金毛狗对Hg的转运系数最高,达4.8,对Cd的富集系数最高,达2.2,Cu和Cd元素的转运系数和富集系数均大于1。这说明金毛狗对重金属元素的富集能力较弱而转运能力较强。     

某农药工业园区周边土壤重金属含量与风险评价

以苏南某农药工业园区周边30km2区域为研究区,采用同心圆法采集土壤样品183个,分析了农药工业园区周边土壤Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn、Hg和As8种重金属含量、空间变异性、来源及潜在风险.结果表明:以自然背景值为评价标准,研究区表层土壤Hg、Cu、Cd和Pb平均含量超过自然背景值,其中Hg和Cu含量最高;以国标二级标准为评价标准,土壤Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb、Zn、As6种重金属的单项污染指数平均值均小于1,Hg和Cu分别为1.59和1.05.在农药工业园区周边土壤重金属污染较重的东南方向和西北方向,随着与园区距离的增加,土壤Cd、Ni、Pb、Cr、As、Hg、Zn和Cu含量先上升、后下降、再趋于平稳.通过分析农药工业园区周边土壤重金属综合污染指数发现,距离园区约200～1000m周边土壤污染的风险较大,而1000m以外逐渐达到安全范围.利用地统计学和GIS相结合进行分析发现,8种重金属污染指数有明显的空间变异.依据相关分析与主成分分析结果推测,Zn、Ni、Cr、Pb和As主要来源于成土母质,而Hg、Cu和Cd主要与人类活动有关.     

Metal concentrations in Sargassum algae from coastal waters of Nha Trang Bay (South China Sea)

The concentrations of metals, viz., Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Ni, were investigated in brown algae of the genus Sargassum collected in the coastal waters of Nha Trang Bay (South China Sea). Metal concentrations in algae growing in the zone of influence of the city of Nha Trang were higher than those in macrophytes collected to the south and north of the city. Similar levels of Cu and Fe concentrations were observed in macrophytes from the urbanized coastal areas of Nha Trang Bay and in algae from the Peter the Great Bay (Sea of Japan). This is suggestive of comparable metal inputs from the anthropogenic sources of the cities of Nha Trang and Vladivostok (Peter the Great Bay). However, the concentrations of Pb, Ni, and Cd in algae from the coastal waters of Nha Trang Bay were lower than in macrophytes from the inshore zone of Vladivostok. The high level of pollution of sea water with Zn compounds near Nha Trang was local. The metal levels in macrophytes from background areas reflect the geochemical features of the environment. Sargassum algae from Nha Trang Bay had lower concentrations of Zn, Cd, and Ni and higher concentrations of Mn than algae from Peter the Great Bay. The background concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Fe in macrophytes from both bays were virtually the same.     

Controlling Factors and Pollution Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements in Topsoils of the Issyk-Kul Lake Region,Central Asia

The Issyk-Kul Lake region is well known for its magnificent scenery and unique scientific significance. With multivariable statistical methods, the contents of several geochemical elements (Fe, Mn, V, Zn, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, As, Mo, Cd, Sb, Tl, Pb, and Hg) and total organic matter of 61 topsoil samples were analyzed, and then, the results were used to assess the environmental factors controlling the concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTE) in the region. The results showed that most of the elements including Fe, Mn, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, As, and Sb reflected the natural state, but several PTE (Zn, Mo, Hg, Cd, Pb, and Tl) had been influenced by anthropogenic factors. Among these, Zn, Mo, Hg, and Cd were significantly correlated with the organic matter content, which suggests that agricultural soils will accumulate more PTE. From the calculations for the human risk assessment of anthropogenically derived PTE (Zn, Mo, Hg, Cd, Pb, and Tl), the risks for ingestion in this region were found to be higher than those for inhalation and dermal absorption; however, the results also suggested there are no non-carcinogenic risks for all anthropogenically influenced PTE in the current state.     

Sources and risk assessment of toxic elements in the agricultural soil of Tiantai County of Zhejiang province,China

Abstract

The aim of this study was to quantify the pollution level of toxic elements, their ecological risk and human health hazard in the agricultural soil of Tiantai County, Zhejiang province. A total of 2651 soil samples were collected and analyzed for 13 toxic elements using different analytical techniques. The concentration of Cd, Pb, Hg, Mn, and Zn was higher than the Zhejiang background value in more than 50% of samples. Enrichment factor showed that As, Cd, Hg, Mo, Pb, Se, V, and Zn were anthropogenically loaded and most of the toxic elements showed poor spatial distribution. Nemerow pollution index showed that Chicheng, Shiliang, Pingqiao, Tantou, and Youngxi towns were seriously polluted by toxic elements. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis showed that Co, Cr, Ni, and Cu, whereas, Cd, Pb, and Zn shared the similar source of origin. A large area of Tiantai County experiencing moderate to a serious level of pollution but most of the toxic elements exhibit low risk to the environment except Cd and Hg. Furthermore, children were more prone to health hazards than adults with following order: As?>?Cr?>?Pb?>?Mn. Overall, As and Pb were prominent for pollution, ecological risk, and human health hazards.     

包头南海子湿地三种鹭鸟羽毛与环境中重金属含量的关系

于2016年7至10月采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES),测定了内蒙古包头南海子湿地繁殖期过后的白琵鹭(Platalea leucorodia)、苍鹭(Ardea cinerea)和夜鹭(Nycticorax nycticorax)3种鹭鸟初级飞羽及环境因子(水、土壤、食物)中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn、Fe、Mn、Hg 10种重金属的含量,采用单因素方差分析方法比较了不同鹭鸟种类羽毛重金属含量差异,并通过生物富集系数及Pearson相关性检验分析了羽毛与环境因子间重金属含量之间的关系,以揭示包头南海子湿地环境中重金属污染现状及生物富集特征。结果表明:(1)被检测的10种重金属中,As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Hg 7种元素在湿地环境中均已超标,尤其土壤中Fe、Zn、Cu已达到重度污染的程度。(2)不同重金属元素在鹭鸟羽毛中的含量存在差异,其中Fe元素在白琵鹭羽毛中的含量水平最高(388.77 mg/kg),Cd元素在夜鹭羽毛中的含量最低(0.12 mg/kg)。在鹭鸟羽毛中重金属含量由高至低的顺序分别为,白琵鹭Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu、Hg、Cr、Ni、Pb、As、Cd,苍鹭Zn、Fe、Cu、Cr、Ni、As、Mn、Hg、Pb、Cd,夜鹭Zn、Fe、Mn、Cu、Ni、Pb、Hg、Cr、As、Cd。除Pb和Cd元素外,其他8种元素含量在3种鹭鸟羽毛中的含量种间差异显著。(3)相关分析表明,鹭鸟羽毛中的重金属含量与环境因子中的重金属含量显著相关且呈现富集特征,为此可作为监测当地环境污染的指示性材料。     

厦门中华白海豚体内微量元素的初步分析

对5头中华白海豚(Sousa chinensis)9种器官组织中的Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Hg、Ni、Se、As、Mg、Mn、Al等微量元素的含量进行了测定。结果表明,在少年个体中,Cu(P<0·05)和Mn(P<0·01)在肝中的含量及Zn在肝(P<0·01)、肠(P<0·05)、胃(P<0·05)和心(P<0·05)中的含量明显高于肌肉中相应微量元素的含量,其余微量元素在各种组织中变化不大;在成年个体中,Pb在肺中的含量明显高于肝(P<0·001)、肌肉(P<0·01)、胃(P<0·01)和心(P<0·05)中的含量,Hg在肝中的含量明显高于胰(P<0·05)。整体上来说,大多数微量元素在成体中的含量高于少年个体,表明微量元素是随年龄的增长而逐渐累积的。有毒重金属如Hg、Cd和Pb在肾、肝以及卵巢中累积较多,提示这些器官承受了较大的毒性压力。     

Genetic differentiation of pink salmon oncorhynchus gorbuscha Walbaum in the Asian part of the range

Genetic variation at 19 allozyme (including 11 polymorphic) and 10 microsatellite loci was examined in the population samples of odd- and even-broodline pink salmon from the southern part of Sakhalin Island, Southern Kuril Islands, and the northern coast of the Sea of Okhotsk. The estimates of relative interpopulation component of genetic variation over the allozyme loci, per broodline, were on average 0.43% (GST), while over the microsatellite loci it was 0.26% (the theta(ST) coefficient, F-statistics based on the allele frequency variance), and 0.90% (the rho(ST) coefficient, R-statistics based on the allele size variance). The values of interlinear component constituted 2.34, 0.31, and 1.05% of the total variation, respectively. Using the allozyme loci, statistically significant intralinear heterogeneity was demonstrated among the regions, as well as among the populations of Southern Sakhalin Island. Multivariate scaling based on the allozyme data demonstrated regional clustering of the sample groups, representing certain populations during the spawning run or in different years. Most of the microsatellite loci examined were found to be highly polymorphic (mean heterozygosity > 0.880). The estimates of interlinear, interregional, and interpopulation variation over these loci in terms of theta(ST) values were substantially lower than in terms of rho(ST) values. Regional genetic differentiation, mostly expressed at the allozyme loci among the populations from the northern and southern parts of the Sea of Okhotsk (i.e., between the Sakhalin and Kuril populations), was less expressed at the microsatellite loci. The differentiation between these regions observed can be considered as the evidence in favor of a large-scale isolation by distance characterizing Asian pink salmon. It is suggested that in pink salmon, low genetic differentiation at neutral microsatellite loci can be explained by extremely high heterozygosity,of the loci themselves, as well as by the migration gene exchange among the populations (the estimate of the genetic migration coefficient inferred from the "private" allele data constituted 2.6 to 3.4%), specifically, by the ancient migration exchange, which occurred during postglacial colonization and colonization of the range.     

Heavy Metals in Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from Marmara Sea, Turkey

Marmara Sea is one of the main catching areas of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) in Turkey, and a significant portion of the harvest has been exported mainly to European countries. In this study, Zn, Cu, Cd, Hg, and Pb in mussels from ten catching areas in Marmara Sea were analyzed to investigate health risks associated with consuming mussels. Mercury was not detected (<0.15 ppb) in any of the samples. The highest concentrations of Cu and Cd were 3.473 and 0.740 mg kg^?1 (wet weight, WW), respectively, well below the maximum permissible levels. All samples contained Zn higher than 50 mg kg^?1, while Pb was above the limits in the samples from stations 1, 4, 6, and 8. Mussels from Marmara Sea are safe regarding Cu, Cd, and Hg but may contain Zn and Pb above the permissible limits. However, metal contents of mussels from Marmara Sea are mostly lower than those of the regions in other areas of the world. It was concluded that Marmara Sea has a potential of being a safe source of mussels if industrial inputs somewhat reduced and controlled. Concentrations of heavy metals in mussels must be monitored comprehensively and periodically with respect to the consumer health.     

江苏省典型区农田土壤及小麦中重金属含量与评价

为了研究江苏省典型区地震带农田土壤和小麦中重金属的污染,在具有代表性的农田采集收获期小麦及耕层土壤,分析和评价了土壤和小麦中重金属Cu、Pb、Cd、Ni、Cr、Hg、As和Zn的含量及污染程度。结果表明,土壤样品中Cd、Zn、Pb的含量均超过江苏省土壤背景值,Cr、Cu、Ni和As分别有25.64%、97.44%、92.31%和92.31%的土壤样品中超过江苏省土壤背景值,Hg的含量均在背景值以下;与国家土壤环境质量标准(GB15618—1995)中Ⅱ级标准相比,Cd的含量均超出标准限值,其它7种重金属元素含量均在标准限值以下。土壤中重金属相关分析表明,Cd、Cu、Cr、Ni、Pb、Zn、As具有相同的来源的可能性较大,而Hg与Cd、Cu、Cr、Ni、Pb、Zn、As的来源均不相同。以NY 861—2004为评价标准,小麦籽粒Pb、Cr、Hg、Ni、As样品超标率分别为100%、58.97%、33.33%、10.26%、2.56%,Cu、Zn和Cd没有样品超标,由此可见小麦籽粒中Pb的污染最为严重。采用单因子污染指数法、综合污染指数法和Hakanson潜在生态评价指数法以国家土壤环境质量标准(GB15618—1995)和江苏省土壤背景值为参比值,对农田土壤重金属污染进行评价,结果显示,从单项污染指数来看只有Cd达到重度污染水平,其它元素均在安全范围以内,从综合污染指数来看土壤重金属污染达到中度污染水平,从潜在生态评价指数法来看,研究区域表现为很强的生态危害,并以Cd为主要污染因子。     

Distribution of Heavy Metals and Arsenic in Greenbelt Roadside Soils of Pudong New District in Shanghai

We studied the distribution of seven heavy metals and As in typical municipal greenbelt roadside soils in Pudong New District, Shanghai, China. As and Ni showed no significant accumulation compared with the background values of the local soils, but there was strong evidence of accumulation of Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn in the roadside soils. However, only Zn and Cd contents were higher than the pollution thresholds of the Chinese National Soil Quality standard. The concentrations of heavy metal(loid)s in the soils were significantly affected by the length of time since the roads were constructed. Soils from areas adjacent to an older road had higher levels of Cu, Pb, Cd and Zn. In terms of spatial distribution, more Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were found in the soil from the green areas of median between carriageways than from those of the roadside verges. Vertical distribution analysis shows that the contents of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn had maximum values in the topsoil and were substantially lower in the deeper layers of the soil profile. Moreover, correlation analysis reveals that these four heavy metals originated from the same pollution sources and their contents were directly associated with the traffic density.     

贵州木油厂汞矿区4种藓类植物及其基质中重金属元素分析

通过对贵州木油厂汞矿区4种藓类植物(真藓、卵蒴真藓、羽枝青藓和圆枝粗枝藓)及其生长基质中的Cu、Zn、Ca、Mg、Cd、Pb、Hg、As 8种元素进行测定分析,以揭示藓类植物与生长基质中重金属元素及其污染程度的关系.结果表明:(1)贵州木油厂汞矿区藓类植物生长基质中Cu、Hg和As元素的平均含量分别是相应国标值的1.29倍、300倍和1.69倍,说明该矿区已受到Cu、Hg和As的污染,且Hg污染特别严重.(2)羽枝青藓的As、Zn、Cd和Pb含量均最高,圆枝粗枝藓的Cu、Ca、Mg和Hg含量均最高,对重金属具有较强的耐受性.(3)羽枝青藓和圆枝粗枝藓对Zn均强烈富集,其富集系数分别为6.14和3.364;羽枝青藓、卵蒴真藓和真藓对Pb均强烈富集,其富集系数分别为13.769、9.547和3.004;表明羽枝青藓对Zn和Pb的富集能力最强,可用于土壤Zn和Pb的污染治理.(4)4种藓类植物对Cu 的富集系数为0.915～1.184,卵蒴真藓和圆枝粗枝藓对Hg的富集系数分别为0.542和0.682,圆枝粗枝藓对As的富集系数为0.74,均为同一水平,表明4种藓类植物可指示其生长基质中Cu、Hg和As的含量.(5)元素间的相关分析显示,木油厂汞矿的Cd和As之间呈显著负相关(P＜0.05),表明两元素间有拮抗作用.     

Human Exposure to Arsenic,Cadmium, Mercury,and Lead from Foods in Catalonia,Spain: Temporal Trend

The main purpose of this study was to establish the temporal trend in the daily dietary intake of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) by the population of Catalonia, Spain. Concentrations of these elements were determined in samples of a number of food items widely consumed in that country. The dietary intake of As, Cd, Hg, and Pb was then estimated for various age–gender groups of population: children, adolescents, adults, and seniors. In the present study, the dietary intakes of As, inorganic As, Cd, Hg, methylmercury, and Pb were 328.37, 16.22, 19.47, 11.39, 10.25, and 101.47 μg/day, respectively, while in a previous (2006) survey, the dietary intakes of As, inorganic As, Cd, Hg, methylmercury, and Pb were 261.01, 33.17, 9.80, 12.61, 11.35, and 45.13 μg/day, respectively. The estimated intakes of Cd, Hg, and Pb are still notably lower than the respective PTWIs, while that of inorganic As is also lower than its BMDL₀₁. In summary, the results of this study indicate that, currently, the dietary intakes of As, Cd, Hg, and Pb should not mean additional health risks for the consumers.     

四种金花茶组植物叶片金属元素含量及富集特性研究

以四种金花茶组植物为研究对象,采用原子吸收光谱法和原子荧光法,测定其嫩叶、老叶及对应土壤中Mg、Ca、Mn、Fe、Zn、Ni、Se、Pb、Cd、Hg、As共11种元素的含量,并分别计算嫩叶和老叶对土壤金属元素的富集系数.结果表明:(1)4种金花茶组植物叶片富含Mg、Ga、Mn、Fe、Zn、Ni等营养元素,各元素在叶片中含量为Ca>Mg>Mn>Fe>Zn>Ni>Se;Pb、Cd、As、Hg等重金属元素含量较低,均达到无公害茶叶标准.(2)老叶和嫩叶中各金属元素含量差异较大,老叶中的Ca、Mn、Fe、Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg、As、Se元素含量均大于嫩叶,尤以Ca、Mn、Fe差异显著;嫩叶中的Mg和Ni含量大于老叶.(3)金花茶组植物对不同金属元素的富集能力不同,对各元素富集能力强弱为Ca、Mn、Mg>Zn、Ni、Hg>Pb、Se>Fe、As,老叶和嫩叶的富集规律存在差异.(4)不同金花茶组植物对金属元素的富集能力有较大差异,龙州金花茶(Camellia longzhouensis)和黄花抱茎茶(C.murauchii)对Mg、Ca、Mn、Zn、Ni、Se、Pb的富集能力均大于金花茶(C.nitidissima)和毛籽金花茶(C.ptilosperma).其中,龙州金花茶对Mg、Mn、Se的富集能力最强,黄花抱茎茶对Ca、Pb、Hg富集能力最强,金花茶对Hg的富集能力较强,对其它元素的富集能力均较弱;毛籽金花茶对Ca、Mn、Ni、Zn的富集能力均最弱.该研究结果为金花茶组植物的进一步开发和利用提供了理论依据.     

迁安市农田重金属含量空间变异性

利用地统计学和GIS相结合的方法,对河北省迁安市农田土壤耕层（0～20 cm)8种重金属含量的空间变异性进行了研究.结果表明,农田中8种重金属含量均值未超过土壤环境质量(GB15618-1995)二级标准,属于中等变异.Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr和As含量的变异函数理论模型符合指数模型,空间相关程度强;Hg和Cd含量的变异函数理论模型符合球状模型,空间相关程度中等;Pb含量具有纯块金效应,空间相关程度弱.在整个研究尺度上,Pb含量具有恒定的变异,其余7种重金属含量由空间自相关部分引起的空间变异性起主要作用,空间相关距离为11～20 km.用普通Kriging方法对Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Hg、As和Cd含量空间局部插值表明,北部山地重金属含量较高,而中部盆地重金属含量较低.