A study on the relationship between vegetation pattern and environment in the upstream of Minjiang River,China

The vegetation pattern in the upstream of Minjiang River,and its relationship with environment factors,such as landscape position(elevation,slope,aspect),precipitation and temperature and soil are analyzed in this paper.The data used in this Paper were based on the landscape map derived from 1994 TM imagery.The results were as follows:1)dominant landscape types were forest,shrub land and grassland,which were very similar in terms of area ratio(32.87%,31.85% and 28.44%,respectively);2)the patch shape of conifer forest and mixed forest was complicated while that of broad-leaved forest and cultivated land was simple;3)the fragmentation of conifer forest and mixed forest was serious in contrast with low fragmentation of broad-leaved forest and cultivated land;and 4)closed scrub and grassland had a high contagion and good connectivity while mixed forest had a lower contagion and bad connectivity.In addition,the vegetation distribution pattern of upstream of Minjiang River Was closely related with elevation and temperature,but the relationship between vegetation and precipitation was not statistically significant.     

Landscape pattern and eco-hydrological characteristics at the upstream of Minjiang River, China

Based on three scenes of Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite images acquired on June 26, 1994, 12 land cover types were identified by the supervised classification techniques. The precipitation, runoff, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data of six catchments were accumulated from April to September in 1992, 1993, and 1995. A new eco-hydrological index, expressed by the difference between precipitation and runoff divided by the product of precipitation and NDVI, was used in this study to represent the eco-hydrological functions of different catchments. The results were: (1) The selected six catchments at the upstream of Minjiang River, China were different in landscape patterns in terms of landscape type and cover. There were higher contagion, lower edge density and diversity index in the Shouxi catchments and lower contagion, higher edge density and diversity index in the Zagunao catchments. (2) Eco-hydrological indexes had remarkable differences among different catchments. The highest eco-hydrological index was found in the Shouxi catchments, which indicated higher precipitation holding capacity of vegetation therein. While the lower eco-hydrological index was found in the Zagunao catchments, which indicated its lower precipitation holding capacity of vegetation. (3) High correlation was detected between the landscape indexes and eco-hydrological indexes. Eco-hydrological index was positively correlated with landscape contagion in contrast with the negative correlation with landscape diversity and edge density. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25(4): 691–698 [译自: 生态学报, 2005, 25(4): 691–698]     

广西金钟山自然保护区主要植被类型的特征

金钟山自然保护区计有种子植物101科273属514种,落叶栎林分布面积最广。随海拔升高,植被依次呈现出4个分布带:沟谷落叶阔叶林、沟谷常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林和落叶阔叶林、山地苔藓矮林和山地常绿阔叶林。该区主要有4个分布区类型:世界分布、热带分布、温带分布和中国特有分布,其中热带分布占总属数的75.21%,表明本保护区的植物分布具有热带性质。其天然植被类型可划分为5个植被型组,7个植被型含暖性针叶林、暖性落叶阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、常绿阔叶林、竹林和草丛,2个植被亚型含南亚热带山地常绿阔叶林、山顶阔叶矮林,以及33个群系。     

浙江天童地区常绿阔叶林退化对土壤养分库和碳库的影响

为了解常绿阔叶林退化对土壤碳库和养分库的影响,采用空间代替时间的研究方法,以常绿阔叶林顶级群落为参照,选择了次生常绿阔叶幼年林、次生针阔混交林、次生针叶林、灌丛和灌草丛代表不同的退化类型,分别对其土壤氮磷养分库、碳库进行了调查和分析。结果表明：土壤氮库贮量从大到小依次为,成熟常绿阔叶林、次生常绿阔叶幼年林、灌丛、次生针叶林、灌草丛和次生针阔混交林;土壤总磷含量也是在成熟林最高,次生针阔混交林和次生针叶林的总磷含量显著高于次生常绿阔叶幼年林和灌丛;土壤有机碳含量从高到低依次为：成熟常绿阔叶林,次生针叶林、次生常绿阔叶幼年林、灌丛、灌草丛和次生针阔混交林;土壤铵态氮在成熟林、灌丛和灌草丛的库容量最大,其次分别为次生幼年常绿阔叶林、次生针阔混交林,最小的为次生针叶林;硝态氮则在灌草丛的库容量最大,其次分别为次生针叶林、次生针阔混交林和成熟林针叶林,最小的为次生常绿阔叶幼年林和灌丛。统计显示,常绿阔叶林退化不仅导致土壤有机碳库含量的显著下降,也使得土壤氮磷养分库含量显著下降。可以认为,砍伐导致的大量生物量输出和森林管理措施的影响,植物种类组成的改变,土壤物理性质的改变以及养分和有机碳的主要生物化学转化环节发生改变是导致此类变化的主要因素,常绿阔叶林顶极群落土壤是该地区土壤的最大养分库和碳库。     

长白山典型林区森林资源景观格局变化分析

利用研究区1985年及1999年遥感影像作为数据源,在GIS支持下并结合地面资料对森林资源景观格局及其变化进行研究．从两期地物斑块面积标准偏差来看,成熟针叶林(1985年为279．3,1999年为98．64)、成熟阔叶林(1985年为162．94,1999年为68．54)、中龄阔叶林(1985年为113．14)、中龄针叶林(1999年为160．71)斑块面积分布均匀程度均较同期其它地物类型小,这也说明这些地物组成中景观类型多样性及物种多样性．从景观相似性指数分析来看,中龄阔叶林(1985年为0．118,1999年为0．116)、中龄针叶林(1985年为0．07,1999年为0．336)、成熟阔叶林(1985年为0．312,1999年为0．228)、成熟针叶林(1985年为0．237,1999年为0．174)4类植被在15年间较同期其它地物类型稳定,是研究区景观的主要组成部分．湿地在两期的孔隙度都较大,湿地的均质化程度很小,形成了更多的斑块镶嵌体,湿地破碎化程度较高．     

四川省茂县大沟流域42年植被景观格局恢复动态及其特征

中国西南亚高山地区的植被景观恢复动态一直缺乏深入研究,以四川省茂县的大沟流域为研究对象,基于航片、地面调查、QuickBird和Pleiades遥感影像数据源,采用人工目视解译的方法,建立了大沟流域景观格局分布信息数据库,开展了大沟流域1978-2020年景观格局恢复动态及其特征的研究。结果表明:(1)研究期间,流域内的优势景观为落叶杂灌、草地和油松林,由于封山育林政策的实施,在未来较长的一段时间内优势景观类型将得以保持。(2)1978-2020年间大沟流域的植被覆盖度维持在较高水平,森林面积逐渐增加,农业主要转变为果园经济,整体景观的动态度在逐渐减小。(3)随着植被的恢复,大沟流域景观的物种丰富度、优势景观优势度和景观的连通性都在增加,但景观的破碎化程度依旧较高。首次对大沟流域的植被演变进行了探究,为西南亚高山及岷江流域地区的森林恢复提供了一定的科学依据。未来相关领域还需加强景观格局演变驱动机制的研究,并制定更加合理的生态环境管理政策。     

岷江上游景观格局及生态水文特征分析

基于1994年岷江上游TM遥感影像分类,结合6个不同集水区1992、1993、1995年植被生长季降雨、径流及同期NOAA/AVHRR的N DVI数据,构建了植被保水指数作为表征植被生态水文功能分析的指标。并用此对岷江上游6个不同集水区景观格局与生态水文特征进行分析。结果表明:不同集水区植被组成及景观结构有显著差异;不同集水区植被保蓄降雨能力即保水指数有明显差异;不同集水区景观结构指数与保水指数之间具有很高相关性,其中边界密度、多样性指数与保水指数呈负相关,聚集度指数与保水指数呈正相关。保水指数的构建对植被建设具有一定的科学意义     

Anisotropy analyses of population distribution patterns

Direction-dependence, or anisotropy, of spatial distribution patterns of vegetation is rarely explored due to neglect of this ecological phenomenon and the paucity of methods dealing with this issue. This paper proposes a new approach to anisotropy analysis of spatial distribution patterns of plant populations on the basis of the data resampling technique (DRT) combined with Ripley’s L index. Using the ArcView Geographic Information System (GIS) platform, a case study was carried out by selecting the population of Pinus massoniana from a needle-and broad-leaved mixed forest community in the Heishiding Nature Reserve, Guangdong Province. Results showed that the spatial pattern of the P. massoniana population was typically anisotropic with different patterns in different directions. The DRT was found to be an effective approach to the anisotropy analysis of spatial patterns of plant populations. By employing resampling sub-datasets from the original dataset in different directions, we could overcome the difficulty in the direct use of current non-angular methods of pattern analysis. Translated from Acta Scientialrum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni, 2006, 45(2): 83–87 [译自: 中山大学学报 (自然科学版)]     

Land cover dynamics of different topographic conditions in Beijing, China

Topographic conditions play an important role in controlling land cover dynamic processes. In this study, remotely sensed data and the geographic information system were applied to analyze the changes in land cover along topographic gradients from 1978 to 2001 in Beijing, a rapidly urbanized mega city in China. The study was based on five periods of land cover maps derived from remotely sensed data: Landsat MSS for 1978, Landsat TM for 1984, 1992, 1996 and 2001, and the digital elevation model (DEM) derived from 1:250,000 topographic map. The whole area was divided into ten land cover types: conifer forest, broadleaf forest, mixed forest, shrub, brushwood, meadow, farmland, built-up, water body and bare land. The results are summarized as follows. (1) Shrub, forest, farmland and builtup consist of the main land cover types of the Beijing area. The most significant land cover change from 1978 to 2001 was the decrease of the farmland and expansion of the builtup area. Farmland decreased from 6354 to 3813 km2 in the 23 years, while the built-up area increased from 421 to 2642 km2. Meanwhile, the coverage of forest increased from 17.2% to 24.7% of the total area. The conversion matrix analysis indicated that the transformation of farmland to the built-up area was the most significant process and afforestation was the primary cause of the replacement of shrub to forest. (2) Topographic conditions are of great importance to the distribution of land cover types and the process of land cover changes. Elevation has an intensive impact on the distribution of land cover types. The area below 100 m mostly consists of farmland and built-up areas, while the area above 100 m is mainly covered by shrub and forest. Shrub has the maximum frequency in areas between 100 and 1000 m, while forest has dominance in areas above 800 m. According to the analysis of land cover changes in different ranges of elevation, the greatest change below 100 m was the process of urbanization. The process of the main land cover change occurred above 100 m was the transformation from shrub to forest. This result was consistent with the vertical change of natural vegetation distribution in Beijing. (3) Slope has a great influence on the distribution of land cover. Farmland and built-up areas are mostly distributed in flat areas, while shrub and forest occupy steeper areas compared with other land cover types. Forest frequency increased with the increasing slope. Land cover changes differed from the slope gradients. In the plain area, the land cover change occurred as the result of urbanization. With the increasing of the slope gradient, afforestation, which converts shrub to forest, was the process of the primary land cover change. __________ Translated from Journal of Plant Ecology, 2006, 30(2): 239–251 [译自: 植物生态学报]     

汉江流域景观格局变化对土壤侵蚀的影响

在流域尺度上,景观格局变化是决定土壤侵蚀程度的重要因素。以汉江流域为研究区域,基于2000—2015年四期土地利用类型数据及环境气象数据,运用中国土壤流失方程和逐步回归法,探究景观格局变化对土壤侵蚀的影响。结果表明:(1)在2000—2015年间,汉江流域土壤侵蚀量下降,高值区分布在流域中部草地区,低值区分布在流域东西两侧的林地和耕地区。不同坡度下各等级土壤侵蚀量不同,侵蚀量最大值出现在10—30°的坡度范围内。(2)研究期间,汉江流域的景观破碎化程度加强,斑块形状趋于简单,各斑块自身连通性增强,景观类型空间分布均匀。(3)汉江流域土壤侵蚀量与斑块密度和平均邻接度指数呈正相关,与蔓延度指数和香农均匀度指数呈负相关,即景观破碎度越高、连通性越差,土壤越容易遭受侵蚀,反之则不易受到侵蚀;研究表明景观格局变化对土壤侵蚀有显著影响,结果可为流域尺度景观管理与水土保持研究提供参考。     

山西蟒河猕猴国家级自然保护区蛾类多样性

选择山西蟒河猕猴国家级自然保护区针阔叶混交林、阔叶落叶林、杂木林和灌木林4种植被类型为调查样地来初步了解蛾类群落结构及多样性。共采集蛾类标本4709只,隶属24科184种,其中螟蛾科种类和个体数量最多。在4种植被类型中,灌木林的蛾类种数最多,有20科132种,灌木林中螟蛾科为优势科;阔叶落叶林中最少,14科74种,尺蛾科为优势科;针阔叶混交林和杂木林居中,其中前者优势科不明显,后者以草螟科占优势。对4种植被类型中蛾类物种丰富度、多度、多样性和均匀度指数进行了计算和分析,结果表明:蛾类的多度指数在阔叶落叶林中显著低于其余3种植被类型;蛾类的丰富度、多样性和均匀度指数在灌木林中均最高,在针阔叶混交林和杂木林中则相近。蛾类种-多度曲线在针阔叶混交林、杂木林和灌木林中符合对数正态分布模型,而在阔叶落叶林中不符合对数正态分布模型。     

四川小相岭山系植被景观的斑块特征分析

利用3S技术与景观生态学相结合的方法,分别从斑块的基本特征、形状特征、聚集与散布特征以及多样性特征4个方面对四川小相岭山系的植被景观空间格局进行了详细分析。研究结果表明：1）该山系存在9种植被类型,斑块数为1849,斑块面积约186951hm^2。其中,针阔叶混交林分布面积与密度最大,是山系的基质植被类型;而次生落叶阔叶林面积最少,景观地位最弱。2）常绿落叶阔叶混交林形状最为简单,但聚集度高;而针阔叶混交林形状最不规则,边界最为复杂;另外,次生落叶阔叶林连接性最弱,高山草甸斑块聚集程度最高。3）该山系斑块的多样性、优势度、均匀度指数值分别为1．54、0．66和0．67,植被类型丰富多样、植被错综复杂、各植被斑块间镶嵌度较好。     

气候变化情景下天宝岩国家级自然保护区森林景观演替长期动态模拟

气候变化将会对森林树种结构、空间结构以及林龄结构等产生重大影响,准确预测森林景观演替对未来气候变化的响应,不仅能够为科学管理森林生态系统提供理论依据,而且对制定生物多样性保护与珍稀物种保护策略也具有重要意义。本文运用LANDIS Pro 7.0与LINKAGES模型,模拟天宝岩国家级自然保护区8个树种在2种不同气候变化情景(RCP4.5和RCP8.5)下未来300年的森林植被演替动态,分析森林景观格局变化特征及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明：毛竹、马尾松、猴头杜鹃、长苞铁杉以及杉木的潜在面积分布与景观格局指数对气候变化的响应较为显著。在气候变化情景下,各树种的景观分维度均介于1.03—1.08,保护区内各景观斑块相对简单规则。毛竹、猴头杜鹃和杉木聚集度下降趋势明显而斑块密度显著上升,长苞铁杉随演替进行面积逐渐减少而聚集度相对较高且斑块密度剧增,马尾松斑块密度缓慢增加而聚集度先降后升,随气候变化这些树种的景观完整度都遭到了不同程度的破坏,且在RCP8.5气候情景下景观破碎化更严重。而气候变化对阔叶林与柳杉的影响则较小,且阔叶林在演替期间斑块密度下降而聚集度稳中有增,潜在面积分布呈现出良好的...     

Recent approach to Buchia biostratigraphy from the Tethyan Himalaya area, China

Recent collections from six sections in Lanongla area, Tethyan Himalaya allow the establishment of four buchia assemblages. In ascending order, they are Buchia-Buchia spitiensis, Buchia masquensis-Buchia rugasa, Buchia blanfordiana, Buchia piochii and Buchia subokensis assemblages. These Buchia assemblages first demonstrate that not only the Upper Jurassic strata but also the highest Buchia assemblage-Buchia subokensis, which appeared in Lower Cretaceous strata all over the world are present in Lanongla area. This first records the highest Buchia assemblage in Lanongla area. __________ Translated from Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis, 2005, 41 (4) [译自: 北京大学学报( 自然科学版), 2005,41(4)]     

Bird assemblages in fragmented agricultural landscapes: the role of small brigalow remnants and adjoining land uses

Agricultural intensification typically leads to changes in bird diversity and community composition, with fewer species and foraging guilds present in more intensively managed parts of the landscape. In this study, we compare bird communities in small (2–32 ha) brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) remnants with those in adjacent uncultivated grassland, previously cultivated grassland and current cropland, to determine the contribution of different land uses to bird diversity in the agricultural landscape. Twenty remnant brigalow patches and adjacent agricultural (‘matrix’) areas in southern inland Queensland, Australia were sampled for bird composition and habitat characteristics. The richness, abundance and diversity of birds were all significantly higher in brigalow remnants than in the adjacent matrix of cropping and grassland. Within the matrix, species richness and diversity were higher in uncultivated grasslands than in current cultivation or previously cultivated grasslands. Forty-four percent of bird species were recorded only in brigalow remnants and 78% of species were recorded in brigalow and at least one other land management category. Despite high levels of landscape fragmentation and modification, small patches of remnant brigalow vegetation provide important habitat for a unique and diverse assemblage of native birds. The less intensively managed components of the agricultural matrix also support diverse bird assemblages and thus, may be important for local and regional biodiversity conservation.     

西辽河流域植被NPP时空分布特征及其影响因素研究

为研究西辽河流域植被生长特征及受气候变化的影响,该文以2000年—2015年MOD17A3的年均植被净初级生产力(NPP)数据、植被类型数据、土壤类型数据以及气温、降水资料为基础,利用GIS和RS技术,分析了西辽河流域植被净初级生产力时空格局、演变特征及驱动因子。结果表明:(1)西辽河流域近16年来植被NPP总量呈波动增加的趋势,变化范围为156.89～260.90 g C·m^-2·a^-1,平均值为219.76 g C·m^-2·a^-1,空间分布呈“边缘高、中间低”的特征; 植被NPP变化斜率为-16.53～16.65,95.74%的区域NPP呈增加趋势。(2)不同植被类型的NPP总量大小排序为草原>栽培植被>阔叶林>灌丛>草甸>针叶林; 西辽河流域固碳的植被类型主要是草原、栽培植被以及阔叶林,固碳能力较强的为针叶林。(3)生长在棕壤、褐土和潮土的植被年均NPP较高,生长在栗钙土和风沙土的植被年均NPP较低。(4)16年间植被NPP增长主要受降雨影响。气候暖-湿化及生态建设工程的实施,促进了西辽河流域植被的生长。以上研究结果为后期流域生态环境治理提供了科学依据及数据支持。     

Vegetation classification of East China with multi-temporal NOAA-AVHRR data

East China lies in the subtropical monsoon climatic zone and is dominated by subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests, a unique vegetation type mainly distributed in East Asia with the largest distribution in China. It is important to be able to monitor and estimate forest biomass and production, regional carbon storage, and global climate change impacts on these important vegetation types. In this paper, we used coarse resolution remote sensing data to identify the vegetation types in East China and developed a map of the spatial distribution of vegetation types in this region. Nineteen maximum normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) composite images (acquisition time span of 7 months from February to August), which were derived from 10 days National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) channel 1 and channel 2 observations, an unsupervised classification method, and the ISODATA algorithm were employed to identify the vegetation types. To reduce the dimensions of the dataset resulted in a total of 28 spectral clusters of land-cover of which two clusters were urban/bare soil and water, the images were processed using principal component analysis (PCA). The 26 remaining spectral clusters were merged into six vegetation types using the Chinese vegetation taxonomy system: evergreen broad-leaved forest, coniferous forest, bamboo forest, shrub-grass, aquatic vegetation, and agricultural vegetation. The spatial distribution and areal extent for the coniferous forests, shrub-grass, evergreen broad-leaved forests, and agricultural vegetation were calculated and compared with the Vegetation Atlas of China at a 1:1,000,000 scale. The spatial accuracy and the area accuracy for coniferous forests, shrub-grass, evergreen broad-leaved forests, and agricultural vegetation were 79.2%, 91.3%, 68.2% and 95.9% and 92.1%, 95.9%, 63.8% and 90.5%, respectively. The spatial accuracy and area accuracy of the bamboo forest were 28.7% and 96.5%, respectively; the spatial accuracy of aquatic vegetation was 69.6%, but there was a significant difference in its area accuracy because image acquisition did not cover the full year. Our study demonstrated the feasibility of using NOAA-AVHRR to identify the different vegetation types in the subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest zone in East China. The spatial location of the six identified vegetation types agreed with the actual geographical distribution of the vegetation types in East China. __________ Translated from Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 2005, 29(3): 436–443 [译自: 植物生态学报, 2005, 29(3): 436–443]     

长白山红松阔叶混交林紫椴枝条的分解实验

研究了长白山北坡椴树（Tilia amurensis）枝条的分散进程,实验结果揭示,分解率是与各实验地的植被类型,海拔,生长季月平均大于5℃的积温等密切相关。其枝条分解的保存率（Y）与分解年龄（x）的相关,可用指数模型：Y＝e^-kx来拟合,在红松阔叶混交林,红松外叶混交林,岳桦去冷杉林及岳桦林中椴树枝条分解常数K分别为－0.168与－0.127,－0.102和－0.094。枝条原重量50％的分解年龄在上述4个森林中分别是4,5,6和7a。实验还指出,在长白山红松阔叶混交林皆伐迹地的实验条件下适当的蔽荫和浇水对分解有正面影响。而且,枝条的分解率主要是以长白山不同海拔植被类型的温度条件而转移,特别是生长季的积温。     

Study of changes in life zone distribution in north-east China by climate–vegetation classification

Life zones and their changes in distribution in north-east China were studied based on climate–vegetation relationships. The warmth index (WI) and aridity index (the ratio of evaporation [evaporation rate, ER] to precipitation) were used to represent the site condition. The typical site condition of each vegetation type was determined as the classification criterion. The boundaries of the four potential vegetation zones were estimated based on the combinations of WI and ER in relation to vegetation (i.e. cold-temperate conifer forest zone, temperate broad-leaved conifer mixed forest zone, warm-temperate deciduous forest zone, and temperate steppe zone). The distribution changes in vegetation zone caused by human activities were estimated by comparing the potential vegetation with the actual one. The percentage cover of forest has shrunk from about 70% to the present 27%. About 23% of the study area was replaced by agricultural vegetation and industrial use. Nearly half of the region could have been covered by broad-leaved conifer mixed forest which was shrunk to a small area, less than 5% of the region. The broad-leaved deciduous forest zone in the southern part could have occupied about 7% of the area, and had almost no virgin stand.     

Habitat preferences of medium/large mammals in human disturbed forests in Central Japan

It is a great concern whether human disturbed forest, i.e., secondary forest or monoculture forest, can be a habitat for the wildlife. We examined habitat preference of medium/large terrestrial mammal species in a human-disturbed mountainous settlement area of Akiyama Region, Central Japan, by using camera-traps, which were placed at conifer plantation forest, high/low-disturbed deciduous broad-leaved forest, and broad-leaved/conifer mixed forest in 2008 and 2009. Camera-traps were operational for 4568.6 trap-nights producing 740 photo-captures of 13 medium/large terrestrial mammal species. Japanese serow and Japanese hare dominated 54 % of all photo-captures. Low-disturbed deciduous broad-leaved forest showed the richest mammal fauna (12 spp.). We suggested that fruit trees and understory vegetation provided suitable habitat for frugivorous as well as herbivorous mammals. The mixed forest showed the lowest mammal fauna (6 spp.), which located higher elevation. High-disturbed deciduous broad-leaved forest (9 spp.) was also supposed to be a better habitat for some frugivorous mammals and herbivorous mammals, but tended to be avoided by Japanese marten and Japanese macaque. Conifer plantation forest (7 spp.) with understory vegetation was supposed to be a better habitat for Japanese serow and Japanese hare, but not for the other species. Without fruit trees, conifer plantation forest was supposed to be non-attractive habitat for frugivorous mammals. We demonstrated that, if a forest had been disturbed by human, the forest can be a habitat for terrestrial herbivores, but this was not always true for frugivores.