欧洲景观条约与景观生态学研究

1　性质和由来近十多年来 ,欧洲土地利用变化迅速 ,西北欧农业利用加剧和过度发展 ,南欧则出现农业毁弃和贫瘠化 ,城市化与日益增长的交通设施建设都使原有的景观受到威胁 ,其自然特性与社会文化特性发生退化。出于提高生活质量的考虑 ,欧洲人普遍关心景观的保护和管理 ,他们认识到景观在文化、生态、环境以及社会领域具有重大作用 ,构成了有利于经济活动的一种资源 ,景观的管理和保护可以创造就业机会。景观有助于地方文化的构成 ,同时它也是自然与文化遗产的基本组成部分 ,有利于欧洲特色的巩固及人们的欢乐与健康。景观是任何地方人们生…     

景观规划：概念、起源与发展

对目前地理学、景观生态学等领域中所存在的关于景观概念的多种不同解释进行了分析和总结,并将景观与土地、环境和风景等经常引起混乱的概念术语也做了分析对比．在此基础上,讨论了景观规划的概念内涵和它所基于的景观概念,并通过对景观规划的起源与发展过程的总结和分析,将景观规划的起源与发展归纳为３个阶段：１９世纪中后期到２０世纪初期的的起源阶段;５０、６０年代景观规划领域的形成阶段和７０年代以后的景观规划与景观生态学融合发展阶段     

专访韩国现代风景园林开拓者吴辉英教授

韩国风景园林取得突出成就主要源自一个人的引领和启发：被韩国人民称为“韩国弗雷德里克·劳·奥姆斯特德”的吴辉英教授。从对吴辉英教授的采访中我们可知,作为一个国家公职人员,在韩国快速工业化和城市化进程中,他领导制定了发展和保护政策。在为朴正熙总统工作期间,吴教授撰写了很多国家环境、规划和发展的法规与政策,并一直将风景园林师纳入其中作为重要角色。他促成了1977年自然环境保护法（NECA）的制定。他还着手建立将风景园林作为一个独立于建筑、林业和园艺的专业产业的立法基础。吴教授促成了韩国风景园林研究院的基础建设,同时促进了专业和商业执照的确立。作为韩国第一个向国家介绍风景园林的人,吴博士一直是学术界和出版界的领军人物。吴教授还建议风景园林界要善于分享愿景,并提供新的视野,让我们一起找到更好的方法来改善、再生和修复城市和环境     

Landscape partitioning among Triodia spp. (Poaceae) in the fire prone Kimberley,north‐west Australia

The processes which determine the structure of plant communities vary across spatial and temporal scales. Climatic factors are more likely to influence community structure at a regional scale with more transient environmental effects such as disturbance or demographic interactions having a greater influence at local scales. Understanding these differences is important for managing communities at a landscape scale. Triodia spp. grasslands are the most extensive plant community in Australia, covering 1.4 million km², and yet little is known about the processes which structure these communities. We collected data on six sympatric Triodia spp. at the regional, landscape and local scale across the 325 000 ha property, Mornington Wildlife Sanctuary, in the Kimberley region of northern Western Australia to investigate the processes which structure this community. Regionally we looked for correlations between species distributions and substrate or rainfall. At the landscape scale we collected data on substrate, drainage and vegetation type and at the local scale we determined the extent to which individuals form mono‐specific stands both along and across the contour gradient. Only one species, T. aeria, was found to be substrate specific and only T. epactia was restricted to the drier southern end of the property. The other species were not restricted by substrate or rainfall at the regional scale and were found to be habitat generalists at the landscape scale. All species grew in mono‐specific stands with little to no mixing at shared boundaries. However, this pattern broke down when crossing the contour gradient on hillsides. The results suggest rainfall may influence the distribution of some Triodia spp. at a regional scale with interspecific competition, due to differences in post‐fire regeneration niches, structuring the community at the local scale. At the landscape scale community structure appears to be influenced by feedback mechanisms involving differences in the post‐fire regeneration strategies of sympatric species and subsequent competition for establishment microsites.     

Applying Landscape Metrics to Characterize Potential Habitat of Bonobos (Pan paniscus) in the Maringa-Lopori-Wamba Landscape, Democratic Republic of Congo

To conserve areas and species threatened by immediate landscape change requires that we make planning decisions for large areas in the absence of adequate data. Here we study the utility of broad-scale landscape metrics as predictors of species occurrence, especially for remote areas where there is a need to make the most of limited spatial and biological data. Bonobos (Pan paniscus) are endangered great apes endemic to lowland forests of the Democratic Republic of Congo. They are threatened by bushmeat hunting that is exacerbated by habitat fragmentation through slash-and-burn agriculture and timber harvest. We developed four landscape metrics —edge density (ED), COHESION, CONTAGION, and class area (CA)— that may serve as surrogates for measuring accessibility of areas to hunting in order to predict relative bonobo-habitat suitability. We calculated the metrics for the Maringa-Lopori-Wamba (MLW) landscape and evaluated them for utility in predicting bonobo-nest occupancy based on 2009 field data. Cross-validations showed that all four metrics performed similarly. However, forest ED was arguably the best predictor, with an overall classification accuracy of 72.1% in which 85% of known nest blocks (N = 124) were classified correctly. We demonstrated that for a relatively intact landscape and a mobile forest-dwelling species that is fairly tolerant of forest openings, forest fragmentation can still be an important predictor of species occurrence. We suggest that ED can be helpful when mapping bonobo habitat in MLW and can aid landscape-planning and conservation efforts. Our approach may be applied to other edge-sensitive species, especially where high-resolution data are deficient.     

试论农田边界的景观生态功能

试论农田边界的景观生态功能宇振荣胡敦孝王建武（中国农业大学生态环境系,北京１０００９４）ＬａｎｄｓｃａｐｅＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＦｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓｏｆＦｉｅｌｄＢｏｕｎｄａｒｙ．ＹｕＺｈｅｎｒｏｎｇ,ＨｕＤｕｎｘｉａｏ,ＷａｎｇＪｉａｎｗｕ（Ｃｈｉｎ...     

试论景观的动态变化

试论景观的动态变化孙中伟（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所１１００１５）ＯｎＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｓｏｆＬａｎｄｓｃａｐｅＤｙｎａｍｉｃＣｋａｎｇｅ．￥ＳｕｎＺｈｏｎｇｗｅｉ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,ＡｃａｄｅｍｉａＳｉｎｉｃａ,...     

景观生态学中的文化研究

景观生态学中的文化研究李团胜（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈｏｎＣｕｌｔｕｒｅｉｎＬａｎｄｓｃａｐｅＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ．ＬｉＴｕａｎｓｈｅｎｇ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,Ａ－ｃａｄｅｍｉａＳｉｎｉｃ...     

空间直观景观模型LANDIS Ⅰ．运行机制

空间直观景观模型是指在异质景观中模拟景观尺度上生态过程的空间直观模型．LANDIS是一个用于模拟森林景观干扰、演替和管理的空间直观景观模型．通过在样地尺度上跟踪以10年为间隔的物种年龄级,半定量化地描述火和风倒,及使用位数组表示物种年龄结构,LANDIS能同时在物种、样地和景观尺度上模拟各种生态过程及其相互关系．详细论述了LANDIS模型对种子传播、火、风倒和砍伐等生态过程的模拟,并讨论了模型中存在的一些不足．