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1.
The development of the microsporangium and male gametophyte of three species of Podocarpus was studied with light microscopy (LM) and the morphology of pollen with scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). During early stages, the male cone is covered with coriaceous scales. The archesporid cells go through a dormant period. Later the pollen mother cells differentiate and undergo meiosis. Callose is detected around the tetrad and between each monad. The microspore nucleus divides several times to give rise to a multicellular gametophyte, which includes the tube cell, the stalk and body cells, and four prothallial cells. The exine of the pollen grain is rugulate in the corpus and quite smooth in the sacci. The ultrastructure of the pollen wall consists of the alveolate sexine, the laminate nexine I and the amorphous nexine II. The intine is very thin. Comparison of the mature grain of some fossils with living members of the Podocarpaceae reveals great similarity.  相似文献   

2.
西瓜小孢子囊发育及雄配子体发生的观察   总被引:6,自引:1,他引:6       下载免费PDF全文
西瓜(Citrullus lanatus)小孢子囊的孢原细胞出现在雄花原基出现后4—6天,孢原细胞数目推测只有一列;初生造孢细胞经过2—3次分裂,形成次生造孢细胞。开花前7—8天,小孢子囊发育健全,小孢子母细胞进入减数分裂期。同一花药不同花粉囊相同一药室,花粉母细胞减数分裂和小孢子的发育,并不是高度同步的。绒毡层为异型细胞,腺质绒毡层。雄配子体的发育开始于开花前6—7天,充分成熟的西瓜花粉已分裂为三细胞花粉。  相似文献   

3.
利用透射电镜技术对栽培甜菜(Beta vuigaris)花粉发育过程进行了超微结构观察。结果表明,在小孢子母细胞减数分裂期间,细胞内发生了“细胞质改组”,主要表现在核糖体减少,质体和线粒体结构发生了规律性变化。末期1不形成细胞板,而是在2个子核间形成“细胞器带”。“细胞器带”的存在起到类似细胞板的作用,暂时将细胞质分隔成两部分。四分体呈四面体型,被胼胝质壁包围。小孢子外壁的沉积始于四分体晚期,至小孢子晚期外壁已基本发育完全。单核小孢子时期,细胞核大,细胞器丰富。二细胞花粉发育主要表现在生殖细胞壁的变化上,生殖细胞壁上不具有胞间连丝。成熟花粉为三细胞型,含有1个营养细胞和2个精细胞。精细胞具有短尾突,无壁,为裸细胞,每个精细胞通过2层质膜与营养细胞的细胞质分开。生殖细胞与精细胞里缺乏质体。  相似文献   

4.
以扬州地区生长的成年杉木为实验材料,通过采用数码相机拍摄、体视镜、扫描电镜以及半薄切片等方法,对杉木小孢子叶球发育、小孢子囊发育及其散粉规律进行详细观察。结果发现,10月中旬,杉木小孢子叶球形成并着生于新枝顶端。翌年3月中下旬,小孢子叶球成熟,进入散粉期,散粉首先从小孢子叶球基部开始依次向上部扩散。小孢子叶在孢子叶球主轴上螺旋排列,单个小孢子叶通常由3个小孢子囊组成,构成三角形。小孢子囊壁由1层表皮细胞、1~2层中间层细胞和1层绒毡层细胞组成,表皮细胞首先形成,并向内分化出2~3层细胞,分别分化形成中层和绒毡层,最后中层和绒毡层消失。杉木的小孢子囊通过开裂口控制其开裂,20℃室温下整个小孢子叶球散粉时间持续约18 h,单个小孢子叶的散粉时间为8~10 h。以上结果显示,杉木小孢子叶球的发育过程经历了体积增大、鳞片开张及散粉等阶段,这些形态和结构上的变化利于提高散粉效率,这说明杉木在长期的演化过程中,形成了许多有利于风媒传粉的结构特征。  相似文献   

5.
中国鹅掌楸雄配子体发育的超微结构研究   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
中国鹅掌楸(LiriodendronChinese(Hesml.)Sarg.)雄配子体发育的超微结构观察结果表明,中国鹅掌楸雄配子体的发育符合大多数被子植物的发育特征,表现在:1.小孢子核在萌发孔的相对侧靠近小孢子壁处进行有丝分裂,分裂末期形成细胞板,而后进一步发育形成分隔营养细胞和生殖细胞的纤维素的壁。2.胞质分裂极不均等,营养细胞与生殖细胞大小悬殊,而且生殖细胞内不含质体。3.生殖细胞在发育过程中发生一系列位移和形态变化,生殖细胞向营养核移动,与营养核贴合时,细胞核内染色质高度凝缩;与营养核分离后,生殖细胞纤维素的壁才完全解体消失,同时质膜凹陷,细胞呈不规则形态。4.营养细胞内脂质小泡极性分布,形成生殖细胞的脂体冠。5,营养核在与生殖细胞贴合过程中形状由近圆球形变为近弯月形,但核仁、核膜界限清晰,染色质始终保持均一状态。对生殖细胞分裂前的位置变化及其与营养细胞间的关系进行了初步的探讨。  相似文献   

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7.
芍药雄配子体发育的超微结构研究   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5       下载免费PDF全文
用透射电镜对芍药(Paeonia lactiflora Pall)雄配子体发育进行了研究。结果表明,芍药的小孢子母细胞在减数分裂末期Ⅰ时不形成细胞板,在减数分裂前期Ⅱ形成细胞器带,胞质分裂为同时型,生殖细胞刚形成时有呈PAS正反应的拱形壁,当生殖细胞还未完全脱离花粉内壁时,质膜间的壁物质消失,营养细胞中的脂体沿双质膜规律分布形成一单行的脂体带,在二胞花粉晚期,脂体带包围生殖细胞,形成脂体冠,花粉成熟时,包围生殖细胞的脂体消失,生殖细胞与营养核贴近,构成雄性生殖单位,成熟花粉为二细胞型。  相似文献   

8.
Minute granules of sporopollenin, called orbicules, can be observed on the innermost tangential and/or radial walls of secretory tapetum cells. Orbicules were investigated in 53 species of 34 Gentianaceae genera using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. This selection covered all different tribes and subtribes recognized in Gentianaceae (87 genera, +/-1650 species). Orbicules were found in 38 species (23 genera) distributed among the six tribes recognized in Gentianaceae. The orbicule typology is based on those described previously in Rubiaceae. Of the six orbicule types described previously, Type II orbicules are lacking. Type III orbicules are most common (17 species). Hockinia Gardner is the only representative with Type I orbicules. The number of representatives with orbicules belonging to the other orbicule types are equally distributed among the species studied: seven species possess Type IV orbicules, six species Type V and six species Type VI. The systematic usefulness of this typology is discussed in comparison with the latest systematic insights within the family, and palynological trends in Gentianaceae. Orbicule data have proven to be useful for evaluating tribal delimitation within Rubiaceae and Loganiaceae s.l.; however, they seem not to be useful for tribal delimitation in Gentianaceae. In the tribes Potalieae and Gentianeae orbicule data may be useful at subtribal level.  相似文献   

9.
刘魏  童永鳌  白洁 《植物学报》2018,53(5):625-633
tRNA片段(tRF)是tRNA通过非随机剪切产生的RNA片段, 其产生和功能机制尚不明确; 而在水稻(Oryza sativa)雄配子体发育过程中, 人们对tRNA更是知之甚少。通过高通量测序, 在水稻雄配子体发育过程中发现了长度范围较大的tRFs; 进一步采用logo对tRFs两端的序列进行分析, 发现了4个有序列特征(其中3个未见报道)和1个无序列特征的酶切位点; 通过NCBI Blast预测了tRF靶基因, 发现其大多靶向转座因子。研究结果对揭示tRF产生机制以及水稻雄配子体发育研究有一定的参考价值。  相似文献   

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11.
运用透射电子显微镜技术,对甜菜无融合生殖单体附加系M14的小孢子发生、雄配子体发育以及相应的花药壁发育过程进行超微结构的观察研究,以阐明甜菜无融合生殖单体附加系M14花粉发生与发育超微结构特点以及花粉败育的时期和败育的细胞学特征.结果显示:(1)小孢子母细胞减数分裂正常,分裂期间细胞质具有明显的\"细胞质改组\"现象,主要表现在核糖体减少,质体、线粒体的结构发生规律性的变化,有利于孢子体向配子体的转变.M14减数分裂的胞质分裂为同时型,前期Ⅱ和中期Ⅱ形成\"细胞器带\";正常发育的花粉,小孢子分裂形成营养细胞和生殖细胞;生殖细胞脱离花粉壁,生殖细胞游离于营养细胞的细胞质中,最初具细胞壁,而后消失,且生殖细胞壁成分与花粉内壁成分相似.(2)三细胞型的成熟花粉含有一个营养细胞和两个具有尾突的精子;每个精子通过两层质膜与营养细胞隔开,含有一个大的精核,长尾突内含少量的细胞质以及纤丝状结构.(3)生殖细胞和精子中缺乏质体.(4)花粉的败育起始于小孢子,大部分受阻于单核-二细胞花粉期,其败育特征为花粉内液泡吞噬作用导致细胞器解体,绒毡层细胞过早解体或肥大生长致使营养供应受阻,可能是导致单核-二细胞花粉败育的主要细胞学原因.研究表明,白花甜菜第九号染色体的附加可能是导致M14大量花粉败育的遗传学因素.  相似文献   

12.
Metasequoia glyptostroboides, a famous relic species of conifer that survived in China, has been successfully planted in large numbers across the world. However, limited information on male cone development in the species is available. In this study, we observed the morphological and anatomical changes that occur during male cone development in M. glyptostroboides using semi-thin sections and scanning electron microscopy. The male cones were borne oppositely on one-year-old twigs that were mainly located around the outer and sunlit parts of crown. Male cones were initiated from early September and shed pollen in the following February. Each cone consisted of spirally arranged microsporophylls subtended by decussate sterile scales, and each microsporophyll commonly consisted of three microsporangia and a phylloclade. The microsporangial wall was composed of an epidermis, endothecium, and tapetum. In mid-February, the endothecium and tapetum layers disintegrated, and in the epidermal layer the cell walls were thickened with inner protrusions. Subsequently, dehiscence of the microsporangia occurred through rupturing of the microsporangial wall along the dehiscence line. These results suggest that the structure, morphology, architecture and arrangement of male cones of M. glyptostroboides are mainly associated with the production, protection and dispersal of pollen for optimization of wind pollination.  相似文献   

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14.
采用染色体制片技术对Cucumis属双二倍体种(Cucumis hytivus Chen et Kirkbride)小孢子发生和雄配子体发育进行了细胞学研究。结果显示:在小孢子发生过程中,约31%的花粉母细胞在减数分裂中期Ⅰ具有正常的19Ⅲ,约69%的花粉母细胞染色体构型复杂,平均构型0.41Ⅰ 14.69Ⅲ 0.06Ⅲ 0.93Ⅳ 0.62Ⅵ 0.07Ⅷ;在四分体时期,形成约8.78%的四分孢子,其余为各种异常的多分孢子;在雄配子体发育过程中,约10%的小孢子可进行有丝分裂,最终发育为正常的两细胞、三孔花粉,其余90%的小孢子最终成为败育花粉。此外,还观察到了减数分裂后期Ⅱ的染色体组分离和新种花粉形态的变异等特殊现象。  相似文献   

15.
彭雄波  孙蒙祥 《植物学报》2016,51(2):145-147
阐明植物雄配子体与雌配子体互作的分子机理一直是植物有性生殖研究的前沿和热点。但限于研究难度较大, 很多重要科学问题仍有待回答。关于花粉管如何感知雌配子体信号从而定向生长进入胚囊以投送精细胞就是悬疑多年的问题之一。最近, 中国科学家在解析雄配子体感知雌配子体引导信号的分子机制方面取得了突破性进展。  相似文献   

16.
虎榛子小孢子发育与雄配子体形成研究   总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
采用石蜡切片法研究了虎榛子小孢子发育与雄配子体的形成过程,以探讨桦木科植物的属间胚胎学关系.结果显示:(1)虎榛子从小孢子母细胞到雄配子体形成约经历6个月,其间以小孢子母细胞的形式越冬,次年4月中旬花药成熟,花粉粒散粉.虎榛子花药2室;花药壁为基本型,最外层是表皮1层,其内部分别是药室内壁1层、中层2~3层和绒毡层1层.绒毡层在花粉发育过程中原位消失,为腺质绒毡层.(2)小孢子母细胞减数分裂为同时型,四分体呈四面体形.(3)花粉粒通常具有3个萌发孔,少数具有4个萌发孔,孔处外壁不加厚.成熟花粉粒多数为二细胞型,极少数三细胞型.(4)虎榛子较白桦的雄蕊数增多,四分体形式趋向统一化.结果表明,广义桦木科的概念更合理,虎榛子属和桦木属的进化路线不同,同时桦木科植物越冬休眠形式可以作为它们属间分类的一个新依据.  相似文献   

17.
牡丹小孢子发生与雄配子体发育的超微结构研究   总被引:3,自引:3,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
牡丹(Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.)花粉母细胞在减数分裂前期Ⅰ出现核液泡,其具有消化和转移细胞核中降解产物的功能。细胞发生了规律性的变化:前期Ⅰ,核糖体数量减少,质体、线粒体结构简化;末期Ⅰ和前期Ⅱ,出现细胞器带,四分体时期,细胞器分散开,结构较清晰,核糖体密度最大。小孢子时期,各结构简化,数量减少,至成熟二胞花粉时,细胞器丰富,结构恢复清晰。牡丹生殖细胞初期具壁,游离在营养细胞质内后壁消失,始终不含质体。花粉成熟时,生殖细胞和营养构成“雄性生殖单位“(MGU)。  相似文献   

18.
         下载免费PDF全文
The development of the tapetum in Ophiopogon ]aponicus is of secretory type Tapetum develops at their peak during the microspore mother cell stage. There are abundant organelles, consisting of a lot of mitochondria, dictyosomes and plastids, especially endoplasmic reticulum. Pro-Ubisch bodies e. merge as early as at the stage of microspore mother cell. At tetrad stage, a large number of pro-Ubisch bodies accumulate between inner tangential face of the plasmalemma and the cell wall. At the early microspore stage, pro-Ubisch bodies are distributed in the small embayments of the plasmalemma. As the sporopollenin begins to deposit on them, proubisch bodies develop into Ubisch bodies which consist of two types: single and aggregated. Tapetal cells degenerate completely when pollen grains reach maturity.  相似文献   

19.
在显微水平上研究了小盐芥的小孢子发生及雄配子体发育过程,以及不同阶段与花蕾外部形态的相关性.本实验报道的小孢子发生及雄配子体发育的研究结果表明:雄蕊为四强雄蕊,每个花药具4个花粉囊.小孢子母细胞减数分裂属同时型,小孢子在四分体中的排列方式属四面体型.成熟花粉粒属3-细胞型,有3个萌发沟.花粉囊壁发育属双子叶型,由4层细胞构成——表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层.绒毡层为腺质绒毡层.植株花蕾肉眼可见时,雄性孢原细胞开始分化.花蕾露白即蕾长1.1~1.7 mm时,形成成熟的雄配子体,即3-细胞花粉粒.  相似文献   

20.
麦冬花药绒毡层和乌氏体的细微结构   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
麦冬(Ophiopogon japonicus)的绒毡层发育为分泌型。在小孢子母细胞时期,绒毡层细胞达到了发育的高峰。此时,绒毡层细胞中细胞器非常丰富,具大量线粒体、高尔基体和质体,尤以肉质网含量最多;原乌氏体出现较早,在小孢子母细胞时期绒毡层细胞中就已出现;四分体时期,大量原乌氏体被排入内切向面的质膜和纤维素壁之间;到了小孢子早期,绒毡层细胞失去细胞壁,原乌氏体分布在质膜的凹陷处,孢粉素物质在其上沉积,发育为乌氏体,乌氏体有单个和复合两种类型;当花粉成熟时,绒毡层细胞完全解体。  相似文献   

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