Species richness of arachnids associated with Protea nitida (Proteaceae) in the Cape fynbos.

Regular counts of Arachnida on Protea nitida Mill. were made in three study areas in the western Cape over a period of one year. They were also investigated in the rest of the natural distribution area of P. nitida in the southern and western Cape. Collections were made according to three standardized methods. Five arachnid orders were collected, of which the Araneae (spiders) were dominant. Thirty-two spider species (653 individuals) representing 18 families were collected, of which five families and eight genera (eight species) were recorded for the first time on the Proteaceae in the Cape fynbos. Four non-Araneae orders were collected. A microhabitat preference was observed in some families. Numbers of immature spiders peaked in autumn. Adults and immatures did not always have the same habitat distribution and did not always peak during the same season. Families also showed differences in seasonal abundance. Plant architecture and distribution influenced the number of species collected. Protea nitida hosted more spider species than less complex plants with smaller distributions. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of biodiversity and invertebrate conservation.     

缙云山自然保护区蜘蛛物种多样性初步研究

总结了自2007年10月以来对缙云山蜘蛛物种多样性研究的初步成果。到目前为止,共采集成熟蜘蛛标本超过1万头,鉴定出27科112属219种蜘蛛,其中包括73种中国特有物种。填补了重庆市蜘蛛多样性研究的空白。     

How to catch foliage-dwelling spiders (Araneae) in maize fields and their margins: a comparison of two sampling methods

The foliage‐dwelling spider fauna was collected in maize fields and on stinging nettles in adjacent margins in Bavaria, South Germany. Two different sampling methods were evaluated: drop cloth sampling and suction sampling. The overall catch was dominated by juvenile spiders, web‐building spiders, and spiders of the families Theridiidae, Linyphiidae, Tetragnathidae and Araneidae (in decreasing order). Field margins harboured more species than maize fields, whereas the total spider abundance was higher in the maize crop. Web‐building spiders such as Theridiidae and Linyphiidae were prominent in maize by individual numbers. Suction sampling with a small suction device proved to be a more efficient and consistent sampling method for foliage‐dwelling spiders than drop cloth sampling. Density and species richness of foliage‐dwelling spiders in maize was shown to be fairly high, implying that spiders of higher strata may play a more important role in biological control than suspected up to now.     

Associations of Spiders of the Genus Peucetia (Oxyopidae) with Plants Bearing Glandular Hairs

Two common South American species of lynx spiders, Peucetia rubrolineata and P. flava (Oxyopidae), were surveyed on three localities in southeastern Brazil to determine plant choice. Both species were found to be associated with plants bearing glandular trichomes. A literature review and complementary data show that ten Peucetia species are associated with up to 55 plant species bearing glandular trichomes in at least 20 distinct vegetation types (phytophysiognomies) in more than 36 localities in the Neotropical, Neartic, Afrotropical, and Paleartic regions. The main plant families used by the spiders were Solanaceae, Asteraceae, and Melastomataceae. The specialization of the Peucetia species for plants bearing glandular trichomes may have evolved because insects adhered to these sticky structures may be used as prey by the spiders.     

Crab spiders deter insect visitations to slickspot peppergrass flowers

Insects visiting the flowers of slickspot peppergrass, Lepidium papilliferum (Brassicaceae), risk predation by crab spiders, Misumena vatia (Thomisidae). In a field study conducted at two sites in southwestern Idaho, 7.5±2.7% of L. papilliferum plants (range 0–30%, N=16 surveys of up to 40 randomly selected plants) harbored a crab spider. However, through 205 minutes of observations at plants with a spider, only 15 predation attempts were observed, with only 3 of those being successful. Despite the relatively low incidence of predation by crab spiders, an experiment revealed that the number of insects visiting L. papilliferum flowers was significantly lower at plants that harbored a crab spider than at plants free of spiders. In another experiment, floral visits increased significantly following the removal of crab spiders from individual plants. The deterrent effect of spiders was not due to a disproportionate avoidance response by certain types of insects; all insect families included in our analysis showed decreases in visitations to flowers when spiders were present, although none of these differences were statistically significant at the individual level. We found no significant change in the duration of visits to plants harboring a spider, implying either that the visitors were oblivious to the predator's presence, or that they were aware of the predator but kept their distance. Our study is one of a growing number to find a decrease in floral visits in response to predators, suggesting that the phenomenon is more widespread than was previously recognized.     

The Amazonas‐trap: a new method for sampling plant‐inhabiting arthropod communities in tropical forest understory

Methods to quantify plant‐insect interactions in tropical forests may miss many important arthropods and can be time consuming and uneven in capture efficiency. We describe the Amazonas‐trap, a new method that rapidly envelops the target plant for sampling arthropods. We evaluated the efficiency of the Amazonas‐trap by comparing it with two commonly used sampling methods to collect arthropods from plants: the beating tray and manual collection. Samples were collected in 10 permanent plots, in the Ducke forest reserve, Manaus (Amazonas, Brazil). In each plot we sampled 18 plant individuals of Protium sp. (Burseraceae): six by a beating tray, six by manual collection, and six using the Amazonas‐trap. All insects were identified to the family level and those belonging to the order Hymenoptera were identified to the species and morphospecies level. The new method sampled more insect families and more Hymenoptera species than tree beating and manual collection. Of the 75 total families collected, 20 were sampled exclusively by the Amazonas‐trap, seven were only collected with a beating tray, and seven were sampled exclusively with manual collecting. A similar pattern was found for abundance: Amazonas‐trap sampled more individuals, followed by the beating tray and manual collection. Small and winged arthropods were more abundant in Amazonas‐trap, explaining the highest richness of Hymenoptera and insect families sampled with this method. The new method sampled more spiders, wood‐fungi feeders, sap suckers, omnivorous, parasitoids, and insect predators than the other methods, but was equally effective in sampling leaf‐feeders and ants. Amazonas‐trap was more time consuming in the field, but for all diversity parameters evaluated, the new method showed better performance for collecting invertebrates on plants.     

Spider Fauna of Jeju Island in Korea

A critical check list of the spiders in Jeju island, Korea is presented with review of published reports from 1936 to 2001 and identification of the authors' specimens collected from 1964 to 2001. Total 166 genera 347 species belonging to 36 families of spiders was classified in Jeju Island. The species composition of spiders in Jeju island comprises about 52% of total number of Korean spider species. Dominant spider families with species abundance were Araneidae, Salticidae, Theridiidae, Linyphiidae and Lycosidae. The spider fauna of Jeju island is under strong influence of northern species which are Holarctic and Palearctic species.     

Jumping spiders (Salticidae) enhance the seed production of a plant with extrafloral nectaries

Many plants secrete nectar from extrafloral nectaries (EFNs), specialized structures that usually attract ants which can act as plant defenders. We examined the nectar-mediated interactions between Chamaecrista nictitans (Caesalpineaceae) and jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae) for 2 years in old fields in New Jersey, USA. Previous research suggests that spiders are entirely carnivorous, yet jumping spiders (Eris sp. and Metaphidippus sp.) on C. nictitans collected nectar in addition to feeding on herbivores, ants, bees, and other spiders. In a controlled-environment experiment, when given a choice between C. nictitans with or without active EFNs, foraging spiders spent 86% of their time on plants with nectar. C. nictitans with resident jumping spiders did set significantly more seed than plants with no spiders, indicating a beneficial effect from these predators. However, the presence of jumping spiders did not decrease numbers of Sennius cruentatus (Bruchidae), a specialist seed predator of C. nictitans. Jumping spiders may provide additional, unexpected defense to plants possessing EFNs. Plants with EFNs may therefore have beneficial interactions with other arthropod predators in addition to nectar-collecting ants. Received: 27 May 1998 / Accepted: 23 December 1998     

Spiders (Araneae) in the biological and integrated pest management of apple in the Czech Republic

Abstract:  Two management systems, biological and integrated, were compared to control the major pest, codling moth ( Cydia pomonella ) in apple orchards. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of these two systems on arboreal spiders. The biological system was based on the use of biological preparations, whereas in the integrated system selective pesticides were employed. The control plot had no pesticide treatment. The abundance of spiders was similar in all study plots during 3 years of study. Diversity, however, was higher in the biological plot than in the control and the integrated plots, suggesting that the response of spiders to management was guild-specific. Four spider families dominanted in all plots: Araneidae (orb weavers), Theridiidae (space-web weavers), and Philodromidae and Thomisidae (ambushers). While Araneidae and Thomisidae were similarly abundant on all plots, the density of Theridiidae and Philodromidae differed. In the integrated plot there were significantly more theridiid spiders, whereas in the control plot philodromid spiders were significantly more abundant. On the biological plot, the two families were similarly abundant. These differences were attributed to different age of trees in the control and treated plots, different prey spectrum, different susceptibility of the two families to applied chemicals and intraguild predation of theridiids by philodromids.     

Allochthonous aquatic insects increase predation and decrease herbivory in river shore food webs

Rivers produce an abundance of aquatic insects that traverse land, where they can have bottom-up effects on predators, who, in turn, can have top-down effects on terrestrial herbivores. This effect can cascade down to plants. These trophic relationships were demonstrated in a field of stinging nettles, Urtica dioica , along a river in Germany. At the shore compared to similar microhabitats 30–60 m away the abundance and biomass of: midges were highest, spiders were also highest, while herbivorous leafhoppers were lowest. At the shore, nettle plants were less damaged by herbivores and thus had less regrowth. Spiders regularly captured both aquatic midges as well as terrestrial leafhoppers and they captured more individuals of both groups at the shore than further away. Midges supported high densities of shore spiders. This was inferred from correlation of distribution and diet in the absence of other environmental gradients. Removal of spiders from experimental plots caused leafhoppers to increase at the shore, causing more plant damage. These effects were not evident at spider-removal sites away from the shore. This demonstrated that spiders depressed leafhoppers and decreased herbivory on plants only at the shore. It is concluded that aquatic insects had a bottom-up effect on spiders and that this subsidy facilitated a top-down effect that cascaded from spiders to leafhoppers to plants. Similar effects would explain the distribution of arthropods along many rivers. Allochthony connects river food webs with shore food webs, making both components essential for each other.     

The diversity,recombination and horizontal transmission of Wolbachia in spiders in China

Wolbachia are maternally inherited endosymbiotic bacteria. These intracellular bacteria are common in arthropods and could manipulate host reproduction in diverse ways, such as feminization, parthenogenesis, male killing and cytoplasmic incompatibility. In spiders, infection by Wolbachia has been found in a total of 99 species belonging to 62 genera and 17 families. Furthermore, recent studies analyzed the phylogeny of Wolbachia in Hylyphantes graminicola, 2 cave spiders and Agelenopsis species using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) approach. However, the diversity of Wolbachia strains determined by MLST in spiders from China is still largely unknown.In this study, we collected 1153 spider individuals from Mangshan in China and screened for Wolbachia in 975 individuals representing 68 spider species belonging to 45 genera of 16 families. We analyzed the phylogenetic relationship between Wolbachia and their host spiders by MLST approach. We found novel infections of Wolbachia in 1 family, 9 genera and 20 species of spiders. We found 13 new Wolbachia strains and suggest that group A is more common than group B in Wolbachia that infect spiders. Our results revealed three recombination events of the concatenated multilocus sequences in Wolbachia that infect spiders. Furthermore, our results demonstrated the phylogenetic incongruence between Wolbachia and spiders, suggesting the horizontal transmission of Wolbachia in spiders.We suggest that recombination and horizontal transmission may play an important role in the diversity and evolution of Wolbachia in spiders.     

The effect of food supply on the colonisation of barley by aerially dispersing spiders (Araneae)

A field experiment was carried out to determine whether different levels of food availability affected the retention rate of ballooning spiders landing in trays of seedling barley plants, half of which were infested with aphids from laboratory cultures. The trays were placed within bases in the field, then collected sequentially and spider numbers assessed in each tray. Deposition trays, containing trapping fluid only, were used to measure ballooning activity throughout the experimental period. The experiment was repeated four times. Overall, ballooning spiders were more likely to be retained in trays where aphid prey were present, with a total of 340 spiders found in the infested trays and 251 in the aphid-free trays, over the four experiments. Most of the spiders found were of the family Linyphiidae. In the second and fourth experiments the increased retention of spiders in the aphid-infested trays was statistically significant. Immature linyphiids alone also showed significantly higher retention in the infested trays in those two experiments and in the fourth experiment were largely responsible for the higher numbers found in the infested trays. There was also a statistically significant trend for a higher retention rate of female spiders, compared to males, in the barley trays than would have been expected from the ratios of females to males caught in the deposition trapping trays alone.     

Spiders (Araneae) associated with downed woody material in a deciduous forest in central Alberta, Canada

1 Spiders (Araneae) were collected on and near downed woody material (DWM) in a Populus‐dominated forest to determine if spiders utilize wood surfaces, and to ascertain the importance of DWM habitat and wood elevation for spider assemblages. 2 Over 10 000 spiders representing 100 species were collected. Although more spiders were collected on the forest floor, spider diversity was higher in traps located on wood surfaces than on the forest floor, and 11 species were collected more frequently on wood surfaces. 3 Spiders utilized DWM at different stages in their development. Female Pardosa mackenziana (Keyserling) (Lycosidae) carrying egg sacs were caught most often on the surface of DWM, possibly to sun their egg sacs. Additionally, the proportion of immature spiders was higher on the wood surface than on the forest floor. 4 Spiders collected on logs with and without bark were compared to assemblages collected on telephone poles to assess what features of DWM habitat may be important. Web‐building species were seldom collected on telephone poles, suggesting that they depend on the greater habitat complexity provided by DWM. In contrast, hunting spiders did not distinguish between telephone poles and logs. 5 Fewer spiders and a less diverse fauna utilized elevated compared to ground‐level wood. Additionally, Detrended Correspondence Analysis revealed that the spider community from elevated wood was distinguishable from the spider community from ground‐level wood, and from the forest floor spider community.     

Plant–animal interactions between carnivorous plants,sheet‐web spiders,and ground‐running spiders as guild predators in a wet meadow community

1. Plant–animal interactions are diverse and widespread shaping ecology, evolution, and biodiversity of most ecological communities. Carnivorous plants are unusual in that they can be simultaneously engaged with animals in multiple mutualistic and antagonistic interactions including reversed plant–animal interactions where they are the predator. Competition with animals is a potential antagonistic plant–animal interaction unique to carnivorous plants when they and animal predators consume the same prey.
2. The goal of this field study was to test the hypothesis that under natural conditions, sundews and spiders are predators consuming the same prey thus creating an environment where interkingdom competition can occur.
3. Over 12 months, we collected data on 15 dates in the only protected Highland Rim Wet Meadow Ecosystem in Kentucky where sundews, sheet‐web spiders, and ground‐running spiders co‐exist. One each sampling day, we attempted to locate fifteen sites with: (a) both sheet‐web spiders and sundews; (b) sundews only; and (c) where neither occurred. Sticky traps were set at each of these sites to determine prey (springtails) activity–density. Ground‐running spiders were collected on sampling days. DNA extraction was performed on all spiders to determine which individuals had eaten springtails and comparing this to the density of sundews where the spiders were captured.
4. Sundews and spiders consumed springtails. Springtail activity–densities were lower, the higher the density of sundews. Both sheet‐web and ground‐running spiders were found less often where sundew densities were high. Sheet‐web size was smaller where sundew densities were high.
5. The results of this study suggest that asymmetrical exploitative competition occurs between sundews and spiders. Sundews appear to have a greater negative impact on spiders, where spiders probably have little impact on sundews. In this example of interkingdom competition where the asymmetry should be most extreme, amensalism where one competitor experiences no cost of interaction may be occurring.

     

Invasive Canadian goldenrod (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Solidago canadensis</Emphasis> L.) as a preferred foraging habitat for spiders

Invasions of alien species are a great threat to biodiversity and native species communities. There are many examples in the literature on how the invasive plants affect the natural environment. Beside reports on negative effects of these invasions, there are also several studies indicating a positive impact of the invaders. Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis) is one of the most invasive plant species all over Europe. Earlier studies showed that the goldenrod affects natural plant communities and has a negative impact on many animals, both vertebrates and arthropods. However, all the studies were conducted during goldenrod flowering. In contrast, this study has tested the novel hypothesis that Canadian goldenrod has a positive effect on native spider hunting success and increases spider abundance in farmland outside the growing season. Observations were made during spring on 13 meadows: 7 invaded and 6 non-invaded by goldenrod. All tall plants from experimental plots (1 m² each) were examined for the presence of spiders, their nets and prey. Prey items were counted only in spider webs. The results support the hypothesis that S. canadensis is a favourable foraging habitat for spiders: 14.6 spiders/m² on invaded plots versus 2.2 on non-invaded ones. Many spiders of the families Theridiidae and Araneidae were found on goldenrod plants, but on native plants only the Araneidae were found. Moreover, on invaded plots, much more prey items/m² were present in spiders webs than on non-invaded plots (155.3 vs. 13.8). The study is a rare example of a positive influence of invasive plants on the native arthropod community. This is also a novel approach that shows the importance of dry goldenrod stems in invaded ecosystems.     

Food source of riparian spiders analyzed by using stable isotope ratios

We analyzed the food source of riparian spiders in a middle reach of the Chikuma River, Japan, by using stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen. The carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of attached algae were higher than those of terrestrial plants, reflecting a large carbon isotope fractionation in terrestrial plants and a difference in nitrogen sources. The carbon isotope ratios of terrestrial insects were similar to those of the terrestrial plants, and the ratios of aquatic insects were scattered between those of the terrestrial plants and the attached algae. The carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of spiders were intermediate between those of the terrestrial and aquatic insects. The two-source mixing model using the carbon isotope ratio showed that the web-building spiders utilized both the terrestrial and aquatic insects, with large contribution by the aquatic insects (54% on average with a maximum of 92% among spiders taxa collected in each zone), in the riparian area in a middle reach of the Chikuma River. The large contribution of the aquatic insects was often observed for the spiders collected near river channel (<5m) and for the horizontal web-building spiders collected across the riparian area. The relative contribution of the aquatic insects might be related with food availability (distance from river channel) and spiders food preference reflected in their web types (horizontal vs. vertical). Our results showed that organic materials produced in the river channel, in the riparian area, and in the terrestrial area surrounding the riparian area were mixed at the carnivorous trophic level of riparian spiders.     

Niches and interspecific competitions of wolf spiders and mirid bug, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis under three pest management strategies in paddy fields

The duck-rice and fish-rice were two important strategies of pest management in the process of organic rice. The niches and interspecific competitions of wolf spiders and mirid bug, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis under three strategies of pest management in paddy fields were studied in order to understand the influences of different pest control methods on ecological relationships between the two main types of predators. The results of our study suggested that ducks might prey upon wolf spiders resting on the base of rice plants, thus the populations of wolf spiders decreased in duck-rice treatment. The impact of ducks on mirid bug was not significant because it preferred to congregate on the mid-part of rice plants. The temporal selectivity of wolf spiders was smaller than that of mirid bug, which meant occurrence frequency of wolf spiders was higher compared with mirid bug. In addition, competition between wolf spiders and mirid bug was significantly more intense in duck-rice or fish-rice treatment than in natural control treatment at different stages. Probably, ducks and fishes drove wolf spiders away from their original spatial niche, the base to the mid-part in rice plants, enhancing competition between wolf spiders and mirid bug in duck-rice or fish-rice treatment. Based on the results of this study, duck-rice or fish-rice, as a control pest method in the process of organic rice, should be prudentially treated.     

甘肃子午岭天然次生林区三种植被类型中土壤蜘蛛群落的组成及多样性

2004年4—10月,在甘肃子午岭天然次生林区采用巴氏诱罐法采集土壤蜘蛛2164头,隶属于19科43种。研究表明辽东栎林(Quercusliaotungensis)、油松林(Pinustabulaeformis)和杨树林(Populusdavidiana)3种森林植被类型中土壤蜘蛛群落组成有明显的差异;不同生境蜘蛛群落的组成成分和多样性指数各异;从各生境中捕获的蜘蛛个体数量分析,皿蛛科、平腹蛛科和科狼蛛科的数量最多,优势类群的组成相似;各生境类型中蜘蛛功能集团的组成及多样性也有明显差异。同时,分析了影响蜘蛛群落组成和多样性的主要因子是生境的植被类型和生境异质性。     

Impact of avian and arthropod predation on lepidopteran caterpillar densities and plant productivity in an ephemeral agroecosystem

Abstract.  1. Most studies evaluating the combined impact of spiders and other predators on herbivore densities in agroecosystems have focused primarily on their trophic connections with invertebrate predators (e.g. carabids, chrysopids); however linkages among spiders and vertebrate predators may also help structure the population dynamics of insect herbivores. A field experiment was conducted to examine the impact of avian and spider predation on lepidopteran caterpillar densities and plant productivity within a Brassica agroecosystem.
2. Arthropod abundance, leaf-chewing damage, and final plant productivity associated with broccoli, Brassica oleracea L. (var. italica ), were recorded for four treatments: (1) bird present but spiders removed; (2) both birds and spiders present; (3) birds excluded, spiders present; and (4) birds and spiders both excluded.
3. Densities of Artogeia rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) and Trichoplusia ni Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) large caterpillars and post feeding stages were reduced significantly by bird predation. The abundance of large caterpillars was also reduced on spider-inhabited plants during early plant growth; however the assemblage of birds and spiders did not suppress caterpillar densities more significantly than either predator alone.
4. Plants protected by birds, spiders, and birds plus spiders sustained less folivory attributable to leaf chewing caterpillars than check plants. Plant productivity was also greater for predator-protected plants than check plants.
5. Although spiders and parasitoids were responsible for some of the mortality inflicted upon lepidopteran caterpillars, it was concluded that in this study system, birds are the most important natural enemies of folivores.     

Niches and interspecific competitions of wolf spiders and mirid bug, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis under three pest management strategies in paddy fields

The duck-rice and fish-rice were two important strategies of pest management in the process of organic rice. The niches and interspecific competitions of wolf spiders and mirid bug, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis under three strategies of pest management in paddy fields were studied in order to understand the influences of different pest control methods on ecological relationships between the two main types of predators. The results of our study suggested that ducks might prey upon wolf spiders resting on the base of rice plants, thus the populations of wolf spiders decreased in duck-rice treatment. The impact of ducks on mirid bug was not significant because it preferred to congregate on the mid-part of rice plants. The temporal selectivity of wolf spiders was smaller than that of mirid bug, which meant occurrence frequency of wolf spiders was higher compared with mirid bug. In addition, competition between wolf spiders and mirid bug was significantly more intense in duck-rice or fish-rice treatment than in natural control treatment at different stages. Probably, ducks and fishes drove wolf spiders away from their original spatial niche, the base to the mid-part in rice plants, enhancing competition between wolf spiders and mirid bug in duck-rice or fish-rice treatment. Based on the results of this study, duck-rice or fish-rice, as a control pest method in the process of organic rice, should be prudentially treated.