Revision of the genus Thambemyia Oldroyd (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) with description of a new subgenus

The genus Thambemyia Oldroyd is revised. Five species are recognized. Three new species –T. bisetosa, T. bruneiensis and T. hui– are described, and T. pagdeni Oldroyd, 1956 is redescribed. A new subgenus is founded for one new Japanese species, T. (Prothambemyia) japonica. A key to all known species of the genus is provided. Their distributions are also discussed.     

An up-date of Verster's (1969) `Taxonomic revision of the genus Taenia Linnaeus' (Cestoda) in table format

The paper `A taxonomic revision of the genus Taenia Linnaeus, 1758 s. str.' (Verster, 1969) gives concise characterisations, together with drawings of rostellar hooks and the terminal genital organs, of the 32 Taenia species and three subspecies which this author found to be valid. Yet, it is hardly possible to quickly identify a questionable species or to readily access information on their hosts, geographical range and synonyms. The present paper compiles these data and additional information on larval characteristics into tables. Measurements and numbers of hooks are shown using a graph. Additional data are included from authors not mentioned by Verster and for seven new species (T. dinniki, T. jaipurensis, T. kotlani, T. madoquae, T. saigoni and T. simbae), two re-validated species (T. krepkogorski, T. retracta) and two subspecies (T. polyacantha arctica and T. saginata asiatica) described since 1969. Reasons for rejecting one new species and one new subspecies are given. A table of definitive hosts and the Taenia species occurring in them is also included, as is one of synonyms from 1850 onwards. A good procedure for the staining and mounting of cestodes is described.     

On the fauna of bristletails of the genera <Emphasis Type="Italic">Petrobius</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trigoniophthalmus</Emphasis> (Thysanura,Machilidae) from the Caucasus

Five new species, Petrobius caucasicus sp. n., Trigoniophthalmus presimplex sp. n., T. divnogorski sp. n., T. kislovodski sp. n., and T. adigei sp. n. (Machilidae), are described from the Caucasus. A key to all the known species of the genus Trigoniophthalmus is given. Two subgenera (Trigoniophthalmus s. str., Trigoniocellus subgen. n.) in the genus Trigoniophthalmus are described. 2 + 2 retractile vesicles are present on abdominal segments II–IV in the species of Trigoniocellus subgen. n. and on II–V abdominal segments in Trigoniophthalmus s. str. Analysis of the evolution and phylogenetic relations between the species of the genus Trigoniophthalmus is performed for the first time. The formation of bristletails of the genus Trigoniophthalmus appears to occur in the Caucasian mountain province of the European area, from where they penetrated to the Central European mixed province and the Mediterranean subarea. Among the described species of the genus, T. kislovodski is distinguished by the greatest number of plesiomorphic states of morphological characters.     

广西苦苣苔科稀有珍贵植物——弥勒苣苔

首次报道广西苦苣苔科植物一新记录属:弥勒苣苔属.该属接近金盏苣苔属,但不同在于弥勒苣苔属花冠上唇4浅裂,下唇不分裂,2对雄蕊分别着生于花冠中部及其上方,雌蕊具一个柱头.弥勒苣苔属为中国特有的单型属,仅弥勒苣苔一种,分布于云南东南部和广西西部.该种在广西首次记录,凭证标本存放于广西植物标本馆(IBK).     

Taxonomic study of the genus Trichopteryx Hübner (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in Korea

The larentiine genus Trichopteryx Hübner in Korea is reviewed. Nine species, including one newly recorded species, T. misera (Butler), are recognized. Diagnostic characters of each species with photographs of adults and genitalia are provided. A key to the Korean species is also given.     

Revision of the genera Nemotha Wood-Mason, 1884 and Tricondylomimus Chopard, 1930 stat. rev., with description of a new species (Dictyoptera: Mantodea)

The oriental species previously included in the rarely collected genus Nemotha Wood-Mason, 1884 (Mantodea: Iridopterygidae) are revised. N. coomani (Chopard, 1930) and N. mirabilis Beier, 1933 strongly differ from the type species N. metallica (Westwood, 1845) by family-level morphological features, but share a unique type of forefemoral armament with the genera Hapalopeza Stål, 1877 and Amantis Giglio-Tos, 1915, suggesting Nemotha is of a polyphyletic nature. The genus Tricondylomimus Chopard, 1930 is resurrected from synonymy to accommodate T. coomani, T. mirabilis n. comb. and the species which is newly described in this article, T. intermedius n. sp. The monotypic genus Pseudogousa Tinkham, 1937 and its species P. sinensis Tinkham, 1937 are synonymized with Tricondylomimus and T. mirabilis, respectively. The genus Tricondylomimus is placed in Iridopterygidae, while Nemotha is transferred to Hymenopodidae: Anaxarchini.     

A review of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Teretriorhynchites</Emphasis> (Coleoptera,Rhynchitidae) from the Russian fauna

The genus Teretriorhynchites, subgenera Aphlorhynchites and Teretriorhynchites s. str., and four species (T. pubescens, T. amabilis, T. hirticollis, and T. caeruleus) from the Russian fauna are redescribed. Keys to the subgenera, species, and subspecies are given. The data on trophic associations of species of this genus are summarized.     

Large Amounts of Genetic Divergence among Italian Species of the Genus Orchesella (Insecta, Collembola) and the Relationships of Two New Species

The phylogenetic position of two putative new species of the collembolan genus Orchesella was investigated by comparison with four other Italian species of the genus using a fragment of the mitochondrial gene encoding for subunit I of cytochrome c oxidase (COI). The gene showed the well-known A + T bias, typical of insect mitochondrial DNA, although A + T content was not as high as that observed in species belonging to more derived insect orders. The large number of variable sites in 3rd codon positions (85.2% variable) suggested that these sites contain significant homoplasy due to multiple hits. Despite the lack of morphological differentiation, the COI portion examined shows remarkable levels of genetic divergence between the putative species and their closest relatives. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that one of the putative new species is related to O. villosa, whereas the other is included in a clade with O. cincta and O. ranzii. The species O. chiantica appears to be related to O. villosa, agreeing with previous allozyme data.     

DNA barcoding of genus Toxoptera Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae): Identification and molecular phylogeny inferred from mitochondrial COI sequences

Abstract Identification of aphid species is always difficult due to the shortage of easily distinguishable morphological characters. Aphid genus Toxoptera consists of species with similar morphology and similar to Aphis in most morphological characters except the stridulatory apparatus. DNA barcodes with 1 145 bp sequences of partial mitochondrial cytochrome‐coxidase I (COI) genes were used for accurate identification of Toxoptera. Results indicated mean intraspecific sequence divergences were 1.33%, whereas mean interspecific divergences were greater at 8.29% (0.13% and 7.79% if T. aurantii 3 and T. aurantii 4 are cryptic species). Sixteen samples were distinguished to four species correctly by COI barcodes, which implied that DNA barcoding was successful in discrimination of aphid species with similar morphology. Phylogenetic relationships among species of this genus were tested based on this portion of COI sequences. Four species of Toxoptera assembled a clade with low support in maximum‐parsimony (MP) analysis, maximum‐likelihood (ML) analysis and Bayesian phylogenetic trees, the genus Toxoptera was not monophyletic, and there were two sister groups, such as T. citricidus and T. victoriae, and two clades of T. aurantii which probably presented cryptic species in the genus.     

A BIOSYSTEMATIC STUDY OF TRIDENS (GRAMINEAE)

Tateoka , Tuguo . (U. Montréal, Montréal, Canada.) A biosystematic study of Tridens (Gramineae) . Amer. Jour. Bot. 48(7): 565–573. Illus. 1961.—The genus Tridens has been studied from cytological, morphological, anatomical and histological points of view. Species of Tridens can be divided into 2 groups according to the characters of caryopses, stigmas, lemmas, paleas and general habit. In accordance with the morphological disparities, the 2 groups have different appearances of the anatomy of leaf margins and midribs and also of the bicellular microhairs on the epidermis of the leaf blade. Further, the 2 groups have different basic chromosome numbers, x=8 and x=10, and some distinction in karyotype. Somatic chromosomes of 8 species have been examined. The evidence given by the combined studies indicates that Tridens should be regarded as a mixture of 2 phylogenetically distant groups. Based on this conclusion, the 5 species representing one of the 2 groups (T. pilosus, T. avenaceus, T. grandiflorus, T. nealleyi and T. pulchellus) are transferred to the genus Erioneuron which is hereby revived. Nomenclatural changes are made for the species of the revived genus.     

CYTOGENETIC STUDIES IN THE GENUS TRIBOLIUM (POACEAE: ARUNDINEAE)

The genus Tribolium Desv. consists of nine species, i.e., T. utriculosum (Nees) Renv., T. ciliare (Stapf) Renv., T. echinatum (Thunb.) Desv., T. hispidum (Thunb.) Desv., T. acutiflorum (Nees) Renv., T. obliterum sensu Davidse, T. glomeratum sensu Davidse, T. uniolae (L.f.) Renv., and T. brachystachyum (Nees) Renv. The genus has a basic chromosome number of 6, and from diploid to hexaploid specimens have been examined. Precocious segregation of metaphase I bivalents were observed in four species. Multivalent formation results in unequal chromosome segregation during anaphase I, and several cells with an 11–13 chromosome distribution have been observed. The presence of univalents and anaphase I bridges in all T. brachystachyum specimens suggests a hybrid origin for the species. B-chromosomes were present in specimens from four species. The B-chromosomes are similar to the euchromosomes with the exception that they do not participate in meiosis. The B-chromosomes have a possible isochromosome origin. The cytogenetic evidence presented supports the combination of Plagiochloa and Lasiochloa into Tribolium and indicates that the genus is closely related to Urochlaena, whereas it is not closely related to Prionanthium.     

Phylogeny,species diversity and biogeographic patterns of the genus Tricleocarpa (Galaxauraceae,Rhodophyta) from the Indo-Pacific region,including T. confertus sp. nov. from Taiwan

Among four different genera in Galaxauraceae, species diversity of the genus Tricleocarpa Huisman & Borowitzka is underestimated and requires further examination. In this study, we explored a molecular phylogeny of Tricleocarpa with an emphasis on Taiwan species and reassessed species diversity of the genus from the Indo-Pacific region based on analyses of rbcL and COI-5P sequences and morphological observations. The molecular analyses showed that species of Tricleocarpa examined are grouped into seven clades: six clades in the T. cylindrica group (the T. cylindrica complex, T. confertus, T. jejuensis, T. natalensis and two uncharacterized T. ‘cylindrica’ clades) and one clade as the T. fragilis group. Overall, at least 12 species in Tricleocarpa were detected from the Indo-Pacific region, including a new species, T. confertus S.-L. Liu & S.-M. Lin, from Taiwan. Among them, T. confertus can be separated from other species of Tricleocarpa by a thallus consisting of dichotomous or trichotomous, articulated and moniliform branches with smooth surfaces, constrictions at nodes and slightly anti-triangular in shape. The cystocarp morphology of T. confertus is similar to the T. cylindrica group by having paraphyses intermixing with gonimoblast filaments. Recognition of this new species from other species is also supported by the DNA-based, algorithmic species delimitation approaches. With the combination of molecular phylogeny and species diversity reassessment, our phylogeographic analysis supported a trend that species in the T. fragilis group are restricted in their distribution to subtropical and tropical areas whereas species in the T. cylindrica group have a wide distribution, ranging from temperate through to tropical areas.     

Anatomy and cytology of Taphrina entomospora during infection of Nothofagus

Taphrina entomospora is one of the few species of the genus described on native plants of the Southern Hemisphere and also one of the few leaf pathogens known on Nothofagus species. The anatomical changes it produces on N. pumilio leaves, and its morphology, cytology, and sporogenesis were studied. The fungus is a perennial species that overwinters as mycelium in the foliar buds and infects the developing leaves, so the whole blade develops the disease symptoms. Interveinal areas of the leaves become chlorotic, thickened and rounded. Palisade parenchyma fails to develop, with spongy parenchyma developing as packed, rounded, isodiametric cells with little intercellular space. The mycelium is subcuticular, dikaryotic, and produces ascogenous hyphae, asci, and ascospores as described for other species in the genus. Before ascus discharge, ascospores bud in a regular, unique way. The life-cycle of T. entomospora is compared with other representative taxa in the genus and the distribution of this pathogen is discussed.     

Oligonucleotide Probes for the Detection of Representatives of the Genus Thermoanaerobacter

Based on the analysis of 16S rRNA nucleotide sequences, oligonucleotide probes were designed for the detection of representatives of the genus Thermoanaerobacter. To increase the specificity of detection, the genus Thermoanaerobacter was divided into three groups. The probe Tab 827 (5"-GCTTCCGCDYCCCACACCTA-3") detected all known representatives of the genus Thermoanaerobacter; the probe Tab_1 844 (5"-TTAACTACGGCACGRAATGCTTC-3") was specific for the first group of species of the genus (T. wiegelii, T. siderophilus, T. sulfurophilus, T. brockii, T. kivui, T. ethanolicus, T. acetoethylicus, and T. thermohydrosulfuricus); the probe Tab_2 424 (5"-CACTAMYGGGGTTTACAACC-3") targeted the second group (T. thermocopriae, T. mathranii, and T. italicus); and the probe Tab_3 184 (5"-TCCTCCATCAGGATGCCCTA-3") was specific for the third group (T. tengcongensis, T. yonseiensis, T. subterraneus, and Carboxydibrachium pacificum, an organism related to the genus Thermoanaerobacter according to its 16S rRNA sequence). The oligonucleotide probes were labeled with Dig-11-dUTP. Hybridization with the probes showed the affiliation with Thermoanaerobacter of several pure cultures that were morphologically similar to representatives of this genus but possessed metabolic features unusual for it (capacity for agarose hydrolysis, anaerobic oxidation of CO, growth at low pH values) or were isolated from habitats previously unknown for Thermoanaerobacter (deep-sea hydrothermal vents).