江西上三叠统安源组叶肢介一新属*

香溪叶肢介亚科(Xiangxiellinae)以壳瓣胎壳较大、壳上具有一条或两条短脊为特征,包括两个属:原单脊叶肢介属(ProtomonocarinaTasch,1962)和香溪叶肢介属(XiangxiellaShen,1976)。该亚科化石广布于世界各地,最早出现于我国晚石炭世,三叠纪末消失。本文建立的新属叉脊叶肢介(Dicerestheriagen.nov.),以胎壳上具有两条呈“人”字形向前后分叉的、粗壮的短脊为特征,与香溪叶肢介的构造特征最为接近。推测新属壳瓣胎壳脊的形成与闭壳肌附着引起的壳瓣变异或与生态环境变化有关。化石产于江西抚州崇礼县礼陂煤矿,上三叠统安源组徐坊段。湘赣一带安源组为一套含煤地层,属于滨海、近海、沼泽沉积区,产半咸水类型的双壳类,时代认为卡尼及早诺利期。植物化石Ptiozamites–Anthrophyopsis组合是诺利期的代表,适宜于热带、亚热带气候,滨海环境生长的群落。因此推测新属是一个生活在炎热、潮湿的热带-亚热带气候近海沼泽环境的类型。     

Preliminary notes on the genus Aeschnosoma Selys 1870 (Odonata: Anisoptera: Corduliidae s. str.)

Three new species of the genus Aeschnosoma are briefly described and illustrated. A. pseudoforcipula n. sp. and A. heliophila n. sp., both from the Brazilian Central Plateau are respectively related to the two Amazonian species A. forcipula Hagen in Selys 1871, and A. auripennis Geijskes 1970. A. louissiriusi n. sp. from Northern Brazil is not closely related to any known species. Based on larval and adult derived characters, the genus Aeschnosoma appears closely related to the Australian genus Pentathemis Karsch 1890, and also to the Madagascan genus Libellulosoma Martin 1907. The clade Aeschnosomata nov. is erected to receive the three genera. Some putative plesiomorphies would place this clade sister group of the remaining Corduliidae s.str.     

A preliminary note on Incurvarioidea in New Zealand

Abstract

The Monotrysian superfamily Incurvarioidea (Lepidoptera) is now known to be present inNew Zealand. A mummified partly decayed male, parasitised pupae, larval head capsules, and characteristic cocoons are associated with long (1500–2000 mm) meandering cortical scribble-like mines in sapling Weinmannia, Nothofagus and Myrsine. The fragments and larval biology display features of Prodoxidae, but cannot be assigned to a genus.

Wing pattern, some forewing venation, pupal structure, male genitalia and some female ovipositor structures, larval head capsule and pronotum, and details of the pupal cell and larval mine are described and illustrated.     

The New Zealand genus Metablax (Coleoptera: Elateridae) and its relationship to the Campsosterninae

The genus Metablax is endemic to New Zealand. The fauna falls into 2 distinct species‐groups, here designated the acutipennis‐group (acutipennis, brouni) and the approximans‐group (approximans, gourlayi n.sp., cinctiger). All taxa are described and illustrated, and a key is given for their separation. A typical Metablax larva is described and illustrated. The systematic position of the genus is discussed in relation to the Neotropical Campsosterninae, and on the basis of both adult and larval characters Metablax is here assigned to subfamily Campsosterninae.     

The biology of the Northeastern Pacific Turridae. V. Demersal development,synchronous settlement and other aspects of the larval biology of Oenopota levidensis

Summary

The larval development and metamorphosis of a turrid gastropod is described for the first time. This snail, Oenopota levidensis, is typical of the boreal genus Oenopota, which has over 150 described species. Development to a veliger occurs within a lenticular capsule in about 50 days. The capsules hatch to release veligers which swim for less than a week. The remainder of their planktotrophic larval period is spent demersally. Demersal veligers assumed one of two characteristic postures; they remain on the bottom with the velum either extended laterally or folded over the shell. These demersal veligers continue development and metamorphose after another 25 days. The majority of the veligers in the 55 cultures examined metamorphosed and settled within a 96-h period, even though their oviposition occurred over a 47-day period. Potential selective forces leading to this synchronous settlement are proposed.     

Reassessment of the enigmatic Lepidopteran family Lypusidae (Lepidoptera: Tineoidea; Gelechioidea)

Abstract. The genus Lypusa Zeller, 1852 has been assigned to Tineoidea (Lepidoptera) with varying family positions. The systematic affinities of this genus, currently placed in its own family Lypusidae, were studied using extensive data derived from larval, pupal and adult morphology and certain behavioural traits. In total, 193 characters were considered. On the basis of the results of a parsimony analysis, Lypusa is transferred to the superfamily Gelechioidea, in a monophyletic, exclusively Palaearctic assemblage with the genera Amphisbatis and Pseudatemelia. Several phylogenetically relevant characters support this position, including similarly constructed larval cases, densely porose larval head, and a modification of the pupal abdominal segment 8. The composition of the family Amphisbatidae is discussed and it is proposed that it be delimited as comprising solely the Palaearctic genera Pseudatemelia, Amphisbatis and Lypusa. A detailed diagnosis of the genus Lypusa is given.     

Nosema takapauensis n.sp., a microsporidan parasite of larvae of Costelytra zealandica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in New Zealand

Morphological and biological features of a microsporidan protozoan parasite of larvae of Costelytra zealandica collected at Takapau, southern Hawkes Bay, are described and evaluated taxonomically. The parasite multiplies in the fat body of all larval instars, causing massive tissue disintegration in advanced infection resulting in the retardation of development and ultimately death before pupation. The microsporidan forms one spore per sporont, and therefore belongs to genus Nosema’, it is considered to be specifically distinct from its nearest congener, N. melolonthae.     

A revision of the family Leucochloridiidae Poche (Digenea) and studies on the morphology of Leucochloridium paradoxum Carus, 1835

Summary The sporocyst and metacercaria of Leucochloridium paradoxum Carus, recovered from Succinea putris L. in Norway, are described and figured. Adults recovered from experimental infection of Taeniopygia guttata (Vieillot) with L. paradoxum metacercariae are described, using results from scanning electron microscopy, and compared with earlier information. The family Leucochloridiidae Poche is revised. Four genera are recognized within the family (i.e. Leucochloridium Carus, 1835; Urogonimus Monticelli, 1888; Urotocus Looss, 1899; Michajlovia Pojmanska, 1973). The larval ecological and morphological characteristics are tabulated for the three genera with known larval stages. The status of the genus Neoleucochloridium Kagan, 1951, is changed, on the grounds of larval similarities with Leucochloridium Carus. This means that within the genus Leucochloridium Carus three subgenera are erected, based primarily on sporocyst characteristics. These are Leucochloridium, Neoleucochloridium and Papilloleucochloridium. The diagnostic larval and adult characters are tabulated. The known larval records of species in the genus Leucochloridium are discussed and revised within the framework of this new classification. ac]19790812     

Delayed larval development in Anopheles mosquitoes deprived of Asaiabacterial symbionts

Background

In recent years, acetic acid bacteria have been shown to be frequently associated with insects, but knowledge on their biological role in the arthropod host is limited. The discovery that acetic acid bacteria of the genus Asaia are a main component of the microbiota of Anopheles stephensi makes this mosquito a useful model for studies on this novel group of symbionts. Here we present experimental results that provide a first evidence for a beneficial role of Asaia in An. stephensi.

Results

Larvae of An. stephensi at different stages were treated with rifampicin, an antibiotic effective on wild-type Asaia spp., and the effects on the larval development were evaluated. Larvae treated with the antibiotic showed a delay in the development and an asynchrony in the appearance of later instars. In larvae treated with rifampicin, but supplemented with a rifampicin-resistant mutant strain of Asaia, larval development was comparable to that of control larvae not exposed to the antibiotic. Analysis of the bacterial diversity of the three mosquito populations confirmed that the level of Asaia was strongly decreased in the antibiotic-treated larvae, since the symbiont was not detectable by PCR-DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis), while Asaia was consistently found in insects supplemented with rifampicin plus the antibiotic-resistant mutant in the diet, and in those not exposed to the antibiotic.

Conclusions

The results here reported indicate that Asaia symbionts play a beneficial role in the normal development of An. stephensi larvae.

     

Chondrocranial, hyobranchial and internal oral morphology in larvae of the basal bufonid genus Melanophryniscus (Amphibia: Anura)

Melanophryniscus is a genus of small toads inhabiting the southern portion of South America. This genus is considered basal within the family Bufonidae. Data on larval chondrocranial morphology do not exist for the genus and larval internal oral anatomy has only been described for a single species. Here, we describe chondrocranial and internal oral morphology in Melanophryniscus montevidensis , M. orejasmirandai and M. sanmartini . Chondrocranial morphology is similar among the species examined. Comparisons with other bufonids and with outgroup taxa suggest that the following chondrocranial characters may represent synapomorphies for the Bufonidae: free (or absent) ceratobranchial IV, a reduced or absent larval crista parotica, the lack of a larval otic process, and late development of thin, poorly chondrified orbital cartilages. The presence of an elongated processus anterior dorsalis of the suprarostral alae and the absence of a chondrified commissura quadratoorbitalis appear to be unique in Melanophryniscus among bufonids. Internal oral anatomy is conserved in Melanophryniscus , and among bufonids in general.     

Wolbachia endosymbiont in a species of the Anastrepha fraterculus complex (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Summary

In Anastrepha sp.2 aff. fraterculus, the egg-cell harbours a large population of endosymbionts. The bacteria were identified as belonging to genus Wolbachia by PCR assay using primers of the ftsZ gene followed by sequencing of the amplified band. Newly deposited eggs stained in toto by Hoechst show that the bacteria are unevenly dispersed throughout the egg-cell, with a higher accumulation at the posterior pole, and that the degree of infestation varies from egg to egg. Analysis by transmission electron microscopy shows that bacteria are present in the female germ line of embryonic and larval stages, as well as in the different cell types of the ovaries at the adult stage. Mature ova within the follicles harbour a large population of the symbionts. The results indicate the existence of a transovarian transmission of the endosymbionts in this fly.     

Publications of Anthony Calhoun Clement (1909–1984)

Summary

Two zoeae and the megalopa of the majid crab Macropodia parva were obtained from laboratory material. At 25±1°C and 35% salinity, the first crab appeared 12 days after hatching; survival to the first crab instar was 27%. The larval stages are described in detail and compared with those of the previously described species of the genus Macropodia. Zoeal characteristics of M. parva that differentiate it from other known Macropodia larvae are the naked telson furcae and the absence, in zoea II, of the exopodal setae on the basis of the maxillule.     

基于宏基因组测序技术揭示大泷六线鱼肠道微生物特征北大核心

对大泷六线鱼不同生长期肠道微生物进行分析。【目的】基于宏基因组学技术揭示其肠道微生物变化特征及其与营养的联系。【方法】对大泷六线鱼仔鱼、稚鱼和幼鱼肠道微生物样本进行HiSeq高通量测序,分析菌群结构,比较微生物群落的多样性,探究生长过程中肠道微生物的相互演替及功能关系。【结果】门水平上,鱼肠道微生物在生长过程中优势菌门变形菌门(Proteobacteria)递减,而厚壁菌门(Firmcutes)递增;属水平上,仔鱼期的弧菌属(Vibrio)(37.8%)、稚鱼期的发光杆菌属(Photobacterium)(77.8%)、幼鱼期的乳酸菌属(Lactococcus)(42.5%)占优势,微生物群落组成发生显著变化;且仔鱼期的多样性高,幼鱼期的丰富度高;物种差异也呈现着与生长特征的相关性,幼鱼期差异标志物是厚壁菌门、芽孢杆菌纲(Bacilli)、乳酸杆菌目(Lactobacillales)、链球菌科(Streptococcaceae)、乳球菌属(Lactococcus)和乳酸乳球菌(Lactococcus lactis);稚鱼期差异标志物是发光菌属、托鲁尼发光菌(Photobacterium toruni);仔鱼期差异标志物是Phaeobacter inhibens、Colwellia aestuarii和Colwellia polaris等。宏基因组功能水平分析显示,KEGG数据统计代谢功能占优势,随生长呈现递增趋势,鱼肠道微生物群在碳水化合物代谢、氨基酸代谢、核苷酸代谢、能量代谢,以及辅助因子和维生素代谢中起着重要作用;从蛋白注释功能上也呈现了类似的结果,碳水化合物代谢(3350)和氨基酸代谢(2424)占代谢通路主要组成部分。功能差异分析表明,随着生长变化,微生物功能逐渐适应机体和环境需求,稚鱼期差异主要体现在能量代谢和糖降解功能;仔鱼期差异显著的是细胞的生长、死亡和凋亡功能,主要体现在光合作用方面;幼鱼期主要体现是二级代谢物的生物合成,其次是糖酵解和糖异生等碳水化合物代谢等。【结论】大泷六线鱼仔、稚、幼不同生长期肠道微生物结构存在显著差异,生长发育改变肠道微生物菌群的功能,采用差异物种和差异功能综合判定生长所需的营养,有助于提高养殖效益,为绿色健康生态养殖提供理论基础。     

First record of Isocapnia (Plecoptera: Capniidae) from China with description of a new species

Summary

The winter stonefly genus Isocapnia Banks, 1938??? is mainly distributed in western North America and eastern Asia, but has never been reported from China. In this paper, we report, describe and illustrate a new species of this genus, I. anguis n. sp. from Sichuan Province of China. This is the first record for the genus Isocapnia from China, extending the distribution of Isocapnia into the southwestern China. An identification key to all the Isocapnia species from Asia is provided.???     

Allolarinus,a new genus and species of Lixini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Lixinae) from Congo

A new weevil genus, Allolarinus n. gen., with type species, Allolarinus demeyeri n. sp., is described from Congo in the tribe Lixini. The illustrations and diagnostic characteristics of this genus have been presented in a table and figure plates. This new genus is related to Larinus Dejean in terms of the type of elytra and general shape of the prothorax but clearly differs from Larinus with respect to its tooth-bearing femora and granulose pronotum. The trapezoidal short-neck prothorax and general shape of the elytra of this new genus are similar to those of Larinus; the granulose pronotum to that of Lixomorphus Faust; the dentate femora to that of Holcolixus Voss, Erilixus Voss, and Sublarinus Petri; while the existing cubito-anal vein on metathoracic wings to those of Allolixus Voss.     

Two new species of Myrmecolacidae (Strepsiptera) with first record of the genus Stichotrema Hofeneder from India

Two new species of the family Myrmecolacidae, Myrmecolax comparilis n. sp. and Stichotrema sagax n. sp., are described from West Bengal, India. Myrmecolax comparilis is the third species of that genus described from India while Stichotrema sagax is the first record of that genus for this country.     

A record of the Plain Tiger,Danaus chrysippus,in Turkey

Summary

In this publication, a subdivision of the genus Annenica O. Boettger, 1877 sensu Auct. is proposed. One result of our study is the recognition of the genus Sprattia O. Boettger, 1883 for most of the South Anatolian species of the former genus Armenica. The genus Astrogena Szekeres, 1970, which was synonymised by H. NORDSIECK (1975: 98) with Armenica is redefined and used as a subgenus of Armenica for some species. Extensive recent collections contain new species and subspecies of this genus, which are described here.     

Eastward and Westward Dispersal Across the Tropical Atlantic Ocean of Larvae Belonging to the Genus Bursa (Prosobranchia,Mesogastropoda, Bursidae)

Larvae of the genus Bursa are commonly found in the South Equatorial Current and the Equatorial Undercurrent of the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Identification of Bursa veliger larvae in the plankton of such tropical waters is made possible by a comparison of larval shells with protoconchs of juvenile and well-preserved adult specimens. The relationship between the average current velocity and the estimated minimum duration of larval development of Bursa thomae suggests that there is sufficient time to account for successful trans-Atlantic transport of its veligers in either direction between West Africa and South America. The dispersal of veliger larvae explains the wide geographical distribution attained by the genus Bursa.     

Histology and microscopic anatomy of the thyroid gland during the larval development of Pseudis platensis (Anura,Hylidae)

Several hormones regulate anuran larval development, most notably thyroid hormones (THs). In anurans, metamorphosis fails when the thyroid gland is absent or inactivated, resulting in giant tadpoles. Larval gigantism occurs naturally in neotropical frogs of the genus Pseudis as a result of a prolonged larval period. Its thyroid function is poorly investigated and the focus of this study. We describe qualitative and quantitative variations in larval development for field-captured specimens of Pseudis platensis and compare those to the development of two sympatric species, Phyllomedusa sauvagii and Pithecopus azureus, which have small tadpoles and a shorter larval period. We describe morphological changes in the thyroid glands of larval and adult specimens. In contrast to other species with similar ecological requirements, P. platensis exhibits distinct glandular activity. During premetamorphosis, there was little or no thyroid activity, a period in which the tadpole reached 70% of its maximum size. Development and degree of activity of the thyroid gland determine the duration of the early stages of the larval period. Thyroid gland histology in tadpoles appears to correlate with the TH activity, and in turn with the diversity in anuran life history transitions.