Tumor and teratoma induction in tobacco plants by debudding

Stem and root tumors and teratomata may be induced in tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L., var. One Sucker) by total debudding. Intact plants or plants only decapitated produced no tumors or teratomata throughout their life time. These findings suggest a possibly important oncological relationship between normal growth and tumorous growth. Prevention of normal regeneration (apical and axillary shoot growth) incites pathological regeneration (formation of tumors and tumor shoots). Total bud killing or inactivation by ionizing radiation did not incite tumor or teratoma formation.     

Transport of benzyl-8-14C-adenine in pea seedlings in relation to stem apical dominance

In intact, decapitated and decapitated indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) treated pea seedlings the translocation of benzyl-8-^l4C-adenin (¹⁴C-BA) from the roots was studied with regard to the release of lateral buds from apex-induced inhibition. In intact plants (controls) a substantial part of the activity was found in the apical part of the epicotyl. Decapitation resulted in the initiation of growth of lateral buds. As early as 24 h after decapitation and application of¹⁴C-BA a significantly higher activity was found in growing lateral buds (cotylars) of decapitated plants than in inhibited ones of intact or IAA-treated decapitated plants. The accumulation of¹⁴C-activity in stump tops of decapitated plants treated with IAA was associated with the thickening growth.     

Auxin inhibition of decapitation-induced branching is dependent on graft-transmissible signals regulated by genes Rms1 and Rms2

Decapitation-induced axillary bud outgrowth is a vital mechanism whereby shoots are able to continue normal growth and development. In many plants, including wild-type garden pea (Pisum sativum L.), this process can be inhibited by exogenous auxin. Using the ramosus (rms) increased branching mutants of pea, we present evidence that this response to auxin is dependent on graft-transmissible substance(s) regulated by the genes Rms1 and Rms2. The response to exogenous auxin is massively diminished in decapitated rms1 and rms2 mutant plants. However, basipetal auxin transport is not reduced in intact or decapitated mutants. Grafting rms1 or rms2 shoots onto wild-type rootstocks restored the auxin response, indicating that Rms1 and Rms2 gene action in the rootstock is sufficient to enable an auxin response in mutant shoots. We conclude that Rms1 and Rms2 act in the rootstock and shoot to control levels of mobile substance(s) that interact with exogenous auxin in the inhibition of bud outgrowth after decapitation. At least for rms1, the reduced auxin response is unlikely to be due to an inability of auxin to decrease xylem sap cytokinin content, as this is already low in intact rms1 plants. Consequently, we have genetic evidence that auxin action in decapitated plants depends on at least one novel long-distance signal.     

Dual effect of light on flowering and sprouting of rose shoots

Shade, caused by a dense leaf canopy in the light conditions of a normal greenhouse, reduced sprouting of the third axillary bud (from the top) on decapitated rose branches ( Rosa hybrida cv. Marimba) in comparison to less shaded buds on branches protruding above the canopy and sparsely spaced. Flowering of the third young shoot on shaded branches bearing 3 lateral shoots was totally inhibited. Mixed fluorescent and incandescent light in a growth chamber reduced sprouting of the third bud on decapitated rose branches in comparison to decapitated branches on rose plants held in fluorescent light of similar photon flux density. This was attributed to the higher R:FR ratio in fluorescent vs mixed light that reached the third bud, and in exposed vs shaded branches. Flowering of the third shoot was promoted by several factors: high photon flux density, 0.5 m M gibberellic acid (GA) or 0.2 m M benzyladenine (BA). BA was the most effective treatment. Treatments promoting flowering of the third shoot did not reduce growth or flowering of the upper shoots. However, spraying the uppermost shoot with BA suppressed the growth of the shoots below. It is concluded that light affects flowering in two ways. The effect on bud sprouting is related mainly to R:FR ratios, while the effect on flower development is related mainly to photon flux density. Cytokinins may substitute for the light effect on flower development.     

Effects of light and biomass partitioning on growth, photosynthesis and carbohydrate content of the seagrass Zostera noltii Hornem

Plants of the seagrass Zostera noltii were cultured in the laboratory (mesocosms) for two weeks to assess the effect of above:below-ground (AG/BG) biomass ratios and light on growth, photosynthesis and chemical composition. Experimental plant units (EPUs) with different proportions between AG and BG biomass were obtained from plants of the same size (containing 6 shoots and 5 internodes) by excising 0-5 shoots. The EPUs maintained the proportions in AG/BG biomass ratios during the experiment. While growth rate was unaffected by biomass partitioning at high light, maximum growth at low light was recorded in plants with low AG/BG ratios. The production of shoots and rhizomes showed a compensatory morphological response depending on the initial AG/BG proportions regardless of the light level. While shoot production, estimated as shoot appearance rate, was high at low AG/BG ratios and minimal under high AG/BG values, rhizome production, estimated as internode appearance rate and internode elongation rate, was maximal under high AG/BG proportions and decreased towards lower AG/BG ratios. This rhizomatic response was observed for secondary rhizomes and not for primary ones. In contrast to morphological response, no significant differences were detected in maximum electron transport rates (ETRm) among the different shoots in the plant. However, mean values of ETRm in plants were affected by biomass partitioning and light. EPUs grown in low light increased the sucrose stored in shoots as the AG/BG biomass ratios decreased; however, EPUs grown at high light showed no effect of biomass partitioning on sucrose levels. In conclusion, shoots excision by experimental manipulation caused a compensatory morphological response in plants while photosynthetic performance remained almost unaffected.     

Effects of Didymella applanata and Botrytis cinerea on axillary buds, lateral shoots and yield of red raspberry

The viability of axillary buds and the growth and potential yield of lateral shoots at nodes of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus) infected naturally by Didymella applanata or Botrytis cinerea were measured on excised nodes, decapitated nursery canes or on canes from fruiting plantations. In comparison with lesion-free nodes, buds at infected nodes were smaller and fewer of them were capable of growth when excised and ‘forced’, although the difference in growth between infected and uninfected nodes decreased during late winter. After February, those buds at infected nodes which were capable of forced growth did so as early and with a similar growth rate as those at lesion-free nodes. In April, 70% of buds at infected nodes were capable of growth compared with 94% of those at lesion-free nodes. When nursery canes of cv. Mailing Delight were decapitated above infected nodes the emergence of lateral shoots from the terminal infected node did not differ significantly from that at lesion-free nodes. On a range of farm sites in Scotland the emergence of shoots at infected nodes in the cropping region of canes was significantly poorer than from uninfected nodes but substantially better at infected nodes of cv. Glen Clova than at those of cvs Mailing Jewel and Mailing Orion. It is suggested that cv. Glen Clova is relatively tolerant of spur blight and cane botrytis. The length and potential yield of laterals which developed at infected nodes in the cropping region of canes in these three cultivars did not differ significantly from those at lesion-free nodes. In all tests there was no significant difference in growth at nodes infected by D. applanata and B. cinerea which may indicate a common mechanism for suppression of buds.     

The effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and donor plant environment on plant regeneration from immature inflorescence-derived callus of Lolium perenne L. and Lolium multiflorum L.

Callus cultures were obtained from immature inflorescences of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum). Inflorescence segments were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The response in culture with regard to compact callus induction, embryogenesis and plant regeneration was determined for different varieties. The in vitro response was compared for explants from field-grown plants and explants from greenhouse-grown plants. The effect of different 2,4-D concentrations on the in vitro response was also investigated in one L. perenne variety and one L. multiflorum variety. The percentage of explants that formed compact callus and embryogenic callus differed strongly with the cultivar. There was no consistent effect of the growth conditions of the donor plants or the 2,4-D concentration of the medium on this response. Green plants were regenerated from all the cultivars tested. Explants from field-grown plants showed a higher tendency to form albino shoots than explants from greenhouse-grown plants. In the L. perenne variety tested higher 2,4-D concentrations (up to 15 mg/l) resulted in a lower regeneration frequency of green shoots and a higher regeneration frequency of albino shoots (up to 12.5 mg/l). In the L. multiflorum variety tested the effect of 2,4-D on regeneration was less pronounced.     

Role of roots in regulating the growth rate and cytokinin content in leaves

The role of roots in the enhancement of cytokinin content and leaf growth of Phaseolus vulgaris plants after decapitation and partial defoliation was investigated. Partial excision of the roots of plants which were decapitated above the primary leaf node resulted in a reduction of leaf growth and soluble proteins accumulation in the primary leaves. Roots excision was done at time of decapitation and repeated 8 days later. Endogenous cytokinins, known to be involved in enhancing shoot growth, accumulated in the leaves and stems of decapitated and partially defoliated plants. Lower levels of cytokinins were detected in the leaves of decapitated plants with only a partial root system. The level of cytokinins in the roots of decapitated plants was reduced by partial root excision. The growth and accumulation of cytokinins in leaves were, however, not totally suppressed by removing a large proportion of the roots. At the commencement of the experiment the stem had a higher cytokinin content than both the leaves and roots. This suggests that the stem could be an alternative source of cytokinins to the leaves. The cytokinin complement in the leaves of decapitated plants is not identical to that in the roots. It appears that cytokinins supplied by the roots are metabolized in the leaves, or that alternatively certain cytokinins are synthesized in the leaves themselves.     

Effect of decapitation on absorption,translocation, and phytotoxicity of imazamethabenz in wild oat (Avena fatua L.)

The release of apical dominance by the physical destruction in situ of the apical meristem and associated leaf primordia (decapitation) promoted the growth of tillers in non-herbicide-treated wild oat plants, as indicated by increased tiller lengths and fresh weights. At 96 h after [¹⁴C] herbicide treatment following decapitation, the absorption of [¹⁴C]imazamethabenz and total translocation of radioactivity were respectively increased by 28% and 49%. By 96 h after [¹⁴C]imazamethabenz application, the radioactivity detected in the roots of decapitated plants was 45% higher than that in the roots of nondecapitated plants while the radioactivity in tillers of decapitated plants was 2.6-fold that in tillers of intact plants. Decapitation together with foliar spraying of imazamethabenz at 200 g ha^–1 further reduced tiller fresh weight, greatly decreased the total tiller number, and thereafter significantly increased overall phytotoxicity by 32% as measured by total shoot fresh weight. The results of this study support the hypothesis that main shoot apical dominance limits translocation of applied imazamethabenz to lateral shoots, rendering tillers less susceptible to growth inhibition by the herbicide.     

Growth response of Equisetum fluviatile to elevated CO2 and temperature

In contrast to crop plants and terrestrial herbaceous plants, aquatic plants have raised only modest interest among scientists working on climate change. However, climate change studies on emergent macrophytes can be justified with their crucial role in the ecosystem functioning of aquatic habitats. Here we present the results of a three-year study on the growth response of Equisetum fluviatile, a prominent littoral species of boreal lakes, to elevated CO₂ (doubled to 600–700 ppm) and temperature (increased 2.5–3 °C). Our findings reveal that temperature effects on this species were far more distinct than the effects of CO₂, and no interactions of temperature and CO₂ were observed. Temperature increase had a positive effect on the emergence of shoots and shoot length growth as well as on the maximum length of shoots. Maximum biomass was also positively affected by temperature. The enhancing effects of temperature were carried over to the next growing season. CO₂ enrichment also affected the maximum length of shoots, but the effect was negative. In addition, some response to CO₂ in fertility was observed, but again the effect of temperature was more obvious. Exposure to CO₂ enrichment seemed to have some positive effects on the belowground biomass of E. fluviatile, although this response was not very clear. Thus, we speculate that in the future climate this species will grow faster and the littoral stands will produce more shoot biomass.     

Foliar Treatment of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus Methylotrophicus</Emphasis> KE2 Reprograms Endogenous Functional Chemicals in Sesame to Improve Plant Health

The present study was aimed to investigate the health of vegetative and reproductive parts of sesame plants during Bacillus methylotrophicus KE2 interaction by their pigments, sugars, organic acid, amino acids, hormones and antioxidant production analysis. In a green-house study, B. methylotrophicus KE2 was sprayed to sesame plants at late flowering stage. The bacterial treatment enhanced photosynthetic pigments of plants including pods than their controls. The shoots of plants had higher amount of sucrose, glucose, galactose, xylitol and malic acid, and while the pods of plants showed the more accumulation of sucrose, glucose, inulin and xylitol in bacterium treated plants. However, alanine, cysteine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, arginine and proline content in shoots and cysteine in pods were increased by the effect of KE2 inoculation. Salicylic acid production was declined in shoots and increased in pods during bacterial exposure. In addition, abscisic acid concentration was lower in pods due to the effect of B. methylotrophicus KE2 in pods over controls. The total polyphenol synthesis was increased in shoots and pods of sesame plants by bacterial interaction. The results of this study revealed that foliar spray of B. methylotrophicus KE2 on sesame plants triggered the plant growth promoting and defense metabolites in vegetative and reproductive organs to improve the health status of sesame.     

Relationship of Apical Dominance to the Nutrient Accumulation Pattern in Pisum sativum var. Alaska

Decapitation of the pea plant resulted in the growth of all the lateral shoots. The initial growth of all lateral buds was somewhat similar. The differential growth rates developed later on. The pattern of growth of lateral shoots varied with the age of the plant when decapitation was performed. The basal shoots dominated when the plants were decapitated at the 2-leaf stage. At 3-leaf stage decapitation resulted in the dominance of shoot 5. Decapitation at 4-or-more-leaf stage resulted in the eventual dominance of the suhterminal lateral shoot. As a rule P-32 moved to the most actively growing part of the plant, i.e. apex in intact vegetative plant, the growing lateral shoots in a decapitated plant, the elongating subapical parts of the stem and the roots. The various metabolic sinks seemed to compete actively for this nutrient, therefore P-32 accumulation in any particular growing region of the plant was taken as an indicator of nutrient utilization potential of that part. The stem apex of an intact plant seemed to loose its dominance with the increasing age of the plant. The loss of apical dominance was almost complete during the reproductive phase of the plant, during which the upper lateral shoots initiated growth. Their growth, however, was inhibited soon because of competition with the other developing sinks, viz., the flower and the fruit. The amount of soluble carbohydrates in various parts of the pea plant followed essentially the same pattern as did P-32 accumulation. These distribution patterns were apparently correlated with the growth of the plant.     

Organogenesis from shoot segments and via callus of endangered <Emphasis Type="Italic">Kosteletzkya pentacarpos</Emphasis> (L.) Ledeb.

Efficient plant regeneration systems both from shoot segments and via callus organogenesis were developed for Kosteletzkya pentacarpos (L.) Ledeb., a rare and endangered Eurasian species. In the experiments with existing meristems, factors affecting shoot proliferation, including explant type, i.e. decapitated and intact shoots, and plant growth regulators, indole-3-acetic acid or kinetin, were investigated. Shoot proliferation was significantly affected by the type of explant, the hormones and their interaction. The highest shoot multiplication rate was obtained from decapitated shoots. Increasing kinetin concentration promoted shoot elongation regardless of explant type. In intact shoots, shoot length was also affected by increasing auxin concentration, although this effect tends to decrease with higher concentration. Decapitated shoots were not responsive to the addition of auxin. Micropropagation through organogenesis from callus was also investigated. Calli were obtained from leaf, stem internode and root explants. Only the leaf-derived calli produced shoots and indole-3-acetic acid favoured increased numbers of shoots. A number of experiments were conducted for rooting of in vitro produced shoots. All of them induced high rooting frequency, the number and the length of roots being dependent on the strength of the basal medium. The use of 1–2 mg l⁻¹ indole-3-butyric acid resulted in refining the optimal concentration for root elongation. The regenerated plants (70%) survived and flowered in their first vegetative period.     

Differential Responses of Buds along the Shoot to Factors Involved in Apical Dominance

Intact and decapitated 6-node shoots of Hygrophila sp. weregrown aseptically immersed in liquid half-strength Knop's solutionwith microelements and 2% (w/v) sucrose (control medium), andin medium with 0.1 mg l^–1 benzyladenine (BA). In intactshoots grown in control medium apical dominance suppressed outgrowthof the lateral buds; in decapitated shoots buds grew out atseveral of the most apical nodes, increasing in size acropetally.There was a lag in outgrowth of the bud at the most apical node,attributable to its initially smaller size. Lateral shoots grewout first at basal nodes of intact shoots in BA medium, decreasingin size acropetally; in decapitated shoots in BA medium lateralshoots of approximately equal size grew out at all nodes. Differentialeffects of decapitation and cytokinin treatment on lateral shootoutgrowth along the shoot could be interpreted by postulatinga basipetally decreasing gradient of endogenous auxin concentrationin the intact shoot. Application of 20 mg l^–1 indoleaceticacid (IAA) in agar to decapitated shoots completely preventedbud outgrowth for at least 7 d in control medium, inhibitingit thereafter, and inhibited bud outgrowth in BA medium, thussupporting the hypothesis. Comparison of lateral shoot outgrowthin whole decapitated shoots and severed decapitated shoots (isolatednodes) lent no support to the alternative hypothesis that theremight be an acropetally decreasing concentration gradient ofa bud-promoting substance in the intact shoot, and demonstratedmuch greater lateral shoot growth in isolated nodes. The resultsemphasize important correlative relationships between the partsof a shoot with several nodes.     

Regulation of Branching in Decussate Species with Unequal Lateral Buds

In the decussate plants Alternanthera philoxeroides and Hygrophilasp. the opposite axillary bud primordia are of unequal sizefrom the time of their inception; the larger or + buds lie alongone helix and the smaller or – buds along another (helicoidalsystem). In decapitated plants of Alternanthera both buds grewout, but unequally; if the node was vertically split growthof the two shoots was more equal, and if the + buds were excisedgrowth of the – shoots approximately equalled that ofcontrol + shoots. In decapitated shoots of Hygrophila grownin sterile culture only one bud, the + or larger one, grew outat each of the upper nodes. In excised cultured nodes, also,only the + bud grew out; but if the nodes were split longitudinallyboth buds grew out, initially rather unequally. These experimentssupport the view that the regulation of branching in these specieshas two components, apical dominance and the dominance of thelarger (+) bud over the smaller (–) bud at the same node.The restriction of growth potentiality imposed on the –bud is not permanent but can be modified. Further correlativeeffects on bud outgrowth include those of the subtending leavesand of buds at other nodes.     

Effects of Nitrogen Nutrition on Leaf Expansion and Photosynthesis of Trifolium subterraneum L. II. Comparison between Nodulated Plants and Plants Supplied with Combined Nitrogen

Subterranean clover plants depending on symbiotic nitrogen fixationhad smaller leaf areas than control plants supplied with combinednitrogen in the nutrient solutions. There were no differencesin chlorophyll content per unit fresh weight of leaves or petioles,nor in net rates of carbon dioxide uptake per unit leaf areaat light intensities above 2000 fc and at carbon dioxide concentrationsabove 300 ppm. Dark respiration by the shoots of the nodulatedplants was considerably higher than for the controls. This couldhave been a direct result of nodule activity and is suggestedas a possible factor contributing to the slower growth of theseplants compared with the controls. A comparison of the nitrogen contents of shoots and roots showeda sub-optimal nitrogen status, particularly in the roots, ofthe nodulated plants. This is suggested as another factor contributingto the slower growth of the nodulated plants compared with thecontrols. The response patterns before and after the addition of combinednitrogen differed in a number of important respects from thosefound previously under conditions of a sub-optimal nitrogensupply in the nutrient solution outside the roots. These arebriefly discussed.     

DPX 1840-induced Organogenesis in Xanthi-nc Tobacco Plants

The synthetic growth regulant DPX 1840 (3,3a-dihydro-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)-8H-pyrazolo[5, 1-a]isoindol-8-one) induced callus growth and subsequent tissue differentiation on cut surfaces of decapitated Xanthi-nc tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum). Callus formation and organogenesis induced by DPX 1840 depended on the presence of leaves. The adventitious meristems developed into either vegetative or flowering shoots. Pedicels that bore single flower buds developed two abscission zones that caused the buds to abscise before anthesis. The various morphological and physiological processes affected by DPX 1840 suggests that this growth regulator affects the endogenous hormonal distribution and/or activity.     

Growth and competition in clonal plants-persistence of shoot populations and species diversity

This paper reviews studies on growth and size-structure dynamics of shoots and clones in clonal plants in comparison with those in non-clonal plants, and discusses the characteristics of clonal plants. The mode of competition between individuals (symmetric versus asymmetric, degree of competitive asymmetry), growth dynamics of individuals, allocation pattern between organs and spatial pattern of individuals are closely correlated with each other in non-clonal plant populations. Theoretical and field studies based on the diffusion model revealed that plants of “height-growth” type (mostly early-successional tree species) and plants of “diameter-growth” type (mostly late-successional tree species) tend to exhibit asymmetric competition and symmetric competition respectively. Moreover, asymmetrically competing plants show smaller effects of variation in individual growth rate and spatial pattern on the size-structure dynamics of the population than symmetrically competing plants. Thefefore, the spatial pattern of inviduals should be considered especially for plants undergoing symmetric competition. These results for non-clonal plants should have a significant implication also for the growth dynamics and competition in clonal plants. The mean growth rate of shoots [G(t,x) function] and hence the mode of competition between shoots differs among clonal plant species as in non-clonal plants. However, a large magnitude and size-independence (or slightly negative size-dependence) of the variation in growth rate of shoots [D(t,x) function], especially at the early stage in a growing season is a common characteristic of many clonal plant species, in contrast to the positively size-dependent variation in individual growth rate in non-clonal plants. This type of variation in shoot growth rate leads to the persistence of stable shoot populations even when the mean growth rate function is changed, and also in cases where the shoot population structure would be unstable in the absence of variation in growth rate. It is suggested that competition between clones is symmetric in most clonal plant species, which brings about small-scale spatio-temporal changes in species abundance and hence species diversity.     

Synergistic effects of inoculating arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Methylobacterium oryzae strains on growth and nutrient uptake of red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to examine the effects of inoculation with two Methylobacterium oryzae strains (CBMB20 and CBMB110) and a consortium of three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on the growth of red pepper (Capsicum annum L.). Inoculation of red pepper plants with the M. oryzae strains resulted in a significant increase in root length and root fresh weight compared to untreated control plants. The combined inoculation of M. oryzae strains and AM fungi significantly increased various plant growth parameters and chlorophyll content compared to uninoculated controls. Mycorrhizal colonisation and the number of AM fungal spores were higher in co-inoculation treatments. In addition, the combined inoculation of M. oryzae strains and AM fungi resulted in significantly higher nitrogen (N) accumulation in the roots and shoots of red pepper plants compared to uninoculated controls. The combined inoculation of M. oryzae strain CBMB110 and AM fungi increased the phosphorus (P) content by 23.3% compared to untreated controls. The micronutrient content of the red pepper plants also increased in most of the inoculation treatments. A perfect mutualism among CBMB100-AMF was found which was attributed to the improved macro- and micronutrient uptake along with higher chlorophyll content in red pepper. Further research on in-depth understanding of the co-operative microbial interactions will facilitate the successful application of Methylobacterium-AM fungi products in biotechnology.     

Shoot culture of Bacopa monnieri: standardization of explant,vessels and bioreactor for growth and antioxidant capacity

Standardization of biomass production in different vessels and bioreactor using explants and media for growth, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of shoot culture of Bacopa monnieri is described. Maximum number of shoots per explant, higher explants response irrespective of the type of explants, and higher shoot length was obtained on MS medium containing BAP (2.5 mg l⁻¹) and IAA (0.01 mg l⁻¹) with 3 % sucrose. This medium was selected by varying BAP concentration and recorded optimal for shoot culture on gelled medium. The condition of 0.5 cm explant size and 20 explant/40 ml (1 explant/2 ml) was optimal for high explant response, number of shoots per explant regenerated and shoots length. Among the different vessels used, maximum growth index was achieved in Growtek bioreactor (10.0) followed by magenta box (9.16), industrial glass jar (7.7) and conical flask (7.2). The cultures grown in conical flask (100 ml) were used as control. The total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of in vitro grown plants was higher to that recorded for in vivo material. Among in vitro regenerated plants, the activity was maximal in the tissues grown in 250 ml conical flask. The most critical function for vessels is to support the optimum profusion (growing area for maximum growth) of shoots and for B. monnieri, Growtek bioreactor supported 1980 shoots l⁻¹ medium as compared to control (938 shoots l⁻¹). Growtek bioreactor was considered effective system to produce B. monnieri biomass in culture without loss of antioxidant properties.