A review of selected South- and East Asian Tanytarsus v.d. Wulp (Diptera: Chironomidae)

Male and pupa of Tanytarsus calorifontis sp. n. are described. Diagnoses, hypopygium drawings for the examined species and distribution are given for: Tanytarsus akantertiusSasa & Kamimura, T. angulatus Kawai, T. atagoensis Tokunaga,T. bathophilusKieffer, T. boninensis Tokunaga, T. formosae (Kieffer), T. formosanusKieffer, T. infundibulusChaudhuri & Datta, T. kikuchiiSasa, Kawai & Ueno, T. konishii Sasa & Kawai, T. mcmillani Freeman, T. mendax Kieffer, T. miyakobrevis Sasa & Hasegawa, T. monstrosus Chaudhuri et al., T. ogasaquartus Sasa & Suzuki, T. ogasatertius Sasa & Suzuki, T. okuboi Sasa & Kikuchi, T. oscillans Johannsen, T. ovatus Johannsen, T. oyamai Sasa, T. pollexus Chaudhuri & Datta, T. shouautumnalis Sasa, T. shoudigitatus Sasa, T. takahashii Kawai & Sasa, T. tamaundecimus Sasa, T. tonebeceus Sasa & Tanaka, T. tusimatneousSasa & Suzuki, T. unagiseptimus Sasa, T. uraiensis Tokunaga, T. yakuheiusSasa & Suzuki and T. yunosecundus Sasa. Tanytarsus ikiefeus Sasa & Suzuki is a new junior synonym of T. konishii. Tanytarsus ikifegeus Sasa & Suzuki, T. miyakoflavus Sasa & Hasegawa,T. oyabepallidus Sasa, Kawai & Ueno, T. simantoopeus Sasa et al. and T. tusimatheius Sasa & Suzuki are new junior synonyms of T. okuboi. Tanytarsus nippogregarius Sasa & Kamimura is a new junior synonym of T. bathophilus. Tanytarsus cultellus Chaudhuri & Datta and T. sibafegeus Sasa et al. are new junior synonyms of T. oscillans.Tanytarsus insulus (Guha et al., 1985) is a new junior synonym of T. ovatus. Tanytarsus sakishimanus Sasa & Hasegawa, T. vinculus Chaudhuri et al., T. parvistylus Chaudhuri & Datta, T. fusciabdominalis Guha et al. and T. euformosanus Kikuchi & Sasa are new junior synonyms of T. formosanus. Tanytarsus tsutaprimus Sasa, T. tokarajekeus Sasa & Suzuki, T. tusimatlemeus Sasa & Suzuki, T. tusimatopeus Sasa & Suzuki and T. yakugeheuus Sasa & Suzuki are new junior synonyms of T. shouautumnalis. Tanytarsus togasiroidus Sasa & Okazawa is a new junior synonym of T. shoudigitatus. Tanytarsus tusimatjekeus Sasa & Suzuki and T. tusimatkeleus Sasa & Suzuki are new junior synonyms of T. akantertius, and Tanytarsus tusimatpequeus Sasa & Suzuki is a new junior synonym of T. tusimatneous. Virgatanytarsus toganiveus (Sasa & Okazawa), Cladotanytarsus utonaiquartus (Sasa) and Zavrelia tusimatijeus (Sasa & Suzuki), all previously placed in Tanytarsus, are new combinations.     

Properties of the nonlethal recombinational repair deficient mutants of bacteriophage T4

Summary The rate at which ³H thymidine is incorporated into DNA is increased in T4w-infected cells compared to wild-type when measured late in infection under conditions of low thymidine concentration. This increased DNA synthesis is sensitive to hydroxyurea but not to mitomycin C, and can be prevented by the addition of chloramphenicol early in infection. Also, DNA replicative intermediates isolated from T4w-infected cells late in infection sediment significantly faster than those isolated from wild-type-infected cells. In contrast, DNA replicative intermediates isolated from T4x-or T4y-infected cells sediment more slowly than those produced by wild-type T4. Cells coinfected with wild-type T4⁺ and T4x, y or w; or T4w and T4x or y, produce wild-type DNA replicative intermediates. Cells coinfected with T4x and T4y produce more slowly sedimenting DNA replicative intermediates. Cells coinfected with T4w and wild-type T4 show wild-type rates of DNA synthesis while cells coinfected with T4w and T4x or T4y show increased rates of DNA synthesis over that observed with wild-type alone.     

MOLECULAR EVIDENCE FOR THE ORIGIN OF THE S-DERIVED GENOMES OF POLYPLOID TRITICUM SPECIES

The genus Triticum includes several polyploid species that arose due to hybridization between two or more diploid species. Section Sitopsis is comprised of five diploid species given the genome designation S. Four polyploid species are recognized that contain an S or S-derived genome. We have used two repetitive DNA sequences found primarily in the S genomes of Triticum to determine the likely diploid progenitors of the polyploid species. Comparison of restriction fragments that hybridize to probes for these sequences suggests that T. speltoides is distinct from other members of section Sitopsis (i.e., T. longissimum, T. bicorne, T. searsii, and T. sharonense). The S-derived genome of T. aestivum is more closely related to T. speltoides than to the other Sitopsis diploids. The restriction fragment pattern of T. timopheevii is 98% identical to that of T. speltoides, while those of T. kotschyi and T. syriacum are identical to the group of diploids represented by T. longissimum, T. bicorne, T. searsii, and T. sharonense. Our results are compatible with previous molecular and biochemical data regarding relationships among Triticum species containing an S or S-derived genome.     

Molecular data reveal that the tetraploid Tragopogon kashmirianus (Asteraceae: Lactuceae) is distinct from the North American T. mirus

Tragopogon kashmirianus (Asteraceae: Lactuceae) (2n = 24) was described based on collections from Kashmir. The tetraploid is morphologically similar to allotetraploid T. mirus from North America that has formed in western North America from the introduced T. dubius (2n = 12) and T. porrifolius (salsify; 2n = 12). Singh and Kachroo (1976 ) suggested that T. kashmirianus might have formed from the same diploid parental combination as T. mirus. To determine this, we investigated internal and external transcribed spacers (ITS, ETS) and five plastid regions of T. kashmirianus and species reported from Kashmir, northern India and neighbouring countries (T. badachschanicus, T. longirostris, T. porrifolius, T. pratensis, T. orientalis, T. subalpinus, T. trachycarpus, T. gracilis and T. dubius). Molecular data indicate that the parents of T. kashmirianus are not the European T. porrifolius and T. dubius. The exact parentage of T. kashmirianus is still unclear, but if it is an allotetraploid, at least one parent is a species native to Kashmir/India. Alternatively, it may represent an autopolyploid, again with the diploid parent native to Kashmir/India. We also found that ‘T. dubius’ from Kashmir is phylogenetically and morphologically distinct from collections of T. dubius from Europe and probably represents a previously unrecognized species. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 158 , 391–398.     

Taxonomic notes on New Zealand species of Tortula

Abstract

T. bealeyensis R. Br. ter, is reduced to synonymy with T. anderssonii Ångstr. and T. paehyneura Dix. to synonymy with Barbula ealobolax C. Müll.B. calobolax and B. calobolax var. angustinervia C. Müll. are transferred to the genus Willia. T. petriei Broth. is reduced to a subspecies of T. arenae (Besch.) Broth. Differences between this taxon and the ssp. arenae are outlined and T. arenae ssp. arenae is reported for the first time from the Auckland Islands. A lectotype is chosen for T. rubra Mitt, and T. subantaretiea Sainsb. is reduced to a variety of T. rubra. New Zealand plants referred to T. serrulata Hook. et Grev. are more correctly assigned to T. serrata Dix., which is endemic to New Zealand.     

Additional evidence implicating Triticum searsii as the B-genome donor to wheat

In vitro DNA:DNA hybridizations and hydroxyapatite thermal-elution chromatography were employed to identify the diploid wheat species ancestral to the B genome of Triticum turgidum. ³H-T. turgidum DNA was hybridized to the unlabeled DNAs of T. urartu, T. speltoides, T. sharonensis, T. bicorne, T. longissimum, and T. searsii. ³H-Labeled DNAs of T. monococcum and a synthetic tetraploid AADD were hybridized with unlabeled DNAs of T. urartu and T. searsii to determine the relationship of the A genome of polyploid wheat and T. urartu. The heteroduplex thermal stabilities indicated that T. searsii was most closely related to the B genome of T. turgidum (AB) and that the genome of T. urartu and the A genome have a great deal of base-sequence homology. Thus, it appears that T. searsii is the B-genome donor to polyploid wheat or a major chromosome donor if the B genome is polyphyletic in origin.Published with the approval of the Director of The West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station as Scientific Paper No. 1837.     

Floral biology and pollination strategy of seven Tacca species (Taccaceae)

We investigated the floral characteristics, floral biology and floral visitors of the six Bornean Tacca species: T. bibracteata (only floral characteristics), T. borneensis, T. havilandii, T. leontopetaloides, T. palmata and T. reducta, and T. cristata from Peninsular Malaysia. All species are protogynous with pollen strings extruded post flower opening. Blooming of all species started from dawn except for T. leontopetaloides which flowered from dusk. While T. borneensis, T. cristata, T. havilandii, T. leontopetaloides and T. reducta are facultatively autogamic as the pollen/ovule ratios (P/O ratios) were low, T. bibracteata is facultatively xenogamic as its P/O ratio was higher. Four species (T. borneensis, T. cristata, T. havilandii and T. reducta) were tested for autonomous self-pollination but all failed to set fruit. Manual self- and cross-pollination treatments of T. borneensis, T. cristata and T. havilandii showed reduced fruit set and seed set. In contrast, T. reducta was highly self-compatible. The showy bracts and bracteoles of T. borneensis are needed to guarantee pollination success but is not so in the other species investigated. Tacca are pollinated by two pollination guilds of female midges: two species of Forcipomyia (Lasiohelea) and Culicoides hinnoi. The floral biology and mating system of Tacca species indicate that most fruits and seeds were produced in samples resulting from natural pollination.     

A new species of Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) parasitic on eggs of the alderfly Sialis melania (Neuroptera: Sialidae) from Japan,with comments on its phylogeny and male wing polymorphism

A new species of Trichogramma that parasitizes Sialis melania eggs is described as Trichogramma tajimaense Yashiro, Hirose and Honda, sp. nov. from Japan. Its phylogenetic position is based on a DNA‐based analysis, and data regarding its male wing polymorphism are also presented. The view that T. tajimaense is closely related to T. semblidis, another parasitoid of Sialis eggs, is supported by the results of a phylogenetic analysis, as well as by the biological and morphological similarities between both species. Trichogramma tajimaense is also similar in male wing polymorphism to T. kurosuae, a gregarious egg parasitoid of the lepidopteran Ivela auripes, as both Trichogramma species exhibit male wing trimorphism (fully alate, brachypterous and apterous forms) in contrast to the male wing dimorphism (fully alate and apterous forms) of T. semblidis. However, no phylogenetic analysis reveals a close relationship between T. tajimaense and T. kurosuae, and a difference exists between these two species in the mean percentage of flightless (brachypterous and apterous) males that emerge from a host egg mass; 96% of T. tajimaense males are incapable of flight, whereas about 50% of T. kurosuae males are flightless. Because all or almost all males of T. semblidis parasitizing Sialis eggs are apterous, T. tajimaense is more similar to T. semblidis than to T. kurosuae in the proportion of flightless males. In addition, male wing polymorphisms of Trichogramma in relation to mating systems could also show a similarity between T. tajimaense and T. semblidis when considering both species as quasi‐gregarious parasitoids of Sialis eggs.     

Phylogenetic and populational study of the Tuber indicum complex

When examined using SEM, Chinese samples of Tuber indicum and T. sinense displayed the same ascospore ornamentation as that of T. pseudohimalayense, T. indicum, collected in India by Duthie in 1899, and samples renamed T. himalayense in 1988. The different authors who named the four taxa (T. indicum, T. himalayense, T. sinense, T. pseudohimalyense) described differences in the surface of the peridium which could be considered as usual variations within a single species. We consider T. indicum, T. himalayense, T. sinense and T. pseudohimalayense as one species, T. indicum. Within this T. indicum complex, according to ITS and β-tubulin sequences, there are two groups in China, which could be considered as geographical ecotypes. This study is the first to identify a genetic and phylogeographical structure within the Chinese Tuber species.     

ANTHER MORPHOLOGY AND THE ORIGIN OF THE TETRAPLOID WHEATS

Anther morphology of various species of the genus Triticum is consistent with previous evidence that different biotypes of T. boeoticum (AA) and T. urartu (BB) contributed the respective A and B genomes to the emmer (A^eA^eB^eB^e) and timopheevi (A^tA^tB^tB^t) tetraploid complexes. Anther length of T. dicoccoides (2.8 mm) and T. araraticum (3.0 mm) is mid-way between that of T. boeoticum (3.6) and T. urartu (2.2) and the same as that of the sterile hybrid T. boeoticum X T. urartu. With respect to mode of dehiscence, post anthesis reflexion of anther lobes and twisting of the anthers, T. dicoccoides resembles T. boeoticum, whereas T. araraticum resembles T. urartu. With respect to anther apex, T. dicoccoides resembles neither T. boeoticum nor T. urartu but is identical with their F₁ hybrid. Among amphiploids involving four different Aegilops species and T. boeoticum lines, none could similarly account for the length or other diagnostic attributes of the tetraploid anthers. Anther morphology is consistent with the presumed genomic composition of the cultivated tetraploid and hexaploid wheats and seems to distinguish effectively the different genomic groups of the genus Triticum.     

ELECTROPHORETIC STUDY OF THE ALLOPOLYPLOIDAL ORIGIN OF TALINUM TERETIFOLIUM AND THE SPECIFIC STATUS OF T. APPALACHIANUM (PORTULACACEAE)

Electrophoretic evidence supported the hypothesis that Talinum teretifolium is an allopolyploid derivative of T. mengesii and T. parviflorum. Electrophoretic variation was examined for 384 individuals from 21 populations of four Talinum species. Plants were scored for isozymes of nine enzyme systems specified by 23 gene loci of which 4 were monomorphic and 19 polymorphic. Talinum teretifolium populations were electrophoretically uniform, and all alleles of this species were accounted for by combining alleles present in its presumed parents. Genetic identity values between T. teretifolium and each of its presumed parents (I ≥ 0.817) were higher than between any other pair of the four Talinum species examined. The electrophoretic evidence did not support an alternative hypothesis that T. calycinum is a progenitor of T. teretifolium. Electrophoretic data also showed that T. appalachianum is a disjunct population of T. parviflorum. The average genetic identity between T. appalachianum and T. parviflorum (I = 0.884) was higher than the average genetic identity for conspecific populations of both T. mengesii and T. calycinum.     

Trichodina (Ciliata: Urceolariidae) of Freshwater Fishes of the Southeastern United States*

SYNOPSIS. Eight new species of Trichodina are described from freshwater fishes of the Southeastern U.S.: T. davisi from Roccus saxatilus (Walbaum), T. funduli from Fundulus notti (Agassiz), T. globosa from Etheostoma radiosum (Hubbs and Black), T. hoffmani from Etheostoma edwini (Hubbs and Cannon), T. hypsilepis from Notropis hypsilepis Suttkus and Raney, T. microdenticula from Dorosoma petenense (Gunther). T. noturi from Noturus leptacanthus Jordan, and T. salmincola from Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Nine species of Trichodina are redescribed: T. californica, T. discoidea, T. fultoni, T. pediculus, T. platyformis, T. reticulata, T. sp. (?T. nigra), T. tumefaciens, and T. vallata. The name T. pediculus is re-erected for the form that occurs on largemouth bass. Host fish were collected from 36 geographic locations in 10 states (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee). A total of 939 fish of 46 species was examined for trichodinid parasites. Two methods of impregnating formalin preserved specimens of Trichodina with silver are discussed. A key to the species of Trichodina reported from North American freshwater fishes is given.     

Chemotaxonomy of the genus Talaromyces

Species of the ascomycetous genus Talaromyces have been examined for profiles of secondary metabolites on TLC. The greatest number of specific metabolites were produced on oatmeal-, malt extract- and yeast-extract sucrose agars. Profiles of intracellular secondary metabolites produced on oatmeal agar were specific for each species and provided a means of simple differentiation of the taxa. Examination of the most important species using high performence liquid chromatography (HPLC) allowed to solve some taxonomic problems. Known mycotoxins are produced by T. stipitatus (duclauxin, talaromycins, botryodiploidin), T. stipitatus chemotype II (emodin), T. panasenkoi (spiculisporic acid), T. trachyspermus (spiculisporic acid), T. trac macrosporus (duclauxin) and T. wortmannii (rugulosin). Wortmannin is produced by an atypical strain of T. flavus but not T. wortmannii. Several other secondary metabolites were discovered for the first time in the following species: Glauconic acid is produced by T. panasenkoi, T. ohiensis and T. trachyspermus; vermiculine by T. ohiensis; duclauxin by T. flavus var. macrosporus and the mitorubrins by T. flavus and T. udagawae. The profiles of secondary metabolites support the established taxonomy of the species based on morphology, showing the genetic stability of profiles of secondary metabolites in Talaromyces. Two new taxa are proposed: T. macrosporus comb. nov. (stat. anam. Penicillium macrosporum stat. nov.), and Penicillium vonarxii, sp. nov. for the anamorph of T. luteus.     

Impacts of Tomicus minor on distribution and reproduction of Tomicus piniperda (Col., Scolytidae) on the trunk of the living Pinus yunnanensis trees

This study investigated the impacts of Tomicus minor on Tomicus piniperda when the two Tomicus species coexist in the trunks of living Yunnan pine (Pinus yunnanensis L.) trees growing in the Kunming region, in south-western China. Tomicus piniperda mostly locates in the mid- and upper trunks of Yunnan pine tree; whereas T. minor mainly attacks the mid- and lower trunks. In the mid-trunk area from 1.0 to 5.0 m above ground, there are overlapping attack zones for the two Tomicus species, which accounts for an average of 80% of the entire zone occupied by T. piniperda and an average of 70% of the zone occupied by T. minor. In correspondence with their attack distributions, the average attack densities of the two species varied with height along the trunk, with 165.3 egg galleries per m² at a height of 6 m for T. piniperda, and 138.2 egg galleries per m² at the 1 m height for T. minor. It is suggested that T. minor adjusts its attack pattern with respect to T. piniperda, and thereby minimizes interspecific competition. No remarkable difference of average T. piniperda egg gallery length was found between the zone in which only T. piniperda occurred and the zone in which T. piniperda and T. minor coexisted; this is suggested to be due to low host quality in the upper trunk region where only T. piniperda was present. The number of T. piniperda larval galleries was highest when only T. piniperda was present, and decreased as T. piniperda and T. minor coexisted, particularly in the case when the density of T. piniperda was less than that of T. minor. Average larval density was 1649 larval galleries per m² where only T. piniperda occurred. However, when T. piniperda coexisted with T. minor, T. piniperda larval density averaged 1010 per m² when T. piniperda density was higher than T. minor, and averaged 442 per m² when T. piniperda density was less than T. minor, which led to the conclusion that T. minor makes a negative impact on T. piniperda reproduction when the two Tomicus species jointly colonize the same trunk of Yunnan pine tree.     

The origins of the genomes of Triticum biunciale,t. ovatum,t. neglectum,t. columnare,and t. rectum (poaceae) based on variation in repeated nucleotide sequences

The origins of the genomes of allotetraploid species Triticum biunciale, T. ovatum, T. neglectum, and T. columnare, and allohexaploid T. rectum were investigated by examining the presence of specific restriction fragments of repeated nucleotide sequences in DNAs of the polyploid species. The restriction fragments were detectable either in a single diploid Triticum species (unique characters) or a group of diploid species (unique shared characters). The analysis showed that Triticum biunciale and T. ovatum are closely related. In both species, one pair of genomes is closely related to the genome of T. umbellulatum and the other is a modified genome of T. comosum. The same genome formula, UUM°M°, is proposed for T. biunciale and T. ovatum. Potential reasons for the modification of the M° genome are discussed. Triticum neglectum and T. columnare are also closely related to each other and have the same genomes. They share the U genome with T. biunciale and T. ovatum, but their second pair of genomes is unrelated to the M° genome. No relationship was found of this genome to a genome of any extant diploid species of Triticum or any phylogenetic lineage leading to the extant diploid species. This unknown genome is designated X'.∗∗∗ The proposed genome formula for T. neglectum and T. columnare is UUX'X'∗∗∗. Hexaploid T. rectum originated from hybridization of one of the tetraploid species with the formula UUX'X', likely T. neglectum, with T. uniaristatum (genome N), and its genome formula is UUX'X'NN.     

Taxonomic novelties and changes in Philippine Timonius (Rubiaceae,Guettardeae)

The Philippine species of the genus Timonius present numerous taxonomic problems resulting from poorly defined species boundaries, misinterpretation of the origin of type specimens, and historical collections that often bear residual reproductive structures. Based on field observations and examination of herbarium materials, the following taxonomic amendments are proposed: conspecificity of T. philippinensis with T. finlaysonianus, and T. panayensis with T. valetonii, and transfer of T. quadrasii to Ridsdalea. This study also describes six new species from the archipelago: T. alejandroanus, T. dumagat, T. pseudoarboreus, T. ridsdalei, T. spes-vitarum and T. stevendarwinii. Finally, T. nitidus is excluded from the Philippine flora.     

Genome identification of the Triticum crassum complex (Poaceae) with the restriction patterns of repeated nucleotide sequences

Species of the Triticum crassum complex, tetraploid and hexaploid T. crassum, hexaploid T. juvenale, and hexaploid T. syriacum, share a similar morphology. Variation in the restriction profiles of nuclear repeated nucleotide sequences is employed in identification of genomes of these species. The data show that hexaploid T. crassum originated from hybridization of the tetraploid cytotype of T. crassum with T. tauschii. Triticum juvenale and T. syriacum originated from hybridization of tetraploid T. crassum with T. umbellulatum and T. searsii, respectively. Tetraploid T. crassum appears to be an ancient allotetraploid that originated from hybridization of primitive T. tauschii with an ancient species in the evolutionary lineage leading to the section Sitopsis of the genus Triticum.     

Extension of the H-2 TLb molecular map

A region of the TL ^b locus encompassing T11 to T13 contains retroviral sequences TLev1 and TLev2. As part of a study to determine whether the retroviral elements are involved in the expression of TL genes, the genomic organization of this region was reexamined in greater detail. A result of these investigations is the extension of the H-2 TL^b molecular map. Two additional TL genes have been isolated from C57BL/6 mice, T14 and T15. The genomic organization of T9 through T15 is presented. The nucleotide sequence has been determined for exons 4, 5, and 6 of T13. As a result of a C to T conversion, a termination codon is introduced into exon 4, indicating that T13 either encodes a secreted protein or is a pseudogene. T13 was found to be more homologous to the H-2 genes outside the TL region. T14 has been physically disrupted by the integration of TLevl , and the H-2 sequences appear to have diverged greatly. The relationship of the TL regions of the b and c haplotypes has been investigated using numerous low copy probes. The genome of BALB/c (TL^c) is shown to lack a counterpart of the T13–T15 ^b region. Homologous regions exist in the two haplotypes; yet considerable polymorphism is observed. TL^b mice do not express TLa on the cell surface of normal thymocytes while TL^c mice do; TLa expression is activated in many TO leukemias. The diversity seen in the T13–T15 region may provide insights into the phenotypic expression or regulatory mechanisms of TL expression in these two haplotypes.