雄激素受体共调节因子及其在前列腺癌进展中的作用

雄激素受体（AR）信号通路在前列腺癌的发生、进展和转移中发挥着重要作用,但AR介导组织对雄激素的特异应答是通过与其相互作用的AR共调节因子共同完成的,许多AR共调节因子的功能已被广泛研究。简要综述了目前发现的部分AR共调节因子在调节AR转录活性及前列腺癌发生、进展中的生物学作用。     

雄激素受体共调节因子与雄激素非依赖性前列腺癌

雄激素介导的雄激素受体（AR）信号途径对雄性胚胎的发育及雄激素依赖性靶组织的分化发育是必需的。异常的AR活性与前列腺癌由雄激素依赖转变为雄激素非依赖性密切相关。已证实AR共调节因子参与前列腺癌的发生和发展,并在雄激素非依赖性前列腺癌细胞的增殖中扮演着重要角色。它们的表达失衡,可导致AR转录活性的改变,促进晚期前列腺癌的进展。简要综述了AR共调节因子的类型和功能,及其与雄激素非依赖性前列腺癌的关系。     

前列腺癌雄激素受体和PI3K/Akt信号通路相互作用研究进展

前列腺癌的发生、进展依赖于雄激素,因此去势手术成为治疗晚期前列腺癌的标准疗法。但是去势后大多前列腺癌最终将转化为雄激素非依赖性前列腺癌,甚至进展为激素难治性前列腺癌,使得肿瘤的进展不受低水平雄激素的影响。即使如此,大多数激素非依赖性前列腺癌,依然阳性表达雄激素受体。因而雄激素受体在前列腺癌发生发展中起着重要作用。而PI3K/Akt信号通路能够通过维持细胞生存、抑制细胞凋亡、促进细胞代谢及血管生成等促进前列腺癌进展。本综述旨在总结前人研究,阐述雄激素受体和PI3K/Akt信号通路之间相互作用关系。研究表明Akt信号通路能够正性或者负性调控AR蛋白表达、蛋白的稳定性及其转录活性,从而维持细胞的生存、代谢。而AR即可以通过基因转录途径抑制Akt活化又能通过非转录基因途径激活Akt及其下游蛋白。因此,AR和Akt信号通路相互协同促进前列腺癌的发生及其向雄激素非依赖性前列腺癌进展。     

前列腺癌雄激素受体和PI3K/Akt 信号通路相互作用研究进展

前列腺癌的发生、进展依赖于雄激素,因此去势手术成为治疗晚期前列腺癌的标准疗法。但是去势后大多前列腺癌最终将转化为雄激素非依赖性前列腺癌,甚至进展为激素难治性前列腺癌,使得肿瘤的进展不受低水平雄激素的影响。即使如此,大多数激素非依赖性前列腺癌,依然阳性表达雄激素受体。因而雄激素受体在前列腺癌发生发展中起着重要作用。而PI3K/Akt信号通路能够通过维持细胞生存、抑制细胞凋亡、促进细胞代谢及血管生成等促进前列腺癌进展。本综述旨在总结前人研究,阐述雄激素受体和PI3K/Akt信号通路之间相互作用关系。研究表明Akt信号通路能够正性或者负性调控AR蛋白表达、蛋白的稳定性及其转录活性,从而维持细胞的生存、代谢。而AR即可以通过基因转录途径抑制Akt活化又能通过非转录基因途径激活Akt及其下游蛋白。因此,AR和Akt信号通路相互协同促进前列腺癌的发生及其向雄激素非依赖性前列腺癌进展。     

人前列腺癌雄激素受体的变异与临床

人前列腺癌雄激素受体的变异与临床王晓慧卢建（第二军医大学病理生理教研室,上海２００４３３）关键词前列腺癌雄激素受体内分泌治疗Ｆｌｕｔａｍｉｄｅ撤药综合征前列腺癌（ＰＣ）是老年男性的常见肿瘤,在美国是造成男性癌症死亡仅次于肺癌的第二位原因,在我国随着人...     

雄激素非依赖性前列腺癌细胞雄激素受体靶基因的筛选与初步鉴定

采用染色质免疫共沉淀技术在全基因组水平筛选雄激素非依赖性前列腺癌细胞LNCaP-AI的雄激素受体结合位点,行高通量测序及生物信息学分析共得到2 876个peak（pvalue〈1×10–5）,peak平均长度为673 bp;将peak序列定位到Hg19基因组,共有1 865个靶基因,其中fold enrichment≥10的基因有425个。对peak相关基因进行GO分析发现,与细胞、细胞组分、细胞过程、结合、细胞器相关的基因位列前五位;对peak相关基因进行通路分析发现,与黏着斑、代谢通路、癌症中的转录错误调控、嘌呤代谢等信号通路相关的基因占大多数。筛选出7个候选AR靶基因,采用Real-time qPCR技术分析它们在LNCaP-AI细胞和雄激素依赖性前列腺癌细胞LNCaP中对DTH刺激的反应性,发现DHT刺激可改变7个候选AR靶基因在LNCaP-AI细胞中的表达,为进一步研究雄激素依赖性前列腺癌向非依赖性前列腺癌发展的过程中雄激素受体及其调控的下游靶基因功能起着至关重要的作用。     

阻断MAPK通路促进雄激素受体招募NCoR并抑制前列腺癌细胞生长

雄激素受体(androgen receptor,AR)是配体调节的转录因子,与前列腺癌的生长和内分泌治疗密切相关.醋酸环丙孕酮(cyproterone acetate,CPA)作为雄激素的拮抗剂已用于前列腺癌的治疗.结合了CPA的AR可与核受体协同抑制因子作用.已证实丝裂原激活的蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)可介导生长因子和雄激素受体的信号转导通路的交互作用.我们报道,激活的MAPK抑制结合了CPA的AR招募核受体协同抑制因子(nuclear receptor corepressor,NCoR)至雄激素反应元件上.应用MEK的抑制剂U0126阻断MAPK通路可促进结合了CPA的AR和NCoR相互作用并通过对NCoR的招募增加抑制AR的功能从而阻遏AR靶基因的表达.此外,联合使用CPA和U0126处理稳定表达NCoR的LNCaP细胞可显著抑制前列腺癌细胞的生长.本研究表明,联合应用AR的拮抗剂和MAPK抑制剂有助于前列腺癌的治疗.     

雄激素受体与雄激素应答元件的相互作用

将雄激素受体（ＡＲ）的ｃＤＮＡ１１１９ｂｐ片段（１１０５－２２２４）（其中包含其ＤＮＡ结合结构域到部分激素结合结构域）克隆于表达南粒ｐＧＥＸ中,通过ＩＰＴＧ诱地,在Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ中表达ＧＳＴ－ＡＲ融合蛋白,经谷胱甘肽－Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ－４Ｂ亲和层析得以部分纯化。利用一个有雄激素应答元件（ＡＲＥ）活性的Ｃ３（１）ＤＮＡ片段为阳性探针,通过凝胶阻滞分析和ＤＮａｓｅ１足迹法证明此表达产物具有牧民的ＤＮＡ     

雄激素对雄激素受体调节作用的研究进展

雄激素受体广泛存在于机体各种组织中,通过与雄激素相结合而发挥生物学效应.雄激素受体的表达受诸多因素的作用,其中雄激素对其表达及功能方面的影响发挥重要作用.如雄激素可以调节受体的mRNA表达、代谢和构相等,就这方面的进展情况作一综述.     

植物G蛋白偶联受体及其在信号转导中的作用

G蛋白偶联受体(G protein-coupled receptors,GPCRs)是具有7个跨膜螺旋的蛋白质受体,是人体内最大的蛋白质超家族.GPCRs能调控细胞周期,参与多种植物信号通路以及影响一系列的代谢和分化活动.简要介绍了GPCR和G蛋白介导的信号转导机制,GPCRs的结构和植物GPCR及其在植物跨膜信号转导中的作用,并对GPCR的信号转导机制及植物抗病反应分子机制的研究提出展望.     

Immunocytochemical Detection of the Androgen Receptor In Fine Needle Aspirates From Benign and Malignant Human Prostate

A monoclonal antibody to the androgen receptor was applied to fine needle aspirates from patients with benign and malignant prostatic disease. The series includes six patients with benign hyperplasia and 24 patients with prostatic carcinomas. The androgen receptor was detected in most nuclei of both benign and malignant epithelial cells. The intensity of immunostaining varied. No obvious relation was observed between the intensity of the staining in benign versus malignant cells. In addition no clear differences were found in the proportion of androgen receptor positive cells in benign aspirates as compared with aspirates from well differentiated or moderately well differentiated prostatic carcinomas. The relative number of androgen receptor positive cells was highest in smears from poorly differentiated prostatic carcinomas.     

Androgen Receptor as a Driver of Therapeutic Resistance in Advanced Prostate Cancer

The role of the androgen receptor (AR) signaling axis in the progression of prostate cancer is a cornerstone to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms causing castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Resistance of advanced prostate cancer to available treatment options makes it a clinical challenge that results in approximately 30,000 deaths of American men every year. Since the historic discovery by Dr. Huggins more than 70 years ago, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has been the principal treatment for advanced prostate cancer. Initially, ADT induces apoptosis of androgen-dependent prostate cancer epithelial cells and regression of androgen-dependent tumors. However, the majority of patients with advanced prostate cancer progress and become refractory to ADT due to emergence of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells driven by aberrant AR activation. Microtubule-targeting agents such as taxanes, docetaxel and paclitaxel, have enjoyed success in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer; although new, recently designed mitosis-specific agents, such as the polo-kinase and kinesin-inhibitors, have yielded clinically disappointing results. Docetaxel, as a first-line chemotherapy, improves prostate cancer patient survival by months, but tumor resistance to these therapeutic agents inevitably develops. On a molecular level, progression to CRPC is characterized by aberrant AR expression, de novo intraprostatic androgen production, and cross talk with other oncogenic pathways. Emerging evidence suggests that reactivation of epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT) processes may facilitate the development of not only prostate cancer but also prostate cancer metastases. EMT is characterized by gain of mesenchymal characteristics and invasiveness accompanied by loss of cell polarity, with an increasing number of studies focusing on the direct involvement of androgen-AR signaling axis in EMT, tumor progression, and therapeutic resistance. In this article, we discuss the current knowledge of mechanisms via which the AR signaling drives therapeutic resistance in prostate cancer metastatic progression and the novel therapeutic interventions targeting AR in CRPC.