Pleiotropic Effects of a Methyl Donor Diet in a Novel Animal Model

Folate and other methyl-donor pathway components are widely supplemented due to their ability to prevent prenatal neural tube defects. Several lines of evidence suggest that these supplements act through epigenetic mechanisms (e.g. altering DNA methylation). Primary among these are the experiments on the mouse viable yellow allele of the agouti locus (A^vy). In the A^vy allele, an Intracisternal A-particle retroelement has inserted into the genome adjacent to the agouti gene and is preferentially methylated. To further test these effects, we tested the same diet used in the A^vy studies on wild-derived Peromyscus maniculatus, a native North American rodent. We collected tissues from neonatal offspring whose parents were fed the high-methyl donor diet as well as controls. In addition, we assayed coat-color of a natural variant (wide-band agouti = A^Nb) that overexpresses agouti as a phenotypic biomarker. Our data indicate that these dietary components affected agouti protein production, despite the lack of a retroelement at this locus. Surprisingly, the methyl-donor diet was associated with defects (e.g. ovarian cysts, cataracts) and increased mortality. We also assessed the effects of the diet on behavior: We scored animals in open field and social interaction tests. We observed significant increases in female repetitive behaviors. Thus these data add to a growing number of studies that suggest that these ubiquitously added nutrients may be a human health concern.     

Bowman-Birk蛋白酶抑制剂的体外和动物模型实验抗癌实验研究进展

Bowman-Birk蛋白酶抑制剂（BBI）是一种植物丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂,能同时抑制胰蛋白酶和胰凝乳蛋白酶。体外及动物实验都证实：BBI纯品或BBI浓缩物均有较强的抗癌活性。本文综述了近年来有关BBI的一些抗癌研究进展,包括BBI的结构、临床前研究及可能的分子机制等。     

结核病动物模型研究进展

结核病是由结核分枝杆菌感染引起的传染病,是危害人类健康的主要传染病之一。动物模型已经成为研究人类传染病的标准化工具。虽然对于结核分枝杆菌而言并没有真正意义的动物资源,但由于不同种类的动物,对分枝杆菌的敏感性不一样,因此可以成为结核病研究的有利工具。结核病最常用的实验动物模型包括小鼠、兔和豚鼠。每种动物有其自身特点,但并不能完全模拟人类疾病。通过建立结核病的动物模型,可以大大增加我们对疾病的病因、毒力和发病机制的理解。除了这三种模型外,非人灵长类也常被用于结核病的研究。本文总结了这几种结核病模型的研究状况。     

茵陈蒿汤加减方对哮喘大鼠模型气道TGF-beta1 的干预作用

目的:探讨茵陈蒿汤加减方对哮喘气道转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)的干预机制。方法:制备大鼠哮喘模型,模型动物随机分为四个组:模型组、西药(地塞米松)组、中药组,空白对照组,每组10只大鼠。从第17天起开始给予相应药液灌胃,西药组给予地塞米松1 g/kg,中药组给予茵陈蒿汤加减方配方颗粒溶液(浓度0.5 g/m L)5 m L/kg,每日1次。空白对照组和模型组分别以等量的生理盐水灌胃,每周按照大鼠体重调整1次。连续给药干预4周,检测血清中TGF-β1含量并进行比较分析。结果:中药组与西药组均可降低TGF-β1的含量,与模型组比较有显著性差异(P<0.01),中药组与西药组效果相当(P>0.05)。结论:茵陈蒿汤加减方能通过有效地减低大鼠血清中TGF-β1的含量,从而阻断气道重塑的发生,达到预防和缓解哮喘的治疗目的。     

红湖水质对模型动物致突变性的研究

目的:以微核技术及精子畸变率为指示,探讨新疆大学红湖水质对模型动物致突变性作用。方法:采用小鼠嗜多染红细胞(PCE)微核率(MCN)及精子畸变率检测方法,研究红湖水质及其潜在的致突变性。结果:3个水样点的污水都能引起小白鼠嗜多染红细胞及精子细胞不同程度的遗传毒性。与对照组(自来水)喂养的小白鼠相比具有明显的差异(P<0.005)。结论:红湖水质已经被严重污染,对人体及动物具有潜在的危害。     

肝纤维化的实验动物模型

本文讨论了建立肝纤维化动物模型的技术与存在的问题,以大鼠为主要动物讨论了目前常用的几种造模方法、每种造模方法的致病机理、造模途径、效果,同时比较了不同造模方法的优缺点及各自的用途,提出了肝纤维化动物模型领域的研究方向。     

Sex-Dependent Psychoneuroendocrine Effects of THC and MDMA in an Animal Model of Adolescent Drug Consumption

Ecstasy is a drug that is usually consumed by young people at the weekends and frequently, in combination with cannabis. In the present study we have investigated the long-term effects of administering increasing doses of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol [THC; 2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg; i.p.] from postnatal day (pnd) 28 to 45, alone and/or in conjunction with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA; two daily doses of 10 mg/kg every 5 days; s.c.] from pnd 30 to 45, in both male and female Wistar rats. When tested one day after the end of the pharmacological treatment (pnd 46), MDMA administration induced a reduction in directed exploration in the holeboard test and an increase in open-arm exploration in an elevated plus maze. In the long-term, cognitive functions in the novel object test were seen to be disrupted by THC administration to female but not male rats. In the prepulse inhibition test, MDMA-treated animals showed a decrease in prepulse inhibition at the most intense prepulse studied (80 dB), whereas in combination with THC it induced a similar decrease at 75 dB. THC decreased hippocampal Arc expression in both sexes, while in the frontal cortex this reduction was only evident in females. MDMA induced a reduction in ERK1/2 immunoreactivity in the frontal cortex of male but not female animals, and THC decreased prepro-orexin mRNA levels in the hypothalamus of males, although this effect was prevented when the animals also received MDMA. The results presented indicate that adolescent exposure to THC and/or MDMA induces long-term, sex-dependent psychophysiological alterations and they reveal functional interactions between the two drugs.     

Neuroprotective Effects of Crocin Against Ethanol Neurotoxicity in the Animal Model of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

Several experimental and clinical findings suggest that ethanol consumption during pregnancy activates an oxidative-inflammatory cascade followed by wide apoptotic neurodegeneration within several brain areas, including the hippocampus. Crocin can protect neurons because of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects. This study evaluated the crocin protective impact on ethanol-related neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus of rat pups exposed to alcohol over postnatal days. Ethanol (5.25 g/kg) was administrated in milk solution (27.8 ml/kg) by intragastric intubation 2–10 days after birth. The animals received crocin (15, 30, and 45 mg/kg) 2–10 days after birth. The hippocampus-dependent memory and spatial learning were evaluated 36 days after birth using the Morris water maze task. Further, the concentrations of TNF-α and antioxidant enzymes were determined using ELISA assay to examine the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Also, immunohistochemical staining was performed to evaluate the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1(Iba-1), and caspase-3 expression. The administration of crocin significantly attenuated spatial memory impairment (P?<?0.01) after ethanol neurotoxicity. Also, crocin led to a significant enhancement in SOD (P?<?0.05) and GSH-PX (P?<?0.01), whereas it caused a reduction in the TNF-α and MDA concentrations compared to the ethanol group (P?<?0.01). Moreover, the hippocampal level of caspase-3 (P?<?0.01) and the number of GFAP and Iba-1-positive cells decreased in the crocin group (P?<?0.001). Crocin suppresses apoptotic signaling mediated by the oxidative-inflammatory cascade in rat pups exposed to ethanol after birth.

     

大鼠慢性多重应激模型的建立

目的:建立大鼠慢性多重应激模型,为研究应激性疾病提供实验模型.方法:健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为模型组(n=10)和对照组(n=10).模型组采用脉冲随机变动的噪声、夜间光照、足底电击以及强迫游泳和束缚的复合刺激为应激源,对大鼠实施刺激,观察行为变化,检测心率、血压、体重增长速率、食物利用率,测定血清ACTH和皮质酮并进行分析.结果:慢性多重应激大鼠由实验之初的兴奋状态逐渐进入抑制状态,血压心率上升,体重增长缓慢,食物利用率降低,血清ACTH和皮质酮增高.结论:慢性多重应激大鼠一般行为、基本生理体征和下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴(HPA)功能发生改变,应激反应处于持续亢奋状态,该模型是较稳定较理想的应激模型.     

牙周炎动物模型的研究进展

牙周炎是常见的口腔慢性疾病,是造成中国成年人失牙的最重要原因。为进一步探讨牙周炎的发病机制、病理学特点,以便更好的制定治疗方案,动物模型被广泛应用。本文从牙周炎动物模型建立方法和实验动物的选择等方面,对牙周炎动物模型的研究进展做一综述。     

模型动物在动物流感病毒传播机制研究中的应用

动物流感（influenza）不仅会对畜禽养殖业造成巨大的经济损失,而且可以跨越种间障碍进入人群,引发全球性的公共卫生危机和灾难性后果.模型动物是研究流感传播机制的重要基础.模型动物的使用有助于我们对流感病毒传播机制的深入了解.本文从流感病毒的宿主范围、常用模型动物的宿主限制因素和模型动物在流感病毒跨种传播机制中的选择与应用等三个方面进行了综述.     

犬脊髓损伤治疗动物模型

目的　建立犬脊髓损伤治疗动物模型 ,为实验研究提供直接的病例材料。方法　人工损伤犬脊髓 ,使用直流电场刺激使脊髓损伤恢复。结果　人工犬脊髓损伤模型建立 ,直流电场刺激治疗可恢复神经功能。结论直流电场刺激在不同时期对犬脊髓再生及功能恢复均有明显促进作用 ,能促进脊髓再生 ,使脊髓通路更快更完善的建立     

类风湿性关节炎的动物模型

本文对在光动力疗法治疗类风湿性关节炎的研究中有关的动物模型的制作、发病过程、病理、发病原因及应用作一系统论述。     

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Resveratrol on Human Retinal Pigment Cells and a Myopia Animal Model

Resveratrol is a key component of red wine and other grape products. Recent studies have characterized resveratrol as a polyphenol, and shown its beneficial effects on cancer, metabolism, and infection. This study aimed to obtain insights into the biological effects of resveratrol on myopia. To this end, we examined its anti-inflammatory influence on human retinal pigment epithelium cells and in a monocular form deprivation (MFD)-induced animal model of myopia. In MFD-induced myopia, resveratrol increased collagen I level and reduced the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, and nuclear factor (NF)-κB expression levels. It also suppressed the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β. Resveratrol exhibited no significant cytotoxicity in ARPE-19 cells. Downregulation of inflammatory cytokine production, and inhibition of AKT, c-Raf, Stat3, and NFκB phosphorylation were observed in ARPE-19 cells that were treated with resveratrol. In conclusion, the findings suggest that resveratrol inhibits inflammatory effects by blocking the relevant signaling pathways, to ameliorate myopia development. This may make it a natural candidate for drug development for myopia.     

马尔尼菲青霉菌病动物模型的建立

目的:建立模拟人马尔尼菲青霉茵病自然感染过程的马尔尼菲青霉茵病动物模型,观察马尔尼菲青霉茵病的自然发展过程.以期对马尔尼菲青霉菌病基础及临床研究提供更多机会.方法:采用耳部静脉注入法接种马尔尼菲青霉菌.每日观察新西兰大白兔的精神状态、活动、饮食及一般状况.在病程第9天对病变肺组织标本和血标本进行培养鉴定感染菌种,对病变肺组织标本行组织病理学检查.结果:马尔尼菲青霉菌组接种成功率100%.结论:实验动物的选择及接种方法的选择是成功建立马尔尼菲青霉菌病动物模型的重要因素,本研究采用耳部静脉接种法成功建立了模拟自然感染过程的马尔尼菲青霉菌病动物模型.     

痛风性关节炎动物模型的改良

目的通过改良痛风性关节炎动物模型,制备出更符合人类痛风性关节炎机制的动物模型。方法通过Coderre法与次黄嘌呤相结合（模型B）、Coderre法与氧嗪酸相结合（模型A）的方法建立痛风性关节炎动物模型,采用全自动生化分析仪测定血尿酸水平,观察关节滑膜组织形态学改变及大鼠不同时相步态变化,并将两种方法加以比较。结果模型B组大鼠血尿酸水平显著降低,关节滑膜组织形态学及不同时相大鼠步态改变明显,与模型A组比较有统计学意义。结论Coderre法与次黄嘌呤相结合方法建立大鼠痛风性关节炎动物模型更符合人类痛风性关节炎机制的动物模型。     

建立慢性阻塞性肺疾病动物模型方法的研究进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是一种重要的慢性呼吸系统疾病,主要包括慢性支气管炎和肺气肿,患病人数多,病死率高,由于其缓慢进行性发展,严重影响患者的劳动能力和生活质量.为此,国内外许多学者近年来对COPD的发病机制进行了大量的研究工作,但是到目前为止,COPD的研究进展仍然十分缓慢,其主要原因是COPD病因太多,发病机制复杂.本文旨在将国内外有关COPD的实验动物模型进行一次总结,并对各种模型的优缺点给予客观的评价.     

A Mathematical Model of Anthrax Transmission in Animal Populations

A general mathematical model of anthrax (caused by Bacillus anthracis) transmission is formulated that includes live animals, infected carcasses and spores in the environment. The basic reproduction number \(\mathcal {R}_0\) is calculated, and existence of a unique endemic equilibrium is established for \(\mathcal {R}_0\) above the threshold value 1. Using data from the literature, elasticity indices for \(\mathcal {R}_0\) and type reproduction numbers are computed to quantify anthrax control measures. Including only herbivorous animals, anthrax is eradicated if \(\mathcal {R}_0 < 1\). For these animals, oscillatory solutions arising from Hopf bifurcations are numerically shown to exist for certain parameter values with \(\mathcal {R}_0>1\) and to have periodicity as observed from anthrax data. Including carnivores and assuming no disease-related death, anthrax again goes extinct below the threshold. Local stability of the endemic equilibrium is established above the threshold; thus, periodic solutions are not possible for these populations. It is shown numerically that oscillations in spore growth may drive oscillations in animal populations; however, the total number of infected animals remains about the same as with constant spore growth.     

胶原酶注入小鼠尾状核建立脑出血模型

目的用脑内注射胶原酶方法建立小鼠脑出血模型。方法在动物脑立体定位仪下将肝素化Ⅶ型胶原酶0.15μL(0.5 U/μL)注射到昆明小鼠右侧尾状核内;分别在术后8、12、24、72 h对小鼠运动功能进行检测,通过在各时间点测量血肿直径来观察出血高峰的时间,并对出血部位脑组织进行光镜观察来验证模型制作是否成功。结果术后小鼠即表现左侧肢体偏瘫症状,至12~24 h症状最重。形态学观察证实右侧尾状核区血肿形成,且出血高峰的时间与肢体偏瘫症状发展过程基本一致。不同个体间血肿体积和部位基本一致。结论应用Ⅶ型胶原酶脑内注射的方法建立的小鼠脑出血模型,是一种方法简单,效果可靠,易于大批量制作的动物模型。