认识Munc13*

Munc13是C.elegans Unc-13和Drosophila Dunc-13在哺乳动物中的同系物,有四种亚型,是SNARE蛋白的调节蛋白之一。Munc13蛋白含有两个结构域:C1和C2结构域,DAG/佛波醇结合到C1结构域上,能增强Munc13-1促进囊泡成熟的能力。在神经递质的胞吐过程中,有许许多多的蛋白参与,其中Munc,Synaptotagmin和Rab等蛋白家族是其重要的调节因子。同时,囊泡的转运和分泌也需要这些功能特殊的蛋白质的参与。全面了解Munc13的结构域与功能及其在分泌中的地位和分泌模式,有助于其在临床医学中的应用,如其在胰岛素释放等分泌调节中起着的重要作用。     

Syntaxin 1A 与 Munc18a 在细胞内的相互作用和定位研究

Syntaxin 1A (Syn1A) 和 Munc18a 蛋白在囊泡转运和分泌中起着至关重要的作用,然而它们在细胞中分选和转运的分子机制目前尚不清楚 . 我们用绿色荧光蛋白 (EGFP) 和红色荧光蛋白 (TDimer2) 分别标记 Syn1A 和 Munc18a ,并用荧光显微技术观察它们在 BHK-21 和 HEK293 细胞中的转运和定位 . 实验结果表明 Syn1A 主要定位在细胞质膜上,而 Munc18a 主要分布在胞浆中,但是与 Syn1A 共表达时能定位到细胞质膜上 . 删除胞浆部分的 Syn1A 蛋白不能上膜,提示其胞浆结构域在分选和定位过程中起着重要的作用 .     

内吞蛋白家族的研究近况

内吞蛋白是最近发现的一类功能蛋白质,主要参与细胞膜的物质运输和信息交流。内吞蛋白具有特殊的结构,家族成员之间有很高的同源性,成员蛋白一般多具有C端的SH3结构域和N端的溶血磷脂酸脂酰基转移酶结构域。C端的SH3结构域可与许多能结合SH3的蛋白质相结合,N端则参与细胞膜的内凹形成囊泡。内吞蛋白在神经递质的回收过程中发挥重要的作用,并在细胞的信号转递和凋亡过程中具有重要的作用．     

脂肪细胞中Munc18c的缺失不影响胰岛素诱导的GLUT4转运(已撤稿2016-01-13)

动物脂肪和肌肉组织中葡萄糖的摄取是通过受胰岛素调控的GLUT4储存囊泡的运输实现的.Sec1p的同源物Munc18c被认为是通过控制SNARE复合物的装配来使GLUT4囊泡锚定到质膜上的重要物质.我们发现Munc18c的缺失没有影响GLUT4的转运上膜,也没有影响Syntaxin4在细胞膜上的定位.在缺少Munc18c和功能性Syntaxin2的时候,GLUT4的转运可能和Munc18b有关.在3T3-L1脂肪细胞中与Syntaxin4具有强烈相互作用的是Munc18c而不是Munc18a和Munc18b.然而,当缺少Munc18c时,Munc18a和Munc18b与Syntaxin4体现出较弱的相互作用.因此,Syntaxin4可能在胰岛素刺激GLUT4转运过程中起到重要的作用,且与SM蛋白的相互作用是有代偿性的.     

脂肪细胞中Munc18c的缺失不影响胰岛素诱导的GLUT4转运

动物脂肪和肌肉组织中葡萄糖的摄取是通过受胰岛素调控的GLUT4储存囊泡的运输实现的.Sec1p的同源物Munc18c被认为是通过控制SNARE复合物的装配来使GLUT4囊泡锚定到质膜上的重要物质.我们发现Munc18c的缺失没有影响GLUT4的转运上膜,也没有影响Syntaxin4在细胞膜上的定位.在缺少Munc18c和功能性Syntaxin2的时候,GLUT4的转运可能和Munc18b有关.在3T3-L1脂肪细胞中与Syntaxin4具有强烈相互作用的是Munc18c而不是Munc18a和Munc18b.然而,当缺少Munc18c时,Munc18a和Munc18b与Syntaxin4体现出较弱的相互作用.因此,Syntaxin4可能在胰岛素刺激GLUT4转运过程中起到重要的作用,且与SM蛋白的相互作用是有代偿性的.     

C1q蛋白家族的结构、分布、分类和功能

C1q蛋白家族由众多含C1q结构域的蛋白组成, 从细菌到高等哺乳动物中都有分布。这类蛋白由一条信号肽、胶原样区(Collage-like region, CLR)和C1q球状结构域(Globular C1q domain, gC1q)组成。C1q蛋白家族根据其结构特点, 可分为三大类分子：C1q、C1q-like和ghC1q。C1q是补体经典途径的起始分子, 能够识别免疫复合物, 启动补体系统经典途径; 此外, 作为一种模式识别受体分子(Pattern recognition receptor, PRR), 它可以结合种类繁多的配体。C1q-like蛋白的结构类似于C1q分子, 含有CLR和gC1q结构域, 在水蛭中参与神经系统的修复, 在脊椎动物中实现从凝集素到免疫球蛋白结合分子的功能转变, 参与补体系统的激活。ghC1q蛋白只具有gC1q结构域和一段短的N末端序列, 包括分泌型蛋白(sghC1q)和非分泌型蛋白(cghC1q)。sghC1q在无脊椎动物固有免疫系统中发挥重要作用; 脊椎动物中的sghC1q可作为一类新型跨神经元调节因子, 在大脑的许多区域调节突触发育和突触可塑性。cghC1q基因最早可追溯至芽孢杆菌属的细菌中, 具有典型的gC1q果冻卷结构, 说明gC1q结构域有着非常悠久的进化历程且结构高度保守。文章对C1q蛋白家族的结构、分布、分类以及功能进行综述, 以期为从事该领域研究的科研人员提供有益参考。     

Complexin在囊泡运输中的作用

神经递质释放对维持生物体正常的生命活动有着重要的意义,它是由囊泡运输介导完成的.神经元细胞中囊泡运输涉及许多蛋白质间的相互作用,共同调控这一复杂的过程,可溶性小分子蛋白Complexin(Cpx)在这一过程中起着重要的作用,它同时具有抑制囊泡自发发放和促进囊泡诱发发放的功能.本文综合国内外近20年的研究,着重介绍了Cpx蛋白各部分结构域的功能,及其与一些囊泡分泌相关蛋白,如SNARE复合体、Synaptotagmin(Syt),间的相互作用机制及其最新进展.     

膜联蛋白Ⅰ的结构和功能

膜联蛋白Ⅰ(annexin Ⅰ)是annexins蛋白超家族中的一员,是结构相关钙离子依赖的磷脂结合蛋白.具有annexins超家族所共有的中心结构域和承担各自独特功能的N端结构域.通过调控细胞内磷脂囊泡的聚集、炎症反应和磷脂酶A2的活性而参与细胞信号传导、细胞分化和细胞凋亡等细胞重要的生命过程.     

调控型分泌的分子机制研究进展

调控型分泌途径对于维持内分泌细胞和神经元的功能非常重要。内分泌和神经系统的细胞将神经递质、神经肽和激素等包装在分泌囊泡内,然后在受到刺激时将这些物质释放到细胞外。调控型分泌囊泡,从生成、转运到与细胞膜的融合都需要许多蛋白质的参与和调节。简要总结参与这些过程的一些重要蛋白质的研究进展。     

Ca2+依赖和Ca2+不依赖的囊泡分泌研究进展

Ca2 是促发囊泡胞吐的关键调节因子.最近的研究表明,分泌囊泡和通道之间的空间距离调节囊泡分泌的过程和性质.Ca2 通道开口附近形成的Ca2 微区和Ca2 钠区和囊泡快速递质释放有非常紧密的联系.SNARE蛋白和钙离子传感器synaptotagmins等在触发分泌中起调控作用.同时另有一类不依赖于Ca2 的囊泡分泌存在.Latrotoxin和mastoparan等可以激活这一类不依赖于Ca2 的信号通路,从而触发囊泡释放.本文主要从ca2 对囊泡胞吐的调控作用着手,综述了Ca2 依赖和Ca2 不依赖的囊泡分泌过程和可能的调控机制.     

RIM proteins activate vesicle priming by reversing autoinhibitory homodimerization of Munc13

At a synapse, the presynaptic active zone mediates synaptic vesicle exocytosis. RIM proteins are active zone scaffolding molecules that--among others--mediate vesicle priming and directly or indirectly interact with most other essential presynaptic proteins. In particular, the Zn2+ finger domain of RIMs binds to the C?A domain of the priming factor Munc13, which forms a homodimer in the absence of RIM but a heterodimer with it. Here, we show that RIMs mediate vesicle priming not by coupling Munc13 to other active zone proteins as thought but by directly activating Munc13. Specifically, we found that the isolated Zn2+ finger domain of RIMs autonomously promoted vesicle priming by binding to Munc13, thereby relieving Munc13 homodimerization. Strikingly, constitutively monomeric mutants of Munc13 rescued priming in RIM-deficient synapses, whereas wild-type Munc13 did not. Both mutant and wild-type Munc13, however, rescued priming in Munc13-deficient synapses. Thus, homodimerization of Munc13 inhibits its priming function, and RIMs activate priming by disrupting Munc13 homodimerization.     

Doc2 alpha and Munc13-4 regulate Ca(2+) -dependent secretory lysosome exocytosis in mast cells

The Doc2 family comprises the brain-specific Doc2alpha and the ubiquitous Doc2beta and Doc2gamma. With the exception of Doc2gamma, these proteins exhibit Ca(2+)-dependent phospholipid-binding activity in their Ca(2+)-binding C2A domain and are thought to be important for Ca(2+)-dependent regulated exocytosis. In excitatory neurons, Doc2alpha interacts with Munc13-1, a member of the Munc13 family, through its N-terminal Munc13-1-interacting domain and the Doc2alpha-Munc13-1 system is implicated in Ca(2+)-dependent synaptic vesicle exocytosis. The Munc13 family comprises the brain-specific Munc13-1, Munc13-2, and Munc13-3, and the non-neuronal Munc13-4. We previously showed that Munc13-4 is involved in Ca(2+)-dependent secretory lysosome exocytosis in mast cells, but the involvement of Doc2 in this process is not determined. In the present study, we found that Doc2alpha but not Doc2beta was endogenously expressed in the RBL-2H3 mast cell line. Doc2alpha colocalized with Munc13-4 on secretory lysosomes, and interacted with Munc13-4 through its two regions, the N terminus containing the Munc13-1-interacting domain and the C terminus containing the Ca(2+)-binding C2B domain. In RBL-2H3 cells, Ca(2+)-dependent secretory lysosome exocytosis was inhibited by expression of the Doc2alpha mutant lacking either of the Munc13-4-binding regions and the inhibition was suppressed by coexpression of Munc13-4. Knockdown of endogenous Doc2alpha also reduced Ca(2+)-dependent secretory lysosome exocytosis, which was rescued by re-expression of human Doc2alpha but not by its mutant that could not bind to Munc13-4. Moreover, Ca(2+)-dependent secretory lysosome exocytosis was severely reduced in bone marrow-derived mast cells from Doc2alpha knockout mice. These results suggest that the Doc2alpha-Muunc13-4 system regulates Ca(2+)-dependent secretory lysosome exocytosis in mast cells.     

Binding of the Munc13-1 MUN domain to membrane-anchored SNARE complexes

The core of the membrane fusion machinery that governs neurotransmitter release includes the SNARE proteins syntaxin-1, SNAP-25 and synaptobrevin, which form a tight "SNARE complex", and Munc18-1, which binds to the SNARE complex and to syntaxin-1 folded into a closed conformation. Release is also controlled by specialized proteins such as complexins, which also bind to the SNARE complex, and unc13/Munc13s, which are crucial for synaptic vesicle priming and were proposed to open syntaxin-1, promoting SNARE complex assembly. However, the biochemical basis for unc13/Munc13 function and its relationship to other SNARE interactions are unclear. To address this question, we have analyzed interactions of the MUN domain of Munc13-1, which is key for this priming function, using solution binding assays and cofloatation experiments with SNARE-containing proteoliposomes. Our results indicate that the Munc13-1 MUN domain binds to membrane-anchored SNARE complexes, even though binding is barely detectable in solution. The MUN domain appears to compete with Munc18-1 but not with complexin-1 for SNARE complex binding, although more quantitative assays will be required to verify these conclusions. Moreover, our data also uncover interactions of membrane-anchored syntaxin-1/SNAP-25 heterodimers with the MUN domain, Munc18-1 and complexin-1. The interaction with complexin-1 is surprising, as it was not observed in previous solution studies. Our results emphasize the importance of studying interactions within the neurotransmitter release machinery in a native membrane environment, and suggest that unc13/Munc13s may provide a template to assemble syntaxin-1/SNAP-25 heterodimers, leading to an acceptor complex for synaptobrevin.     

Identification of the minimal protein domain required for priming activity of Munc13-1

Most nerve cells communicate with each other through synaptic transmission at chemical synapses. The regulated exocytosis of neurotransmitters, hormones, and peptides occurs at specialized membrane areas through Ca2+-triggered fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane . Prior to fusion, vesicles are docked at the plasma membrane and must then be rendered fusion-competent through a process called priming. The molecular mechanism underlying this priming process is most likely the formation of the SNARE complex consisting of Syntaxin 1, SNAP-25, and Synaptobrevin 2. Members of the Munc13 protein family consisting of Munc13-1, -2, -3, and -4 were found to be absolutely required for this priming process . In the present study, we identified the minimal Munc13-1 domain that is responsible for its priming activity. Using Munc13-1 deletion constructs in an electrophysiological gain-of-function assay of chromaffin-granule secretion, we show that priming activity is mediated by the C-terminal residues 1100-1735 of Munc13-1, which contains both Munc13-homology domains and the C-terminal C2 domain. Priming by Munc13-1 appears to require its interaction with Syntaxin 1 because point mutants that do not bind Syntaxin 1 do not prime chromaffin granules.     

Transient, phorbol ester-induced DOC2-Munc13 interactions in vivo.

Munc13-1 and DOC2 have been implicated in the regulation of exocytosis. Here we demonstrate in vivo that these two proteins undergo a transient phorbol ester-mediated and protein kinase C-independent interaction, resulting in the translocation of DOC2 from a vesicular localization to the plasma membrane. The translocation of DOC2 is dependent upon the DOC2 Munc interacting domain that binds specifically to Munc13-1, whereas the association of DOC2 with intracellular membranes is dependent on its C2 domains. This is the first direct in vivo demonstration of a protein-protein interaction between two presynaptic proteins and may represent a molecular basis for phorbol ester-dependent enhancement of exocytosis.     

Munc13-4 reconstitutes calcium-dependent SNARE-mediated membrane fusion

Munc13-4 is a widely expressed member of the CAPS/Munc13 protein family proposed to function in priming secretory granules for exocytosis. Munc13-4 contains N- and C-terminal C2 domains (C2A and C2B) predicted to bind Ca(2+), but Ca(2+)-dependent regulation of Munc13-4 activity has not been described. The C2 domains bracket a predicted SNARE-binding domain, but whether Munc13-4 interacts with SNARE proteins is unknown. We report that Munc13-4 bound Ca(2+) and restored Ca(2+)-dependent granule exocytosis to permeable cells (platelets, mast, and neuroendocrine cells) dependent on putative Ca(2+)-binding residues in C2A and C2B. Munc13-4 exhibited Ca(2+)-stimulated SNARE interactions dependent on C2A and Ca(2+)-dependent membrane binding dependent on C2B. In an apparent coupling of membrane and SNARE binding, Munc13-4 stimulated SNARE-dependent liposome fusion dependent on putative Ca(2+)-binding residues in both C2A and C2B domains. Munc13-4 is the first priming factor shown to promote Ca(2+)-dependent SNARE complex formation and SNARE-mediated liposome fusion. These properties of Munc13-4 suggest its function as a Ca(2+) sensor at rate-limiting priming steps in granule exocytosis.     

A minimal domain responsible for Munc13 activity

Munc13 proteins are essential in neurotransmitter release, controlling the priming of synaptic vesicles to a release-ready state. The sequences responsible for this priming activity are unknown. Here we identify a large alpha-helical domain of mammalian Munc13-1 that is autonomously folded and is sufficient to rescue the total arrest in neurotransmitter release observed in hippocampal neurons lacking Munc13s.     

Beta phorbol ester- and diacylglycerol-induced augmentation of transmitter release is mediated by Munc13s and not by PKCs.

Munc13-1 is a presynaptic protein with an essential role in synaptic vesicle priming. It contains a diacylglycerol (DAG)/beta phorbol ester binding C(1) domain and is a potential target of the DAG second messenger pathway that may act in parallel with PKCs. Using genetically modified mice that express a DAG/beta phorbol ester binding-deficient Munc13-1(H567K) variant instead of the wild-type protein, we determined the relative contribution of PKCs and Munc13-1 to DAG/beta phorbol ester-dependent regulation of neurotransmitter release. We show that Munc13s are the main presynaptic DAG/beta phorbol ester receptors in hippocampal neurons. Modulation of Munc13-1 activity by second messengers via the DAG/beta phorbol ester binding C(1) domain is essential for use-dependent alterations of synaptic efficacy and survival.